# coding: utf-8
# # TensorFlow Tutorial
#
# Welcome to this week's programming assignment. Until now, you've always used numpy to
# build neural networks. Now we will step you through a deep learning framework that
# will allow you to build neural networks more easily. Machine learning frameworks like
# TensorFlow,PaddlePaddle, Torch, Caffe, Keras, and many others can speed up your machine
# learning development significantly. All of these frameworks also have a lot of
# documentation, which you should feel free to read. In this assignment, you will learn
# to do the following in TensorFlow:
#
# - Initialize variables
# - Start your own session
# - Train algorithms
# - Implement a Neural Network
#
# Programing frameworks can not only shorten your coding time, but sometimes also perform
# optimizations that speed up your code.
# ## 1 - Exploring the Tensorflow Library
# To start, you will import the library
# In[1]:# 调入Tensorflow的库
import scipy
from PIL import Image
from scipy import ndimage
import math
import numpy as np
import h5py
import os
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
from tf_utils import load_dataset, random_mini_batches, convert_to_one_hot, predict
#get_ipython().magic('matplotlib inline')
np.random.seed(1)
# Now that you have imported the library, we will walk you through its different applications.
# You will start with an example, where we compute for you the loss of one training example.
# loss = L(y^, y) = (y^(i) - y(i))^2
# In[2]:完成loss函数的测试
y_hat = tf.constant(36, name='y_hat') # Define y_hat constant. Set to 36.
y = tf.constant(39, name='y') # Define y. Set to 39
#设置利用GPU进行测试的环境
# os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = '1' #use GPU with ID=0
# config = tf.ConfigProto()
# config.gpu_options.per_process_gpu_memory_fraction = 0.5 # maximun alloc gpu50% of MEM
# config.gpu_options.allow_growth = True #allocate dynamically
loss = tf.Variable((y - y_hat)**2, name='loss') # Create a variable for the loss
#sess = tf.Session(config = config)
sess = tf.Session()
init = tf.global_variables_initializer() # When init is run later (session.run(init)),
# the loss variable will be initialized and ready to be computed
with tf.Session() as session: # Create a session and print the output
session.run(init) # Initializes the variables
print("session.run(loss):",session.run(loss)) # Prints the loss
# Writing and running programs in TensorFlow has the following steps:
#
# 1. Create Tensors (variables) that are not yet executed/evaluated.
# 2. Write operations between those Tensors.
# 3. Initialize your Tensors.
# 4. Create a Session.
# 5. Run the Session. This will run the operations you'd written above.
#
# Therefore, when we created a variable for the loss, we simply defined the
# loss as a function of other quantities, but did not evaluate its value. To evaluate it,
# we had to run `init=tf.global_variables_initializer()`. That initialized the
# loss variable, and in the last line we were finally able to evaluate the value of `loss`
# and print its value.
#
# Now let us look at an easy example. Run the cell below:
# In[3]:用简单的方法无法显示这个结果
a = tf.constant(2)
b = tf.constant(10)
c = tf.multiply(a,b)
print("c:",c)
#c: Tensor("Mul:0", shape=(), dtype=int32)
# As expected, you will not see 20! You got a tensor saying that the result is a
# tensor that does not have the shape attribute, and is of type "int32". All you
# did was put in the 'computation graph', but you have not run this computation yet.
# In order to actually multiply the two numbers, you will have to create a session and run it.
# In[4]:利用sess来运行结果
sess = tf.Session()
print("sess.run(c):",sess.run(c))
#sess.run(c): 20
# Great! To summarize, **remember to initialize your variables, create a session and
# run the operations inside the session**.
#
# Next, you'll also have to know about placeholders. A placeholder is an object whose
# value you can specify only later.
# To specify values for a placeholder, you can pass in values by using a "feed dictionary"
# (`feed_dict` variable). Below, we created a placeholder for x. This allows us to pass in
# a number later when we run the session.
# In[5]:用feed_dict来改变某一个变量的值
# Change the value of x in the feed_dict
x = tf.placeholder(tf.int64, name = 'x')
print(sess.run(2 * x, feed_dict = {x: 3}))
sess.close()
# When you first defined `x` you did not have to specify a value for it. A placeholder is
#simply a variable that you will assign data to only later, when running the session.
