【Information System Project Manager】Information System and Informatization

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Basic concepts of information

1 Information characteristics

Information quality attributes

1. Accuracy: The degree of accuracy in describing the state of things.

2. Completeness: Describe the full extent of the state of things, and complete information should include all important facts.

3. Reliability: Refers to the information source, collection method, and transmission process that can be trusted and meet expectations.

4. Timeliness: Refers to the length of the interval between the time when the information is obtained and the time when the event occurs.

5. Economy: Refers to the cost of information acquisition and transmission within the acceptable range.

6. Verifiability: refers to the degree to which the main quality attributes of information can be verified or falsified.

7. Security: Refers to the possibility of unauthorized access to information in the life cycle of information. The lower the possibility, the higher the security.

2 Information function

无重要考点

3 Information transmission model

• Information source: The entity that generates the information. After the information is generated, it is transmitted from this entity.
• Information destination: the destination or recipient of information.
• Channel: The channel for transmitting information, such as a TCP/IP network.
• Encoder: In information theory, it refers to all equipment that transforms information, which is actually the sending part of the terminal. It includes all the equipment from the source to the channel, such as quantizer, compression encoder, modulator, etc., to convert the signal output by the source into a signal suitable for the channel.
• Decoder: The decoder is the inverter device of the encoder, which converts the signal sent from the channel (the superposition of original information and noise) into information that the sink can accept, including demodulator, decoder, digital-to-analog Converters, etc.
• Noise: Noise can be understood as interference. The interference can come from any layer of the information system's hierarchical structure. When the information carried by the noise is large to a certain extent, the information transmitted in the channel can be masked by the noise and cause transmission failure.

Basic concepts of information system

1 System characteristics

1.1 General characteristics

1. Purpose: Defining a system, composing a system, or abstracting a system has a clear goal or purpose, and the goal determines the function of the system.
2. Integrity: The system is a whole, and the elements are to achieve a certain purpose and are arranged in an orderly manner to form the system according to certain principles, thereby producing specific functions of the system.
3. Hierarchical: The system is composed of multiple elements, and the system and the elements are relative concepts. The element is relative to the system in which it is located. The system is viewed from the perspective of the elements it contains. If the perspective of the research problem changes, the system becomes a higher-level element, also called a subsystem. .
4. Stability: The stability of the system refers to: subject to rules, the internal structure and order of the system should be predictable; the state and evolution path of the system are limited and predictable; the consequences of the functioning of the system are also predictable. Estimated. A stable system enables the system to maintain its internal structure and order while being subjected to external effects.
5. Catastrophe: Catastrophe refers to a process of drastic changes in the system from one state to another through instability. It is a basic form of system qualitative change.
6. Self-organization: The open system is spontaneously organized under the influence of factors inside and outside the system, so that the system changes from disorder to order, from low-level order to high-level order.
7. Similarity: The system has the properties of isomorphism and homomorphism, which is reflected in the commonality of system structure, existence mode and evolution process. The system is similar, and the fundamental reason lies in the material unity of the world.
8. Relevance: Elements are separable and interrelated. The elements that make up the system must have clear boundaries and be distinguishable from other elements. In addition, the elements are related to each other, not the kind of universal connection mentioned in philosophy, but the actual and specific connection.
9. Environmental adaptability: The system is always in a certain environment and interacts with the environment. There is always a certain amount of material and energy exchange between the system and the environment.

1.2 Outstanding features

1. Openness: The openness of the system refers to the accessibility of the system.
2. Vulnerability: This characteristic corresponds to the stability of the system, that is, the system may have the characteristics of losing structure, function, and order. This characteristic is often hidden and difficult to be perceived by the outside world.
3. Robustness: When the system is faced with factors such as interference, input errors, intrusion, etc., the system may appear in an unexpected state and lose its original function, make mistakes, or even damage the function.

