Yesterday afternoon, the official website of the soft test suddenly released the 4th edition of the syllabus and teaching materials, which made many candidates who are preparing for the information system project manager exam in the first half of this year a little nervous. So what are the main changes in this textbook revision? Will the exam in May be tested according to the new version of the textbook? Let us analyze chapter by chapter.
Informatization and Information System
In the third edition of the textbook, there is only one chapter on informatization and information systems, but it occupies about 20 points of the morning exam. This revision has refined this part of the content and divided it into five chapters. In fact, examinations in recent years have increased inspections of cutting-edge technologies, hot issues, and important documents.
Chapter 1: Information and Informatization
This chapter mainly introduces the concept of informatization development, modern infrastructure, innovative development, digital China, digital transformation and metaverse.
1.1 Information and informatization This part mainly introduces the concepts of information, information system and informatization. Information is a transferable data or knowledge, and an information system is a collection of hardware, software and network devices that process, store and transfer information. Informatization is the process of applying information technology and information systems to realize the modernization of enterprises and society.
1.2 Modern infrastructure This part introduces the concept and development trend of new infrastructure construction, industrial Internet and Internet of Vehicles and other modern infrastructure. New infrastructure construction includes smart city construction, 5G network construction, Internet of Things, etc.; Industrial Internet refers to the combination of traditional industry and Internet technology to improve production efficiency and product quality; Internet of Vehicles refers to the combination of automobiles and Internet technology to achieve Vehicle interconnection and intelligence.
1.3 Modernization, Innovation and Development This part introduces the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, the integration of industrialization and industrialization, intelligent manufacturing, and consumer Internet. Agricultural and rural modernization refers to the use of modern technology to promote the development of agriculture and rural areas, improve the quality of life and production efficiency of rural residents; the integration of the two and intelligent manufacturing refers to the combination of information technology and manufacturing technology to achieve intelligent production and manufacturing ; Consumer Internet refers to the use of Internet technology and big data analysis to improve consumers' shopping experience and consumption level.
1.4 Digital China This part mainly introduces the digital economy, digital government, digital society and digital ecology. Digital economy refers to the use of digital technology and information technology to promote economic development, improve economic efficiency and competitiveness; digital government refers to the use of information technology and digital means to improve government management efficiency and service levels; digital society refers to the use of digital technology and network means to build a social platform to promote social development and innovation; digital ecology refers to the use of digital technology and ecological concepts to establish a sustainable digital ecosystem.
1.5 Digital Transformation and Metaverse This part introduces the concepts and development trends of digital transformation and Metaverse. Digital transformation refers to the process in which enterprises and organizations use digital technology and information technology to realize digital, intelligent and networked business, so as to improve efficiency, innovation ability and competitiveness. Digital transformation is an important trend in the current global economic development. The key lies in the application of advanced information technology and digital technology to promote the digital transformation of enterprise organizations and the innovation of business models. Digital transformation can bring many benefits, such as increased efficiency, reduced costs, improved quality, and enhanced customer experience, among others.
The Metaverse is a digital world built on the basis of virtual reality technology and digital technology. It is a brand-new digital ecosystem that can realize intelligent interaction between people and things, people and people, and people and the environment. Metaverse can integrate the physical world and the digital world to achieve a more intelligent, efficient and convenient living and working experience. At present, Metaverse has become a new trend of global digital transformation and will lead the development of digital economy.
Chapter 2: Information Technology Development
Chapter 2 mainly introduces the development and application of information technology.
Part 2.1 discusses basic information technologies such as computer hardware and software, computer networks, storage and databases, and information security, as well as the development history and applications of these technologies. Computer software and hardware refer to the core components of the computer system, including the central processing unit, memory, hard disk, display, etc. A computer network is a system in which different computers are interconnected, including local area networks, wide area networks, and the Internet. Storage and databases refer to technologies used to store and manage data, including hard drives, flash memory, relational databases, etc. Information security refers to technologies and measures to protect information systems and information in them from illegal acquisition, use, disclosure, destruction, etc.