# We say that you **feed data** to these placeholders when running the session.
#
# Here's what's happening: When you specify the operations needed for a computation, you are
# telling TensorFlow how to construct a computation graph. The computation graph can have some
# placeholders whose values you will specify only later. Finally, when you run the session,
# you are telling TensorFlow to execute the computation graph.
# ### 1.1 - Linear function
#
# Lets start this programming exercise by computing the following equation: Y = WX + b,
# where W and X are random matrices and b is a random vector.
#
# **Exercise**: Compute WX + b where W, X, and b are drawn from a random normal
# distribution. W is of shape (4, 3), X is (3,1) and b is (4,1). As an example, here is how
# you would define a constant X that has shape (3,1):
# X = tf.constant(np.random.randn(3,1), name = "X")
# ```
# You might find the following functions helpful:
# - tf.matmul(..., ...) to do a matrix multiplication
# - tf.add(..., ...) to do an addition
# - np.random.randn(...) to initialize randomly
# In[6]:利用线性函数输出值
# GRADED FUNCTION: linear_function
def linear_function():
"""
Implements a linear function:
Initializes W to be a random tensor of shape (4,3)
Initializes X to be a random tensor of shape (3,1)
Initializes b to be a random tensor of shape (4,1)
Returns:
result -- runs the session for Y = WX + b
"""
np.random.seed(1)
### START CODE HERE ### (4 lines of code)
W = tf.constant(np.random.randn(4, 3), name="W")
X = tf.constant(np.random.randn(3,1), name = "X")
b = tf.constant(np.random.randn(4,1), name = "b")
Y = tf.add(tf.matmul(W,X),b)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Create the session using tf.Session() and run it with sess.run(...) on the variable
# you want to calculate
### START CODE HERE ###
sess = tf.Session()
result = sess.run(Y)
### END CODE HERE ###
# close the session
sess.close()
return result
# In[7]:#输出线性函数结果
print( "result = " + str(linear_function()))
"""
result = [[-2.15657382]
[ 2.95891446]
[-1.08926781]
[-0.84538042]]
"""
# ### 1.2 - Computing the sigmoid
# Great! You just implemented a linear function. Tensorflow offers a variety of commonly
# used neural network functions like `tf.sigmoid` and `tf.softmax`. For this exercise lets
# compute the sigmoid function of an input.
#
# You will do this exercise using a placeholder variable `x`. When running the session,
# you should use the feed dictionary to pass in the input `z`. In this exercise, you will
# have to (i) create a placeholder `x`, (ii) define the operations needed to compute the
# sigmoid using `tf.sigmoid`, and then (iii) run the session.
#
# ** Exercise **: Implement the sigmoid function below. You should use the following:
#
# - `tf.placeholder(tf.float32, name = "...")`
# - `tf.sigmoid(...)`
# - `sess.run(..., feed_dict = {x: z})`
# Note that there are two typical ways to create and use sessions in tensorflow:
#
# **Method 1:**
# sess = tf.Session()
# # Run the variables initialization (if needed), run the operations
# result = sess.run(..., feed_dict = {...})
# sess.close() # Close the session
# ```
# **Method 2:**
# with tf.Session() as sess:
# # run the variables initialization (if needed), run the operations
# result = sess.run(..., feed_dict = {...})
# # This takes care of closing the session for you :)
# In[8]:构建sigmoid函数
# GRADED FUNCTION: sigmoid
def sigmoid(z):
"""
Computes the sigmoid of z
Arguments:
z -- input value, scalar or vector
Returns:
results -- the sigmoid of z
"""
### START CODE HERE ### ( approx. 4 lines of code)
# Create a placeholder for x. Name it 'x'.
x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, name = "x")
# compute sigmoid(x)
sigmoid = tf.sigmoid(x)