2 Information system

No important test sites

Basic concepts of information

1 Informatization is divided into five levels from "small" to "large"

Know which five levels are enough

1. Product informatization: Product informatization is the foundation of informatization, which has two meanings. One means that more and more computer (intelligent) devices are integrated into traditional products, so that products have the ability to process information, such as smart TVs, smart lamps, etc.; the other meaning is that products carry more information, which is Digital, easy to be recognized and read by computer equipment or managed by information systems, such as a car integrated with an on-board computer system.
2. Enterprise informatization: Enterprise informatization refers to the extensive use of information technology in the design, development, production, management, and operation of products, assisting manufacturing, optimizing work processes, managing customer relationships, and building an enterprise information management system. The process of cultivating informatization talents and building and improving the informatization management system Enterprise informatization is the foundation of national economy informatization, involving manufacturing systems, ERP, CRM, SCM, etc.
3. Industrial informatization: refers to the extensive use of information technology in traditional industries such as agriculture, industry, transportation, manufacturing, and service industries to complete the informatization of processes and products, and further improve productivity; establish various types of databases and networks, and vigorously Develop and utilize information resources to realize the optimization and reorganization of various resources and elements in the industry, so as to realize the upgrading of the industry.
4. Informatization of the national economy: refers to the realization of a unified large flow of information within the large economic system, so that finance, trade, investment, planning, customs clearance, marketing, etc. form a large information system, so that the four economics of production, circulation, distribution, and consumption Links are further integrated into a whole through informatization.
5. Informatization of social life: Refers to the use of advanced information technology in the entire social system including business, education, government, public services, transportation, daily life, etc., and the integration of various information networks, vigorously developing information services related to people’s daily life, and enriching People's material and spiritual life, expand people's activity time and space, and improve the quality of people's life and work. The emerging smart cities and Internet finance are the embodiment and important development direction of social life informatization.

2 The connotation of informatization

1. The main body of informatization: all members of society, including governments, enterprises, undertakings, groups and individuals
2. Time domain: a long-term process
3. Airspace: all areas of politics, economy, culture, military and society
4. Means: Advanced social production tools based on modern information technology
5. Approach: to create social productive forces in the information age, and to promote the reform of social production relations and the social superstructure
6. Purpose: To comprehensively improve the comprehensive strength of the country, the civilized quality of the society and the quality of life of the people

3 National Information System

• Two networks: refers to the government intranet and the government extranet
• One stop: refers to the government portal website
• Four databases: establish four basic databases such as population, legal entity, spatial geography and natural resources, and macroeconomics
• Twelve gold: 12 key business systems named after "gold"

4 The six elements of informatization

1. Information resources: The development and utilization of information resources is the core task of national informatization, the key to the failure of national informatization construction, and the weak link of informatization in our country. (Information technology, equipment, facilities, information producers, etc.) The degree of development and utilization of information resources is an important indicator for measuring the level of national informatization.
2. Information network: Information network is the infrastructure for the development and utilization of information resources, including telecommunication networks, radio and television networks, and computer networks.
3. Information technology application: Information technology application refers to the wide application of information technology in various fields of economy and society, which directly reflects efficiency, effect and benefit. The application of information technology is the leader of the six elements of the information system and the main front of the country's informatization construction, which embodies the needs and benefits of the country's informatization construction.
4. Information technology and industry: The information industry is the material foundation of informatization, including the development, production, and sales of products and technologies such as microelectronics, computers, and telecommunications, as well as software, information system development, and e-commerce.
5. Informatization talents: Talents are the foundation of the success of informatization, and a reasonable talent structure is the core and key of informatization talents.
6. Informatization policies, regulations and standards: Informatization policies and regulations, standards, and norms are used to regulate and coordinate the relationship between the various elements of the informatization system, and are the guarantee for the rapid, orderly, healthy and sustainable development of national informatization.

Information system life cycle

Compulsory examination questions, which may be multiple-choice questions, focus on mastering

Big aspect (4 big)

1. Project establishment: system planning
2. Development: System Analysis -> System Design -> System Implementation
3. Operation and maintenance
4. Die out

Small aspect (5 small)

1. System planning: feasibility analysis and development plan
2. System analysis: demand analysis -> propose a logical model of the new system
3. System design: outline design -> detailed design -> propose the physical model of the system
4. System implementation: coding -> testing
5. Operation and Maintenance