Excerpted from: 32-hour customs clearance for information system projects (only for learning and communication, infringement deleted!)
Test site analysis
This chapter mainly studies information, informatization, information systems, information system service management, software engineering, object-oriented system analysis and design, application integration technology, computer network technology, information system security, new technology, CIO responsibilities, etc.
According to the exam syllabus, the knowledge points in this chapter will involve multiple-choice questions, accounting for about 6-18 points. This part of the content emphasizes the concept but, according to the past rule of the national computer technology and software professional technical qualification (level) examination, the concept is only the examination of more reference textbooks, and the expanded content is less.
Comprehensive knowledge of information systems
Basic knowledge points
-
The basic concept of information
(1) Wiener, the founder of cybernetics, believes that information is information, which is neither matter nor energy.
(2) Shannon, the founder of informatization, believes that information is something that can be used to eliminate uncertainty.
(3) The concept of information has two basic levels, namely the ontological level and the epistemological level. The former is a purely objective level, which is only related to the factors of the object itself and has nothing to do with the factors of the subject. The latter examines the level of information from the standpoint of the subject, which is related to both the object factor and the subject factor. -
Quantitative description of information.
(1) Shannon’s formula for quantitatively describing information by probability is as follows:
(2) Among them, H(X) represents the information entropy of X, and pi is the probability that the event appears in the i-th state. In the case of binary, the base of the logarithm It is 2. This is a measure of information entropy that can be used as information, called the amount of information, and the unit is bit. -
Information transmission model
-
Information quality attributes
The shorthand word of the quality attribute of the information: perfect precision and experience safety .
| Information quality attributes | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | The accuracy of the description of the state of things |
| Completeness | The completeness of the description of the state of things |
| reliability | The source of information is legal and the transmission process is credible |
| Timeliness | Timely information |
| Economy | Economical information acquisition and transmission cost |
| Verifiability | The main quality attributes of the information can be verified or falsified |
| safety | The possibility that information can be accessed without authorization, the lower the possibility, the higher the security |
Informatization
Basic knowledge points
- The meaning of information
(1) Informatization is divided into 5 levels from small to large. Shorthand words: State-owned enterprises of production enterprises .
| Information level | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Product information | Such as a car integrated with an on-board computer system |
| Enterprise Information | Such as CRM, ERP, etc. |
| Industry Information | Traditional industries such as transportation and manufacturing make extensive use of information technology to complete the informatization of processes and products, realize resource optimization and reorganization, and realize industrial upgrading |
| Informationization of the National Economy | Refers to the realization of a unified information flow within the large economic system, so that the four economic links of production, circulation, distribution, and consumption can be further integrated into a whole through information |
| Informatization of social life | Refers to the entire social system including business, education, daily life, etc., using advanced information technology to expand the time and space of our activities and improve the quality of life. Such as smart cities. |
(2) The main body of informatization is all members of society, including governments, enterprises, undertakings, groups and individuals. Airspace is all areas of political, economic, cultural, military and social life. The time domain is a long-term process.
- Six Elements of Information System
Information resources are the core, information technology application is the leader, information network is the foundation, information technology and industry are the foundation of national informatization construction, informatization talents are the key, and informatization policies, regulations and standards are the guarantee.
- National Informatization Development Strategy Outline
In July 2016, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council issued the "Outline of National Informatization Development Strategy."
| Strategic outline | Time requirement (years) | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| first step | 2017-2020 | Focusing on the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way, serving important strategic layouts, and promoting informatization as a leading force in driving modernization, the Internet and information industry is one step ahead in practicing the new development concept |
| Second step | 2020-2025 | Closely focusing on the goal of building a network power, achieve advanced technology, developed industries, leading applications, and indestructible network security |
| third step | 2025-21 mid-century | Informatization fully supports the construction of a prosperous, democratic, civilized, and harmonious socialist modern country, and the status of a network power is increasingly consolidated, leading the development of global informatization |
- The meaning of the integration of the two
(1) Refers to the integration of informatization and industrialization development strategies.
(2) Refers to the integration of information resources with industrial resources such as materials and energy.
(3) Refers to the integration of virtual economy and industrial real economy.
(4) Refers to the integration of information technology and industrial technology, IT equipment and industrial equipment.
- E-government
E-government mainly includes 4 aspects: G2G, G2B, G2C, G2E.