# Create a session, and run it. Please use the method 2 explained above.
# You should use a feed_dict to pass z's value to x.
with tf.Session() as sess:
# Run session and call the output "result"
result = sess.run(sigmoid,feed_dict={x:z})
#actually,the sigmoid here is equal to tf.sigmoid(x)
### END CODE HERE ###
return result
# In[9]:输出构建后的结果
print ("sigmoid(0) = " + str(sigmoid(0)))
print ("sigmoid(12) = " + str(sigmoid(12)))
#sigmoid(0) = 0.5
#sigmoid(12) = 0.999994
# **To summarize, you how know how to**:
# 1. Create placeholders
# 2. Specify the computation graph corresponding to operations you want to compute
# 3. Create the session
# 4. Run the session, using a feed dictionary if necessary to specify placeholder
# variables' values.
# ### 1.3 - Computing the Cost
#
# You can also use a built-in function to compute the cost of your neural network. So instead
# of needing to write code to compute this as a function of a[2](i) and y^(i) for i=1...m:
# J = -1 /m *sum( y^(i)*log a^[2](i) + (1-y^(i))*log (1-a^[2] (i))
# you can do it in one line of code in tensorflow!
#
# **Exercise**: Implement the cross entropy loss. The function you will use is:
# - `tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits = ..., labels = ...)`
#
# Your code should input `z`, compute the sigmoid (to get `a`) and then compute the cross
# entropy cost J. All this can be done using one call to
# `tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits`, which computes
# -1 /m *sum( y^(i)*log a^[2](i) + (1-y^(i))*log (1-a^[2] (i))
# In[10]:构建cost函数
# GRADED FUNCTION: cost
def cost(logits, labels):
"""
Computes the cost using the sigmoid cross entropy
Arguments:
logits -- vector containing z, output of the last linear unit (before the final
sigmoid activation)
labels -- vector of labels y (1 or 0)
Note: What we've been calling "z" and "y" in this class are respectively called "logits" and "labels"
in the TensorFlow documentation. So logits will feed into z, and labels into y.
Returns:
cost -- runs the session of the cost (formula (2))
"""
### START CODE HERE ###
#(1)Create the placeholders for "logits" (z) and "labels" (y) (approx. 2 lines)
z = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, name = "z")
y = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, name = "y")
#(2)Use the loss function (approx. 1 line)
cost = tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=z,labels=y)
#(3)Create a session (approx. 1 line). See method 1 above.
sess = tf.Session()
#(4)Run the session (approx. 1 line).
cost = sess.run(cost,feed_dict={z:logits,y:labels})
#(5)Close the session (approx. 1 line). See method 1 above.
sess.close()
### END CODE HERE ###
return cost
# In[11]:输出cost的结果
logits = sigmoid(np.array([0.2,0.4,0.7,0.9]))
cost = cost(logits, np.array([0,0,1,1]))
print ("cost = " + str(cost))
#cost = [ 1.00538719 1.03664076 0.41385433 0.39956617]
# ### 1.4 - Using One Hot encodings
#
# Many times in deep learning you will have a y vector with numbers ranging from 0 to C-1,
# where C is the number of classes. If C is for example 4, then you might have the following
# y vector which you will need to convert as follows:
#
# This is called a "one hot" encoding, because in the converted representation exactly one
# element of each column is "hot" (meaning set to 1). To do this conversion in numpy, you
# might have to write a few lines of code. In tensorflow, you can use one line of code:
#
# - tf.one_hot(labels, depth, axis)
#
# **Exercise:** Implement the function below to take one vector of labels and the total number
# of classes C, and return the one hot encoding. Use `tf.one_hot()` to do this.
# In[12]:构建one_hot_matrix矩阵
# GRADED FUNCTION: one_hot_matrix
def one_hot_matrix(labels, C):
"""
Creates a matrix where the i-th row corresponds to the ith class number and the jth column
corresponds to the jth training example. So if example j had a label i. Then entry (i,j)
will be 1.