Section 2.2 introduces the new generation of information technology and its application. Among them, the Internet of Things refers to the technology of connecting various physical devices and objects through the Internet to realize the interconnection and intercommunication between devices. Cloud computing refers to a service model provided through the Internet, where computing resources can be obtained on demand anytime, anywhere. Big data refers to the techniques and methods of acquiring, storing, and processing large amounts of data through technical means to discover patterns and trends. Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that enables the secure sharing and transfer of information. Artificial intelligence is a technology that simulates human intelligence and can learn, understand and process information autonomously. Virtual reality is a technology that uses computer technology to create virtual scenes that can provide an immersive experience.
This chapter mainly introduces the development and application of information technology, as well as the concept and application scenarios of the new generation of information technology, aiming to help candidates understand the basic knowledge of information technology and lay the foundation for the subsequent chapters.
Chapter 3: Information Systems Governance
Chapter 3 introduces concepts and practices related to information systems governance and IT auditing. Information system governance refers to the effective management and supervision of the information system of an enterprise or organization to ensure that the information system can achieve the expected goals, meet business needs, and comply with relevant requirements such as laws and regulations. IT governance is the process of managing IT systems as part of corporate strategy, building on corporate governance. The purpose of IT governance is to ensure that IT systems can support the strategic goals of the enterprise, while effectively managing IT resources and reducing enterprise risks.
In this chapter, the basic concepts of IT governance are first introduced, including the definition of IT governance, the importance of IT governance and the basic principles of IT governance. Then, it introduces the IT governance system, including IT governance organizational structure, IT governance process and IT governance framework. Next, the tasks of IT governance are discussed, including IT strategy formulation, IT investment decision-making, IT resource management and IT performance evaluation, etc. Finally, IT governance methods and standards are introduced, which may include COBIT framework, ISO standard and ITIL framework, etc.
The second part of this chapter introduces the related concepts and practices of IT auditing. IT audit is to audit the information system of an enterprise or organization, assess its risk and compliance, and provide independent assurance on the security and reliability of the information system. Firstly, the basic concepts of IT auditing are introduced, including the definition of IT auditing, the importance of IT auditing and the goals of IT auditing. Then, audit methods and techniques are discussed, including risk assessment, network scanning, vulnerability assessment and so on. Next, the audit process is introduced, which may include planning the audit, performing the audit, writing the audit report, and tracking the audit results, etc. Finally, this chapter also discusses audit content, including audit content of systems and applications, networks and devices.
Chapter 4: Information Systems Management
Chapter 4 mainly introduces the management methods and key points of the information system.
4.1 Management method
4.1.1 Management basis: Introduces the basic concepts and management basis of information system management, including the definition of management, management process, management elements, management levels and management functions.
4.1.2 Planning and organization: Introduces the methods and steps of information system planning and organization, including strategic planning, information system architecture design, organizational design, and personnel recruitment.
4.1.3 Design and implementation: Introduces the methods and steps of information system design and implementation, including requirements analysis, system design, coding implementation, test verification, and online deployment.
4.1.4 Operation and maintenance and service: Introduces the methods and steps of information system operation and maintenance and service, including daily maintenance, problem diagnosis, performance optimization, user support and service management, etc.
4.1.5 Optimization and continuous improvement: Introduces the methods and steps of information system optimization and continuous improvement, including performance monitoring, business optimization, process improvement and quality control, etc.
4.2 Management points
4.2.1 Data management: Introduces the main points and methods of information system data management, including data classification, data standardization, data quality control and data security guarantee.
4.2.2 Operation and maintenance management: introduces the main points and methods of information system operation and maintenance management, including operation and maintenance process, operation and maintenance automation, operation and maintenance monitoring and fault handling, etc.
4.2.3 Information security management: Introduces the main points and methods of information system security management, including security strategy, security management, security technology and security audit.
4.3 Exercises for this chapter
Chapter 5: Information Systems Engineering
This chapter mainly introduces the related concepts and content of information system engineering. Firstly, software engineering is explained, including architecture design, requirements analysis, software design, software implementation, deployment delivery, process management, etc.; secondly, data engineering is introduced, including data modeling, data standardization, data operation and maintenance, data development and utilization, database Security and other aspects; then introduces system integration, including integration foundation, network integration, data integration, software integration, application integration, etc.; finally explains security engineering, including engineering overview, security system, engineering foundation, engineering system architecture, etc.
Judging from the catalog, this chapter is basically not much different from the scope of the previous exams, and most of them are professional knowledge of other soft exam subjects.