- E-commerce
(1) Any use of methods, tools and technologies such as telegraph, telephone, radio, television, fax, computers, computer networks, etc. to conduct business activities can be called e-commerce.
(2) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is a means of connecting original e-commerce and modern e-commerce.
(3) The basic characteristics of e-commerce are shown in the figure below
(4) The structure of e-commerce system
| Public policy, law and privacy | E-commerce applications online marketing and advertising, online shopping, purchasing and purchasing, remote financial services, supply chain management, other applications |
Various technical standards |
| Infrastructure directory services for business services , security, authentication, electronic payments |
||
| Infrastructure for message and information dissemination FAX, E-mail, EDI, HTTP |
||
| Multimedia content and network publishing infrastructure HTML, Java, global Web |
||
| Network infrastructure telecommunications network, cable television network, radio communication network and Internet |
(5) Types of e-commerce
Explanation:
B2B refers to the exchange of products, services and information between enterprises and enterprises through the Internet. Its development has gone through the four stages of electronic data exchange, basic e-commerce, electronic transaction fairs and collaborative commerce, such as Alibaba.
B2C refers to e-commerce between enterprises and individual consumers, such as JD.com and Dangdang.
C2C refers to a business model in which consumers and consumers conduct transactions through e-commerce transaction platforms, such as Taobao and eBay.
O2O refers to the online purchase of offline goods and services, physical stores to pick up the goods or enjoy services, especially suitable for catering, theaters, clubs and other service chain enterprises.
(6) Strengthen the basic principles of e-commerce development.
- Business entities, government promotion
- Overall planning, combining virtual and actual
- Focus on innovation and focus on practical results
- Standardize development and ensure safety
(7) The support and guarantee system for the development of e-commerce (shorthand phrase: French standard Anxin is in the current technology service )
7. Enterprise Informationization
(1) Concept: Enterprise informatization refers to the introduction and use of modern information technology at all levels of enterprise operations, management, and decision-making, in various fields of scientific calculation, process control, transaction processing, and operation management, and comprehensive reform of management systems and mechanisms, thereby Significantly improve the work efficiency, market competitiveness and economic benefits of enterprises.
(2) At present, the "big" and "small" competition among enterprises are shifting to "fast" and "slow".
(3) The development process of enterprise informatization should follow the following principles:
- Benefit principle
- First-in-command
- The principle of combining medium and long-term and short-term construction
- Principles of Standardization and Standardization
- People-oriented principle
Supplementary knowledge points
Information system
Basic knowledge points
- Information system definition
(1) Information system: It is a specialized system for the purpose of processing information. The components of an information system include: hardware, software, databases, networks, storage devices, sensing devices, peripherals, personnel, and procedures for processing data into information.
(2) Information system integration: using modern management theories (such as software engineering, project management, etc.) as the methodology of planning, design, and control, and organically integrate hardware, software, database, network and other components in accordance with the planned structure and order In an information system with clear boundaries, in order to achieve the goals of the established system, this process is called information system integration.
- Information system life cycle
The information system life cycle includes four stages: project establishment (system planning), development (system analysis, system design, system implementation, system acceptance), operation and maintenance, and demise.
- Information system development method
| Common development methods | Features |
|---|---|
| Structured approach | The theoretical foundation is rigorous, focusing on the integrity and overall nature of the development process. But the development cycle is long; the documentation and design instructions are cumbersome and work efficiently; it is required to fully understand the information requirements of the system at the beginning of the development |
| Prototyping method | It is suitable for system development where the user needs are not clearly defined at the beginning and the management decision-making method is not well structured. However, if users do not cooperate well and modify blindly, the development process will be delayed |
| Object-oriented approach | The key point is whether a comprehensive, reasonable and unified model can be established, which can not only reflect the problem domain, but also be accepted by the computer system solution domain. |
| Service-oriented approach | Object-oriented applications are built on classes and objects, and subsequently developed modeling techniques group related objects according to business functions to form the concept of components. For cross-component function calls, they are exposed in the form of interfaces, and the definition of the interface is further decoupled from the implementation, which gives birth to service and service-oriented development methods. From an application point of view, the mutual communication and interoperability of various application systems within and between organizations directly affect the organization's degree of information mastery and processing speed. How to make the information system express to respond to demand and environmental changes, improve system reusability, information resource sharing, and interoperability between systems has become a key issue affecting the efficiency of information construction, and the service-oriented way of thinking just satisfies this Class requirements. It represents a new system development idea that does not stick to specific technology implementation methods, and has become a major trend |
IT service management
Basic knowledge points
- Early IT service management was mainly aimed at the internal IT department of the enterprise. Traditional IT service management was provided by the internal IT department of the enterprise, that is, internally provided services.
