Principles of Computer Organization knowledge (Chapter I)

Introduction Chapter One computer system

1. The classification of the computer

2. A brief history of computer

1. Five change computer: tube computer, computer transistors, small and medium-scale integrated circuits in computers, large-scale and ultra large scale integrated circuit computer, the huge scale integrated circuit computer.
2. Moore's Law: every 18 months, the performance of the integrated circuit will be doubled, and the price will be reduced by half. (Another way to say this: every 10 years the computer system performance will be increased by 100 times, 100 times more communications bandwidth will increase, while capital spending will not increase).
3. Processor word length: processing and computing unit to complete a number of binary number operations.
4. Bus width: the width of the data bus between the CPU and the memory in the computing unit.
5. The storage unit: 8 as a binary memory cell, i.e. in a byte. Each unit has an address, an integer encoding can be represented as a binary integer.
   Memory element: In a binary number as a storage element, memory element composed of a plurality of memory cells.
6. Memory capacity: the number of bits of memory can store binary data.
   
7. Memory bandwidth: binary information quantity per unit time is read out from the memory, generally expressed in bytes / sec.
8. CPI: represents the number of instructions per cycle, i.e., an instruction to perform the required number of clock cycles the average
   total number of CPU clock cycles a program CPI = / number of instructions of the program contained in the article
9. MIPS: millions of instructions per second, i.e., the instruction execution unit time;
   the MIPS instruction Number = / (* 10 ^ program execution time 6)
10. FLOPS: one million times per second floating point operand, the machine performance measure floating point operations
    floating point operations FLOPS = number of program, program execution time (s)

3. Computer Hardware

1. computer system:
2. Northrop von Neumann operator center mechanism, modern computer memory is a central structure.
3. Operator: processing all arithmetic and logic operations. Commonly referred to as the ALU (arithmetic logic unit)
4. Memory:
   • Into memory, external memory;
   • Two registers associated with the main memory:
     the MAR (Memory Address Register): receiving address information sent from the CPU;
     MDR (Memory Data Register): as between the outside and the memory data path.
5. Controller:
   • Function: function to be performed according to the instruction, the order issuing various control commands, various components of the coordinating computer work;
   • Working period:
     Value Period: a period of time of instruction fetch;
     execution cycle: instruction execution period;
   • Related concepts
     data word: data of the word represents to be processed;
     instruction word: This character is an instruction;
     instruction stream: fetch cycle, from the memory read stream;
     data stream: execution cycle, from the memory read Information Flow.