Project Management Fundamentals
Compared with the sixth edition of PMBOK, the biggest change in the seventh edition of PMBOK is the transformation from process-driven project management to value-driven project management. The new standard pays more attention to the realization of project value, is customer value-oriented, emphasizes the consistency of project goals and organizational strategies, and introduces the new concept of "project performance domain". In addition, the seventh edition also adds some new knowledge areas, such as agile methods, leadership and people management, to better meet the needs of modern project management. At the same time, the new standard also pays more attention to sustainability and adaptability to adapt to the changing business environment and technology trends.
PMBOK7 reinterprets the principles of project management. The basic part of project management in the fourth edition of the textbook can also be studied by referring to the basic discussion on project management in PMBOK7.
Chapter 6: Fundamental Concepts of Project Management
Chapter 6 introduces the basic concepts of project management. Among them, Section 6.1 introduces the development process of PMBOK (Project Management Body of Knowledge). Section 6.2 introduces the basic elements of project management, including project foundation, the importance of project management, project success criteria, the relationship between projects, programs, project portfolios and operation management, internal and external operating environments of projects, organizational systems, project Management and Product Management etc. Section 6.3 introduces the role of the project manager, including the definition, scope of influence and ability of the project manager. Section 6.4 introduces the value-driven project management body of knowledge, including project management principles, project life cycle and project phases, project management process groups, project management knowledge areas, project performance domains, and value delivery systems. Finally, Section 6.5 provides practice problems for this chapter.
Ten Management and Five Process Groups
从网上流出的目录来看，这本教材十大管理对部分基本是参照了PMBOK6的框架，与第三版教材变化不大，主要在于整体管理改为整合管理，干系人管理独立成章，以及将人力资源管理改为资源管理。