- IT Service Management (ITSM) is a set of methods to help organizations effectively manage the planning, R&D, implementation and operation of IT systems. It is a set of methodology.
- The core idea of ITSM is that IT organizations, whether internal or external, are IT service providers, and their main job is to provide low-version, high-quality IT services.
- ITSM 是一种 IT 管理，与传统的 IT 管理不同，它是一种以服务为中心的 IT 管理。
- 实施 ITSM 的根本目标有三个：以客户为中心提供 IT 服务，提供高质量、低成本的服务，提供的服务可准确计价。
- ITSM 的基本原理可简单地用“二次转换”来概括，第一次是“梳理”，第二次是“打包”。
- 虽然技术管理是 ITSM 的重要组成部分，但 ITSM 的主要目标不是管理技术。有关 IT 的技术管理是系统管理和网络管理的任务，ITSM 的主要任务是管理客户和用户的 IT 需求。
- 信息系统监理的内容如下图所示
9. ITSS的构成如下图所示
软件工程
基础知识点
- 软件需求分析与定义
（1）需求必须可以被验证
（2）需求分析的目标：检测和解决需求之间的冲突、发现系统的边界、详细描述出系统需求
- 软件设计、测试与维护
（1）软件设计：根据软件需求，产生一个软件内部结构的描述，并将其作为软件构造的基础。通过软件设计，描述出软件架构及相关组件之间的接口；然后，进一步详细地描述组件，以便构成这些组件。
（2）软件测试：为了评价和改进软件质、识别产品的缺陷和问题而进行的活动。
（3）软件维护类型及解释如下表所示
| 软件维护类型 | 解释 |
|---|---|
| 更正性维护 | 更正交付后发现的错误 |
| 适应性维护 | 使软件产品能够在变化后或变化中的环境中继续使用 |
| 完善性维护 | 改进交付后产品的性能和可维护性 |
| 预防性维护 | 在软件产品的潜在错误成为实际错误前，检测并更正它们 |
- 软件质量保证及质量评价
（1）软件质量包括内部质量、外部质量和使用质量三部分。
（2）验证过程试图确保活动的输出产品构造正确，即活动的输出产品满足活动的规范说明。确认过程则试图确保构造了正确的产品，即产品满足其特定目的。
- 软件配置管理
（1）软件配置管理活动包括：软件配置管理计划、软件配置标识、软件配置控制、软件配置状态记录、软件配置审计、软件发布管理与交付等活动。
（2）配置库的权限设置
| 权限 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| Read | 可以读取文件内容，但不能对文件进行变更 |
| Check | 可使用 [check in] 等命令，对文件内容进行变更 |
| Add | 可使用[文件追加]、[文件重命名]、[删除]等命令 |
| Destroy | 有权执行文件不可逆毁坏、清楚、[rollback] 等命令 |
（3）受控库的权限设置
| 项目经理 | 项目成员 | QA | 测试人员 | 配置管理员 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 文档 | Read | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Check | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
| Add | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
| Destroy | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | ✔ | |
| 项目经理 | 项目成员 | QA | 测试人员 | 配置管理员 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 代码 | Read | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Check | ✔ | ✔ | ✖ | ✖ | ✔ | |
| Add | ✔ | ✔ | ✖ | ✖ | ✔ | |
| Destroy | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | ✔ | |
说明：✔表示该人员具有相应权限，✖表示该人员没有相应权限。
（4）产品库的权限设置
| 项目经理 | 项目成员 | QA | 测试人员 | 配置管理员 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Read | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Check | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Add | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Destroy | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
- 软件过程管理
包括五个方面：项目启动与范围定义、项目规划、项目实施、项目监控与评审、项目收尾与关闭。
- 软件开发工具
软件开发工具是用于辅助软件生命周期过程的基于计算机的工具。例如：软件需求包括需求建模工具和需求追踪工具。
- 软件复用
软件复用的主要思想是：将软件看成是由不同功能的“组件”组成的有机体，每一个组件在设计编写时都可以被设计成完成同类工作的通用工具。
面向对象系统分析与设计
基础知识点
- 面向对象的基本概念
（1）对象的三个基本要素分别为：对象标识、对象状态、对象行为。
（2）对象是类的实例，类是对象的模版。如果将对象比作房子，类就是房子的设计图纸。
（3）类的构成
（4）类的继承
（5）类的多态
- 统一建模语言和可视化建模
（1）UML 的 5 种视图
- 用例视图，Use case view：用例视图定义系统的外部行为，定义了系统的需求，是描述系统设计和构件的其他视图的基础，即用例驱动。又叫用户模型视图。
- 逻辑视图，Logic view：逻辑视图描述逻辑结构，该逻辑结构支持用例视图描述的功能，它描述了问题空间中的概念以及实现系统功能的机制，如类、包、子系统等。又叫结构模型视图或静态视图。
- 实现视图，Implementation view：实现描述用于组件系统的物理组件，如可执行文件、代码库和数据库等系统程序员所看到的软件产物，是和配置管理以及系统集成相关的信息。也叫组件视图。
- 过程视图，Process view：过程视图描述将系统分解为过程和任务，以及这些并发元素之间的通信与同步。也叫并发视图、动态视图或者协作视图等。
- 部署视图，Deployment view：描述系统的物理网络布局，是系统工程师和网络工程师所感兴趣的。又叫物理视图。