Arguments:
labels -- vector containing the labels
C -- number of classes, the depth of the one hot dimension
Returns:
one_hot -- one hot matrix
"""
### START CODE HERE ###
# (1)Create a tf.constant equal to C (depth), name it 'C'. (approx. 1 line)
C = tf.constant(C, name = "C")
# (2)Use tf.one_hot, be careful with the axis (approx. 1 line)
one_hot_matrix = tf.one_hot(labels, C, axis=0)
# (3)Create the session (approx. 1 line)
sess = tf.Session()
# (4)Run the session (approx. 1 line)
one_hot = sess.run(one_hot_matrix)
# (5)Close the session (approx. 1 line). See method 1 above.
sess.close()
### END CODE HERE ###
return one_hot
# In[13]:输出one_hot结果
labels = np.array([1,2,3,0,2,1])
one_hot = one_hot_matrix(labels, C = 4)#C控制矩阵的行数
print ("one_hot = " + str(one_hot))
"""one_hot = [[ 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0.]
[ 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1.]
[ 0. 1. 0. 0. 1. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0.]]
"""
# ### 1.5 - Initialize with zeros and ones
#
# Now you will learn how to initialize a vector of zeros and ones. The function you will be
# calling is `tf.ones()`. To initialize with zeros you could use tf.zeros() instead. These
# functions take in a shape and return an array of dimension shape full of zeros and ones
# respectively.
#
# **Exercise:** Implement the function below to take in a shape and to return an array (of the
# shape's dimension of ones).
#
# - tf.ones(shape)
#
# In[14]:构建one函数
# GRADED FUNCTION: ones
def ones(shape):
"""
Creates an array of ones of dimension shape
Arguments:
shape -- shape of the array you want to create
Returns:
ones -- array containing only ones
"""
### START CODE HERE ###
# (1)Create "ones" tensor using tf.ones(...). (approx. 1 line)
ones = tf.ones(shape)
# (2)Create the session (approx. 1 line)
sess = tf.Session()
# (3)Run the session to compute 'ones' (approx. 1 line)
ones = sess.run(ones)
# (4)Close the session (approx. 1 line). See method 1 above.
sess.close()
### END CODE HERE ###
return ones
# In[15]:输出ones的值
print ("ones = " + str(ones([3])))
# # 2 - Building your first neural network in tensorflow
#
# In this part of the assignment you will build a neural network using tensorflow. Remember
# that there are two parts to implement a tensorflow model:
#
# - Create the computation graph
# - Run the graph
#
# Let's delve into the problem you'd like to solve!
#
# ### 2.0 - Problem statement: SIGNS Dataset
#
# One afternoon, with some friends we decided to teach our computers to decipher sign language.
# We spent a few hours taking pictures in front of a white wall and came up with the following
# dataset. It's now your job to build an algorithm that would facilitate communications from a
# speech-impaired person to someone who doesn't understand sign language.
#
# - **Training set**: 1080 pictures (64 by 64 pixels) of signs representing numbers from 0 to 5
# (180 pictures per number).
# - **Test set**: 120 pictures (64 by 64 pixels) of signs representing numbers from 0 to 5
# (20 pictures per number).
#
# Note that this is a subset of the SIGNS dataset. The complete dataset contains many more signs.
#
# Here are examples for each number, and how an explanation of how we represent the labels.
# These are the original pictures, before we lowered the image resolutoion to 64 by 64 pixels.
# Run the following code to load the dataset.
# In[16]:加载数据集
# Loading the dataset
X_train_orig, Y_train_orig, X_test_orig, Y_test_orig, classes = load_dataset()
# Change the index below and run the cell to visualize some examples in the dataset.
# In[17]:输出一个样图
# Example of a picture
index = 1
plt.imshow(X_train_orig[index])
plt.show()
print ("y = " + str(np.squeeze(Y_train_orig[:, index])))
# As usual you flatten the image dataset, then normalize it by dividing by 255. On top of that,
# you will convert each label to a one-hot vector as shown in Figure 1. Run the cell below to
# do so.
# In[18]:读取数据并扩展维度
# Flatten the training and test images
X_train_flatten = X_train_orig.reshape(X_train_orig.shape[0], -1).T
X_test_flatten = X_test_orig.reshape(X_test_orig.shape[0], -1).T
# Normalize image vectors
X_train = X_train_flatten/255.
X_test = X_test_flatten/255.
