Principles of Computer Organization - Introduction

• introduction
  • von Neumann computer model

    

    • Northbridge chip: close to the CPU, responsible for the communication and management between the CPU memory and the display components
    • South bridge chip: close to PCI, responsible for the management of peripherals such as the host computer and hard disk, keyboard, USB device, etc.
    • The electronic computer consists of: control unit CU, arithmetic unit ALU, memory, input unit and output unit, and the bus (BUS) connecting them
      • CU and ALU form a processing unit (processor)
      • CPU central processing unit: only one PU
      • There are multiple PUs: Parallel Computers (High Performance Computers)
  • Microcomputer composition block diagram

    

  • PU composition: ALU+CU+register
    • ALU is composed of adder, logic operator, shifter and complementer
    • CU is composed of program counter PC, instruction register IR, instruction decoder ID, control signal generator CSG, and corresponding control logic (controller)
    • The CU directs and coordinates the work of the PU and even the various components in the computer system according to a series of operating commands/signals generated by the instruction decoder.
    • Registers: data register (addition result accumulator ACC), address register (base address, index register), flag register
      • The memory component based on the flip-flop structure needs (instantaneous) pulse (insertion) control when storing data
  • Computer system composition: hardware machines without software are called bare metal

    

    • Equivalence principle of computer software and hardware: hardware and software are equivalent in logic function. The functions of the software can in principle be implemented by hardware or firmware. In principle, the functions of the hardware can also be realized by the simulation of the software.
    • Instruction set: the interface of software and hardware function division, which is the core of computer architecture
  • Computer Performance Evaluation
    • Machine word length: The binary digits of the operand input by the ALU, which is also the binary digits contained in the processor's internal data registers. A word consists of 8 binary bits
    • Main memory capacity: the number of storage units in the main memory multiplied by the width of the storage unit.
      • The maximum number of memory cells depends on the number of lines (width) of the processor address bus
      • 1024=1k,1024k=1M,1024M=1G,1024G=1T
    • Processing speed: MIPS (million instructions per second), MFLOPS (million floating-point operations per second), CPI (average clock cycle per instruction)
    • Main frequency: The frequency of the main clock. The reciprocal of the main frequency is the clock period.
      • The processor time required to execute a program: the number of instructions of the program x CPIx clock cycle
      • Increase the main frequency to shorten the execution time, and the increase of the main frequency will increase the power consumption and generate high heat
    • Memory access cycle: the total time required for a memory to perform a complete read and write operation. Semiconductor memory usually takes between tens and hundreds of nanoseconds, and disks generally take more than 10 milliseconds.
    • power consumption
    • Software Compatibility:
      • Up (down) compatibility can run on higher (higher) low-end machines
      • Forward (backward) compatibility: can run on the same model machine that was put on the market earlier (later) than it
    • System software configuration: operating system, database management system, text editor, high-level language program development environment, Internet browser
    • Throughput rate and response time: the number of tasks completed within a unit and the time interval between the user entering the command\data and getting the first result
    • Auxiliary storage capacity
  • The birth and development of computer
    • Electronic tube computer, transistor computer, integrated circuit computer, large scale integrated circuit computer
    • Electron tube computer: software uses machine language, later assembly language, and advanced programming language Fortran is available
    • Transistor computer: logic element transistor, main memory core, secondary memory tape or disk
    • Integrated circuit computer: IC integrated circuit, semiconductor memory
    • Moore's Law: Doubling the Meter Group
    • Large scale integrated circuits: microprocessors, microcomputers
    • quantum computer
  • Classification of computer systems: analog and digital
    • Microcomputer classification (different according to structural integration): single-chip microcomputer and single-board microcomputer
    • Industrial field control computer: industrial control computer, single-chip microcomputer, programmable logic controller (PLC)