（2）UML 提供了 9 种不同的图
静态图：用例图、类图、对象图、组件图、配置图
动态图：序列图、状态图、协作图、活动图
- 用例图，Use case diagram：描述系统的功能，由系统、用例和角色三种元素组成。例：用例图（机房收费系统）如下图所示
- 类图，Class diagram：用来表示系统中的类以及类与类之间的关系，描述系统的静态结构，用于逻辑视图中。类图（机房收费系统）如下图所示
- 对象图，Object diagram：对象图是类图的示例，表示在某一时刻这些类的具体实例以及这些实例之间的具体连接关系，可以帮助人们理解比较复杂的类图。对象图也可以用于显示类图中的对象在某一点的连接关系。对象图常用语用例视图和逻辑视图中。对象图（机房收费系统）如下图所示
- 状态图，State diagram：主要用来描述对象、子系统、系统的生命周期。通过状态图可以了解一个对象可能具有的所有状态、导致对象状态改变的事件，以及状态转移引发的动作。状态图是对类描述的事物的补充说明，用在逻辑视图中描述类的行为。状态图如下图所示
- Sequence diagram, Sequence diagram: The interaction between objects in an object-oriented system is represented by the sending and receiving of messages. The sequence diagram reflects the dynamic cooperative relationship between several objects, that is, how messages are sent and received between objects over time. The sequence diagram focuses on the order in which messages are sent between objects, which is often used in logical views. The sequence diagram is shown in the figure below
- Collaboration diagram, Collaboration diagram: mainly describes the interaction and connection between collaboration objects. Collaboration diagrams and sequence diagrams also reflect the dynamic collaboration between objects, and can also express message sequences, but focus on describing the relationship between objects exchanging messages, emphasizing spatial relationships rather than temporal sequence. The collaboration diagram is shown below
- Activity diagram, Activity diagram: Display actions and their results, focusing on the work done in the implementation of the operation and the activities in the use case instance or object. The activity diagram reflects a continuous flow of activities, which is often used to describe the work completed during the execution of an operation. The activity diagram is shown below
- Component diagram: Component diagram: used to reflect the physical structure of the code. A component can be a source code, a binary file or an executable file and contains the implementation information of a logic class. The realization view is composed of component diagrams. The component diagram is shown below
- Configuration diagram, Deployment diagram: The configuration diagram is used to show the physical architecture of the software and hardware in the system. The diagram usually shows the actual computer and equipment and the relationship between them. The configuration diagram is used to form a configuration view and describe the actual physical structure of the system. The configuration diagram is shown in the figure below
- Object-oriented system analysis
That is, use the object-oriented method to analyze the problem domain, establish a business model based on objects and messages, and form a correct understanding of the objective world and the business itself.
- Object-oriented system design
Based on the problem domain model derived from the system analysis, the software infrastructure (outline design) and complete class structure (detailed design) are designed using an object-oriented method to realize business functions.
Then next soft test - Project Management Division (Information Technology and Information System II)