# Convert training and test labels to one hot matrices
Y_train = convert_to_one_hot(Y_train_orig, 6)
Y_test = convert_to_one_hot(Y_test_orig, 6)
print ("number of training examples = " + str(X_train.shape[1]))
print ("number of test examples = " + str(X_test.shape[1]))
print ("X_train shape: " + str(X_train.shape))
print ("Y_train shape: " + str(Y_train.shape))
print ("X_test shape: " + str(X_test.shape))
print ("Y_test shape: " + str(Y_test.shape))
# **Note** that 12288 comes from 64*64*3. Each image is square, 64 by 64 pixels, and 3 is
# for the RGB colors. Please make sure all these shapes make sense to you before continuing.
# **Your goal** is to build an algorithm capable of recognizing a sign with high accuracy.
# To do so, you are going to build a tensorflow model that is almost the same as one you have
# previously built in numpy for cat recognition (but now using a softmax output). It is a great
# occasion to compare your numpy implementation to the tensorflow one.
#
# **The model** is *LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SOFTMAX*. The SIGMOID output
# layer has been converted to a SOFTMAX. A SOFTMAX layer generalizes SIGMOID to when there are
# more than two classes.
# ### 2.1 - Create placeholders
#
# Your first task is to create placeholders for `X` and `Y`. This will allow you to later pass
# your training data in when you run your session.
#
# **Exercise:** Implement the function below to create the placeholders in tensorflow.
# In[19]:创建两个变量
# GRADED FUNCTION: create_placeholders
def create_placeholders(n_x, n_y):
"""
Creates the placeholders for the tensorflow session.
Arguments:
n_x -- scalar, size of an image vector (num_px * num_px = 64 * 64 * 3 = 12288)
n_y -- scalar, number of classes (from 0 to 5, so -> 6)
Returns:
X -- placeholder for the data input, of shape [n_x, None] and dtype "float"
Y -- placeholder for the input labels, of shape [n_y, None] and dtype "float"
Tips:
- You will use None because it let's us be flexible on the number of examples you will for
the placeholders.
In fact, the number of examples during test/train is different.
"""
### START CODE HERE ### (approx. 2 lines)
X = tf.placeholder(shape=[n_x, None],dtype=tf.float32)
Y = tf.placeholder(shape=[n_y, None],dtype=tf.float32)
### END CODE HERE ###
return X, Y
# In[20]:输出两个变量的值
X, Y = create_placeholders(12288, 6)
print ("X = " + str(X))
print ("Y = " + str(Y))
# ### 2.2 - Initializing the parameters
#
# Your second task is to initialize the parameters in tensorflow.
#
# **Exercise:** Implement the function below to initialize the parameters in tensorflow. You are going
# use Xavier Initialization for weights and Zero Initialization for biases. The shapes are given below.
# As an example, to help you, for W1 and b1 you could use:
#
# ```python
# W1 = tf.get_variable("W1", [25,12288], initializer = tf.contrib.layers.xavier_initializer(seed = 1))
# b1 = tf.get_variable("b1", [25,1], initializer = tf.zeros_initializer())
# ```
# Please use `seed = 1` to make sure your results match ours.
# In[21]: 初始化各个变量的值
# GRADED FUNCTION: initialize_parameters
def initialize_parameters():
"""
Initializes parameters to build a neural network with tensorflow. The shapes are:
W1 : [25, 12288]
b1 : [25, 1]
W2 : [12, 25]
b2 : [12, 1]
W3 : [6, 12]
b3 : [6, 1]
Returns:
parameters -- a dictionary of tensors containing W1, b1, W2, b2, W3, b3
"""
tf.set_random_seed(1) # so that your "random" numbers match ours
### START CODE HERE ### (approx. 6 lines of code)
W1 = tf.get_variable("W1", [25,12288], initializer =
tf.contrib.layers.xavier_initializer(seed = 1))
b1 = tf.get_variable("b1", [25,1], initializer = tf.zeros_initializer())
W2 = tf.get_variable("W2", [12,25], initializer =
tf.contrib.layers.xavier_initializer(seed = 1))
b2 = tf.get_variable("b2", [12,1], initializer = tf.zeros_initializer())
W3 = tf.get_variable("W3", [6,12], initializer =
tf.contrib.layers.xavier_initializer(seed = 1))
b3 = tf.get_variable("b3", [6,1], initializer = tf.zeros_initializer())
### END CODE HERE ###
parameters = {"W1": W1,
"b1": b1,
"W2": W2,
"b2": b2,
"W3": W3,
"b3": b3}
return parameters
# In[22]:初始化W1,b1,W2和b2的值
tf.reset_default_graph()
with tf.Session() as sess:
parameters = initialize_parameters()
print("W1 = " + str(parameters["W1"]))
print("b1 = " + str(parameters["b1"]))
print("W2 = " + str(parameters["W2"]))
print("b2 = " + str(parameters["b2"]))