《项目管理知识体系指南》第六版提出的十大管理知识领域分别是：
1.整合管理：对项目进行统筹和整合，确保项目各个部分协调一致。
2.范围管理：确定项目的范围，明确项目的目标和可交付成果。
3.进度管理：规划项目进度，确保项目在预定的时间范围内完成。
4.成本管理：估算项目成本，控制项目成本，确保项目在预算范围内完成。
5.质量管理：确保项目的产品和服务符合质量要求。
6.资源管理：管理项目所需的各种资源，包括人员、设备、物资等。
7.沟通管理：规划、管理和实施项目的沟通，确保项目相关方之间的信息交流和沟通畅通无阻。
8.风险管理：识别、评估和应对项目风险，确保项目顺利完成。
9.采购管理：规划、管理和控制采购过程，确保项目获得高质量的产品和服务。
10.干系人管理：管理项目干系人的需求和期望，确保项目顺利完成并满足相关方的要求。
以上十大管理知识领域都是项目管理中非常重要的方面，对于项目经理和团队来说都具有指导意义。这些管理知识领域是相互关联的，项目经理需要综合运用它们，协调各个管理领域，确保项目顺利完成。
第8～17章：十大管理
下面这张图是PMBOK6的五大过程组和十大管理，基本上和软考教材第四版是一致的。
所以在十大管理方面，在教材拿到手之前，基本可以参考PMBOK6的资料，对于新增的知识点，也可以多做一些PMP的题目来练习。下面是PMBOK7的目录。此外，第四版教材特别强调了裁剪。裁剪指的是在实际项目中，根据项目的特定需求和实际情况，从PMBOK框架中选择性地应用和调整项目管理的过程和工具，以适应特定项目的需求和限制。
PMBOK是一个通用的指南，其过程和工具是为了适用于不同类型和规模的项目，包括复杂和简单的项目。但实际上，每个项目都有其独特的特点和需求，因此在实践中需要根据项目的实际情况进行裁剪，以确保项目管理过程的有效性和高效性。
裁剪可以是根据项目需求精简或增强某些过程，或者根据组织的特定流程或标准进行修改。裁剪的过程需要对项目的特点和需求有深入的了解，同时需要考虑到项目目标、时间、预算、资源和风险等方面的限制，以制定适合项目的项目管理计划。
八大项目绩效域
第四版教材增加了PMBOK7中的八个项目绩效域，分别是：
干系人绩效域（Stakeholder Performance Domain）：该绩效域着重关注项目管理人员与项目相关方之间的互动关系，包括干系人参与、沟通管理、关系建立、需求管理、风险管理等方面。
团队绩效域（Team Performance Domain）：该绩效域关注项目管理人员与项目团队之间的互动关系，包括团队发展、决策制定、组织协作、分配任务、领导力等方面。
开发方法和生命周期绩效域（Development Approach and Life Cycle Performance Domain）：该绩效域关注项目管理人员选择的开发方法和生命周期，包括适用于项目的生命周期和方法、项目管理计划和方法的执行和监控等方面。
规划绩效域（Planning Performance Domain）：该绩效域关注项目管理人员在项目规划阶段中所做的工作，包括范围、时间、成本、质量、资源等方面的规划、评估和决策。
项目工作绩效域（Project Work Performance Domain）：该绩效域关注项目执行阶段中的工作，包括质量、时间、成本、范围等方面的管理、监控和控制。
交付绩效域（Delivery Performance Domain）：该绩效域关注项目管理人员向客户、用户或最终受益者提供产品、服务或成果的能力，包括产品、服务、软件、硬件等方面的交付。
测量绩效域（Measurement Performance Domain）：该绩效域关注项目管理人员在项目过程中的测量和评估能力，包括评估和监控项目绩效、利益和贡献、干系人满意度等方面的测量和评估。
不确定性绩效域（Uncertainty Performance Domain）：该绩效域关注项目管理人员应对不确定性和风险的能力，包括预测、识别、评估和应对项目风险和不确定性的能力。
第18章 项目绩效域
本章主要介绍项目绩效域的概念和内容，包括干系人绩效域、团队绩效域、开发方法和生命周期绩效域、规划绩效域、项目工作绩效域、交付绩效域、度量绩效域和不确定性绩效域。其中，每个绩效域都包含了绩效要点、与其他绩效域的相互作用以及执行效果检查等方面的内容。本章的目的是帮助项目管理人员了解和掌握项目绩效管理的基本概念和方法，从而能够有效地管理和控制项目的绩效，提高项目的成功率。
配置与变更管理
知识管理被纳入整合管理及组织通用管理部分后，结尾这里这里就只剩下了配置管理、变更管理和文档管理。按照近些年不按套路出题的模式，这部分内容有可能会考察论文。
第19章：配置与变更管理
本章主要介绍了配置与变更管理在项目管理中的重要性和具体实施方法。其中，配置管理涉及管理基础、角色与职责、目标与方针以及管理活动等方面；变更管理则包括管理基础、管理原则、角色与职责、工作程序、变更控制、版本发布和回退计划等内容。此外，本章还介绍了项目文档管理的管理基础、规则和方法等方面。
组织级项目管理
从前不被重视的组织级项目管理部分增加了很多内容，包括高级项目管理，以及从PMBOK7引入的组织通用治理和组织通用管理部分，大概率会考察选择题。
第20章：高级项目管理
第20章介绍了高级项目管理的概念和方法。其中，项目集管理、项目组合管理和组织级项目管理被视为高级项目管理的主要领域。本章还介绍了量化项目管理和项目管理实践模型。在项目集管理中，重点关注项目集管理的标准、角色和职责以及绩效域。在项目组合管理中，介绍了项目组合管理标准、角色和职责以及绩效域。在组织级项目管理中，重点介绍了业务价值和业务评估、OPM框架要素和OPM成熟度模型。本章还包括了量化项目管理和项目管理实践模型的介绍，其中CMMI模型和PRINCE2模型是比较常见的实践模型。
第22章：组织通用治理
第22章介绍了组织通用治理的基本概念和技术，包括组织战略、绩效考核和转型升级等内容。
首先，章节介绍了组织战略，涵盖了组织定位、组织环境分析、组织能力确认、创新和改进等要点。其次，章节详细描述了绩效考核的过程，包括绩效计划、绩效实施、绩效治理、绩效评估、绩效评价结果反馈和绩效评价结果应用等。最后，章节介绍了转型升级的相关内容，包括战略转型升级和数字化转型实施等。
通过本章学习，应该了解组织通用治理的基本要素和技术，能够帮助组织更好地实现其目标和发展。同时，读者还能够掌握绩效考核和转型升级的关键技能，提高组织的绩效和适应能力。
第23章：组织通用管理
第23章介绍了组织通用管理的基本内容，包括人力资源管理、流程管理、知识管理和市场营销。下面将对各小节进行详细介绍：
23.1 人力资源管理 本节主要介绍了人力资源管理的基础知识和常见的管理方法。其中，工作分析和岗位设计是人力资源管理的基础，人力资源战略和计划则是为了有效地利用人力资源。人员招聘与录用、人员培训、组织薪酬管理、人员职业规划与管理等方面都是人力资源管理中需要重点关注的内容。
23.2 流程管理 流程管理是指对组织内部的各项流程进行管理和优化。本节介绍了流程管理的基础知识和常用方法。流程规划、流程执行、流程评价和流程持续改进是流程管理的四个基本环节。在这些环节中，需要进行流程设计、流程分析、流程优化、流程实施等工作。
23.3 知识管理 知识管理是指对组织内部的知识进行有效地收集、整理、传递和利用。本节介绍了知识管理的基础知识和常用方法。知识管理过程包括知识获取、知识组织、知识共享、知识应用和知识保护。在知识管理过程中，需要使用各种工具和技术来实现知识的有效管理和利用。
23.4 市场营销 市场营销是指将产品或服务推向市场并吸引客户进行购买的过程。本节介绍了市场营销的基础知识和常用方法。市场营销过程包括市场环境分析、市场定位、市场营销策略、市场营销计划、市场营销实施和市场营销评估。在市场营销过程中，需要进行各种市场调查、竞争分析、品牌推广、销售推广等工作。
本章通过对人力资源管理、流程管理、知识管理和市场营销的介绍，帮助读者了解了组织通用管理的基本知识和方法，从而更好地管理和运营组织。
管理学、法律法规和标准
这部分内容变化不大。其中法律法规标准部分一直是按照最新的法条来考察的，在备考时注意多看新闻即可。
第21章：项目管理科学基础
第21章介绍了项目管理中的一些科学基础，包括工程经济学和运筹学。具体如下：
21.1 工程经济学 工程经济学是应用数学和经济学的原理，分析和评估可行性、效益、成本、风险等因素的学科。本节主要介绍了资金的时间价值和等值价值的概念，以及项目经济评估的方法，如净现值、内部收益率、投资回收期等。
21.2 运筹学 运筹学是应用数学、计算机科学和工程学等知识，研究复杂决策问题，提供决策支持和优化方案的学科。本节主要介绍了以下几个运筹学的分支：
线性规划：是一种优化问题，以线性目标函数和线性约束条件为基础，求解最大值或最小值。
运输问题：是一种常见的路径优化问题，用于最小化运输成本。
指派问题：是一种线性规划问题，用于最小化成本或最大化收益，以及资源分配等问题。
动态规划：是一种优化问题，用于寻找最佳决策方案，具有递归和最优子结构的特点。
图与图论：用图模型和图算法分析和解决问题，如最短路径、最小生成树等。
博弈论：是一种数学工具，用于分析决策者之间的冲突和合作关系。
决策分析：是一种方法，用于帮助决策者评估决策选项，建立决策模型，并进行优化决策。
第24章：法律法规与标准规范
本章主要介绍了与信息技术项目开发相关的法律法规与标准规范。其中，涉及的法律法规主要包括民法典、招标投标法、政府采购法、专利法、著作权法、商标法、网络安全法和数据安全法。这些法律法规规范了在信息技术项目开发过程中相关的合同、采购、知识产权保护和安全等方面的法律责任和义务。特别注意两点，一是《合同法》已经被民法典取代，二是新的《专利法》规定外观设计专利保护期改为15年。
此外，本章还介绍了一些与信息技术项目开发相关的标准规范，包括系统与软件工程标准、新一代信息技术标准和信息技术服务标准等。这些标准规范为信息技术项目开发提供了一些技术规范和标准化的方法，有助于提高项目的质量和效率。
小结
从对新教材目录的剖析来看，新增的内容基本上都是已经被广泛学习、接受和应用的理论。在备考过程中，可以结合PMBOK6和7进行辅助学习。由于涉及到教材的过渡，今年的考试在评分标准上一定会有所考虑，所以不必太担心在遇到问答题或撰写论文时应该使用哪个版本教材的论述。如果还是不放心，可以把新版、旧版的理论都写上去。距离考试还有80多天，从现在开始学都来得及。软考需要多听课、多做题，论文一定要写个十几篇。祝愿大家都能顺利通过考试，拿到高级职称！