# As expected, the parameters haven't been evaluated yet.
# ### 2.3 - Forward propagation in tensorflow
#
# You will now implement the forward propagation module in tensorflow. The function will
# take in a dictionary of parameters and it will complete the forward pass. The functions
# you will be using are:
#
# - `tf.add(...,...)` to do an addition
# - `tf.matmul(...,...)` to do a matrix multiplication
# - `tf.nn.relu(...)` to apply the ReLU activation
#
# **Question:** Implement the forward pass of the neural network. We commented for you the
# numpy equivalents so that you can compare the tensorflow implementation to numpy. It is
# important to note that the forward propagation stops at `z3`. The reason is that in tensorflow
# the last linear layer output is given as input to the function computing the loss. Therefore,
# you don't need `a3`!
# In[23]:构建正向传播函数
# GRADED FUNCTION: forward_propagation
def forward_propagation(X, parameters):
"""
Implements the forward propagation for the model:
LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SOFTMAX
Arguments:
X -- input dataset placeholder, of shape (input size, number of examples)
parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters "W1", "b1", "W2", "b2", "W3", "b3"
the shapes are given in initialize_parameters
Returns:
Z3 -- the output of the last LINEAR unit
"""
# Retrieve the parameters from the dictionary "parameters"
W1 = parameters['W1']
b1 = parameters['b1']
W2 = parameters['W2']
b2 = parameters['b2']
W3 = parameters['W3']
b3 = parameters['b3']
### START CODE HERE ### (approx. 5 lines) # Numpy Equivalents:
Z1 = tf.add(tf.matmul(W1,X),b1) # Z1 = np.dot(W1, X) + b1
A1 = tf.nn.relu(Z1) # A1 = relu(Z1)
Z2 = tf.add(tf.matmul(W2,A1),b2) # Z2 = np.dot(W2, a1) + b2
A2 = tf.nn.relu(Z2) # A2 = relu(Z2)
Z3 = tf.add(tf.matmul(W3,A2),b3) # Z3 = np.dot(W3,Z2) + b3
### END CODE HERE ###
return Z3
# In[24]:定义正向传播函数
tf.reset_default_graph()
with tf.Session() as sess:
X, Y = create_placeholders(12288, 6)
parameters = initialize_parameters()
Z3 = forward_propagation(X, parameters)
print("Z3 = " + str(Z3))
# You may have noticed that the forward propagation doesn't output any cache. You will
# understand why below, when we get to brackpropagation.
# ### 2.4 Compute cost
#
# As seen before, it is very easy to compute the cost using:
# tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits = ..., labels = ...))
# ```
# **Question**: Implement the cost function below.
# - It is important to know that the "`logits`" and "`labels`" inputs of
# `tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits` are expected to be of shape (number of examples,
# num_classes). We have thus transposed Z3 and Y for you.
# - Besides, `tf.reduce_mean` basically does the summation over the examples.
# In[25]:定义损失函数
# GRADED FUNCTION: compute_cost
def compute_cost(Z3, Y):
"""
Computes the cost
Arguments:
Z3 -- output of forward propagation (output of the last LINEAR unit), of shape (6, number
of examples)
Y -- "true" labels vector placeholder, same shape as Z3
Returns:
cost - Tensor of the cost function
"""
# to fit the tensorflow requirement for tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(...,...)
logits = tf.transpose(Z3)
labels = tf.transpose(Y)
### START CODE HERE ### (1 line of code)
cost = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits = logits, labels = labels))
### END CODE HERE ###
return cost
# In[26]:调用正向传播来计算损失函数
tf.reset_default_graph()
with tf.Session() as sess:
X, Y = create_placeholders(12288, 6)
parameters = initialize_parameters()
Z3 = forward_propagation(X, parameters)
cost = compute_cost(Z3, Y)
print("cost = " + str(cost))
# ### 2.5 - Backward propagation & parameter updates
#
# This is where you become grateful to programming frameworks. All the backpropagation and
# the parameters update is taken care of in 1 line of code. It is very easy to incorporate
# this line in the model.
#
# After you compute the cost function. You will create an "`optimizer`" object. You have to
# call this object along with the cost when running the tf.session. When called, it will perform
# an optimization on the given cost with the chosen method and learning rate.
#
# For instance, for gradient descent the optimizer would be:
# optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate = learning_rate).minimize(cost)
# To make the optimization you would do:
# _ , c = sess.run([optimizer, cost], feed_dict={X: minibatch_X, Y: minibatch_Y})
# This computes the backpropagation by passing through the tensorflow graph in the reverse order.
# From cost to inputs.
#
# **Note** When coding, we often use `_` as a "throwaway" variable to store values that we won't
# need to use later. Here, `_` takes on the evaluated value of `optimizer`, which we don't need
# (and `c` takes the value of the `cost` variable).
# ### 2.6 - Building the model
#
# Now, you will bring it all together!
#
# **Exercise:** Implement the model. You will be calling the functions you had previously
# implemented.
# In[27]:构建model模型，进行训练
def model(X_train, Y_train, X_test, Y_test, learning_rate = 0.0001,
num_epochs = 150, minibatch_size = 32, print_cost = True):
"""
Implements a three-layer tensorflow neural network:
LINEAR->RELU->LINEAR->RELU->LINEAR->SOFTMAX.
Arguments:
X_train -- training set, of shape (input size = 12288, number of training examples = 1080)
Y_train -- test set, of shape (output size = 6, number of training examples = 1080)
X_test -- training set, of shape (input size = 12288, number of training examples = 120)
Y_test -- test set, of shape (output size = 6, number of test examples = 120)
learning_rate -- learning rate of the optimization
num_epochs -- number of epochs of the optimization loop
minibatch_size -- size of a minibatch
print_cost -- True to print the cost every 100 epochs
Returns:
parameters -- parameters learnt by the model. They can then be used to predict.
"""
ops.reset_default_graph() # to be able to rerun the model without overwriting tf variables
tf.set_random_seed(1) # to keep consistent results
seed = 3 # to keep consistent results
(n_x, m) = X_train.shape # (n_x: input size, m : number of examples in the train set)
n_y = Y_train.shape[0] # n_y : output size
costs = [] # To keep track of the cost
#(1)Create Placeholders of shape (n_x, n_y)
### START CODE HERE ### (1 line)
X, Y = create_placeholders(n_x, n_y)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Initialize parameters
### START CODE HERE ### (1 line)
parameters = initialize_parameters()
### END CODE HERE ###
#(2)Forward propagation: Build the forward propagation in the tensorflow graph
### START CODE HERE ### (1 line)
Z3 = forward_propagation(X, parameters)
### END CODE HERE ###
#(3)Cost function: Add cost function to tensorflow graph
### START CODE HERE ### (1 line)
cost = compute_cost(Z3, Y)
### END CODE HERE ###
#(4)Backpropagation: Define the tensorflow optimizer. Use an AdamOptimizer.
### START CODE HERE ### (1 line)
optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate = learning_rate).minimize(cost)
### END CODE HERE ###
#(5)Initialize all the variables
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
#(6)Start the session to compute the tensorflow graph
with tf.Session() as sess:
# Run the initialization
sess.run(init)
# Do the training loop
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
epoch_cost = 0. # Defines a cost related to an epoch
num_minibatches = int(m / minibatch_size)
# number of minibatches of size minibatch_size in the train set
seed = seed + 1
minibatches = random_mini_batches(X_train, Y_train, minibatch_size, seed)
for minibatch in minibatches:
# Select a minibatch
(minibatch_X, minibatch_Y) = minibatch
# IMPORTANT: The line that runs the graph on a minibatch.
# Run the session to execute the "optimizer" and the "cost", the feedict
# should contain a minibatch for (X,Y).
### START CODE HERE ### (1 line)
_ , minibatch_cost = sess.run([optimizer, cost], feed_dict=
{X: minibatch_X, Y: minibatch_Y})
### END CODE HERE ###
epoch_cost += minibatch_cost / num_minibatches
# Print the cost every epoch
if print_cost == True and epoch % 100 == 0:
print ("Cost after epoch %i: %f" % (epoch, epoch_cost))
if print_cost == True and epoch % 5 == 0:
costs.append(epoch_cost)
# plot the cost
plt.plot(np.squeeze(costs))
plt.ylabel('cost')
plt.xlabel('iterations (per tens)')
plt.title("Learning rate =" + str(learning_rate))
plt.show()
# lets save the parameters in a variable
parameters = sess.run(parameters)
print ("Parameters have been trained!")
# Calculate the correct predictions
correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(Z3), tf.argmax(Y))
# Calculate accuracy on the test set
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, "float"))
print ("Train Accuracy:", accuracy.eval({X: X_train, Y: Y_train}))
print ("Test Accuracy:", accuracy.eval({X: X_test, Y: Y_test}))
return parameters
# Run the following cell to train your model! On our machine it takes about 5 minutes.
# Your "Cost after epoch 100" should be 1.016458. If it's not, don't waste time; interrupt
# the training by clicking on the square in the upper bar of the notebook, and try
# to correct your code. If it is the correct cost, take a break and come back in 5 minutes!
# In[28]:测试模型
parameters = model(X_train, Y_train, X_test, Y_test)
# Amazing, your algorithm can recognize a sign representing a figure between 0 and 5 with
# 71.7% accuracy.
#
# **Insights**:
# - Your model seems big enough to fit the training set well. However, given the difference
# between train and test accuracy, you could try to add L2 or dropout regularization to
# reduce overfitting.
# - Think about the session as a block of code to train the model. Each time you run the
# session on a minibatch, it trains the parameters. In total you have run the session a large
# number of times (1500 epochs) until you obtained well trained parameters.
# ### 2.7 - Test with your own image (optional / ungraded exercise)
#
# Congratulations on finishing this assignment. You can now take a picture of your hand and
# see the output of your model. To do that:
# 1. Click on "File" in the upper bar of this notebook, then click "Open" to go on your
# Coursera Hub.
# 2. Add your image to this Jupyter Notebook's directory, in the "images" folder
# 3. Write your image's name in the following code
# 4. Run the code and check if the algorithm is right!
# In[29]:测试你自己的手势
## START CODE HERE ## (PUT YOUR IMAGE NAME)
my_image = "five.jpg"
## END CODE HERE ##
# We preprocess your image to fit your algorithm.
fname = "images/" + my_image
image = np.array(ndimage.imread(fname, flatten=False))
my_image = scipy.misc.imresize(image, size=(64,64)).reshape((1, 64*64*3)).T
my_image_prediction = predict(my_image, parameters)
plt.imshow(image)
plt.show()
print("Your algorithm predicts: y = " + str(np.squeeze(my_image_prediction)))
# You indeed deserved a "thumbs-up" although as you can see the algorithm seems to classify
# it incorrectly. The reason is that the training set doesn't contain any "thumbs-up", so
# the model doesn't know how to deal with it! We call that a "mismatched data distribution"
# and it is one of the various of the next course on "Structuring Machine Learning Projects".
# **What you should remember**:
# - Tensorflow is a programming framework used in deep learning
# - The two main object classes in tensorflow are Tensors and Operators.
# - When you code in tensorflow you have to take the following steps:
# - Create a graph containing Tensors (Variables, Placeholders ...) and Operations
# (tf.matmul, tf.add, ...)
# - Create a session
# - Initialize the session
# - Run the session to execute the graph
# - You can execute the graph multiple times as you've seen in model()
# - The backpropagation and optimization is automatically done when running the session on
# the "optimizer" object.
吴恩达深度学习第二课第三周作业：识别手势
猜你喜欢
转载自blog.csdn.net/junchengberry/article/details/81126415
今日推荐
周排行