Chapter One Introduction to Computer System
1.1 Introduction to computer system
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System software: manage the entire computer system, (language processing program, operating system, service program
Service program refers to a type of program compiled to help users use and maintain computers, provide service methods and support other software development. Service program is a kind of auxiliary program, which provides various services required for operation. It can run under the control of the operating system or run independently without an operating system. There are mainly tool software, editing programs, software debugging programs, and diagnostic programs. For example, loading programs , linking programs, editing programs and debugging programs for program loading, linking, editing and debugging , as well as fault diagnosis programs, error correction programs, etc., including editing programs, error correction programs, linking programs, etc.
1.2 Basic composition of computer
Both instructions and data can be addressed by address, both expressed in binary, instructions (composed of opcode and address code)
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The solid line in the figure above represents the data path, and the dotted line represents the feedback of control and status
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Top-down
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ACC: accumulator MQ: multiplier register X: operand register
Command: Operation code + address code
*Multiplication example
Initial state: ACC multiplicand
[M] -> MQ
[ACC] -> X
0 -> ACC
[X]X[MQ] -> ACC//MQ
The controller completes an instruction: 1. Fetch instruction (PC storage address) 2. Analyze instruction IR (store the current pre-executed instruction) 3. Execution instruction (CU, control unit)
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Figure 1 Figure Comprehensive
Bandwidth : There are many applications of bandwidth, which can be used to identify the data transmission capacity of signal transmission, the amount of data passing through the link per unit time, and the display capacity of the display. In digital equipment, bandwidth refers to the amount of data that can pass through the link per unit time. Usually expressed in bps , that is, the number of bits that can be transmitted per second.
Machine word length: The number of bits that the CPU can process data at a time is related to the register and number of bits in the CPU.
Calculation speed: the number of algorithms completed in the same time
Storage capacity: the total number of digits for storing binary information.
Practice questions
Wrong one
Single choice (1 point)
There are many instructions in a computer system, and the process of completing an instruction for different instruction hosts is not the same.The following is the execution process of an instruction.
In the above block diagram, is the execution process of the instruction ____.
- A. Multiplication instruction
- B. Deposit instruction
- C. Access instruction
- D. Addition instruction
Correct answer: C you wrongly selected B
Analysis: The leader line 9-the main memory points to the arithmetic unit, so the number is taken from the memory to the arithmetic unit to run.
Wrong question two
Single choice (1 point)
The computing speed of a computer is related to many factors, such as the frequency of the machine and what operations it performs. MIPS is a unit of measurement commonly used to measure computer operating speed. Suppose that machine A can execute 2 million instructions per second, which is recorded as 2 MIPS, and machine B can execute 5 million instructions per second, which is recorded as 5 MIPS. On the two machines, when running the same program, the time spent on the two machines ___
- AA machine takes a short time
- BB machine takes a short time
- CA machine B machine takes the same time
- D. Uncertain
Correct answer: D you wrongly selected B
Analysis: Different machines translate the same number of instructions from the same program. Therefore, it is impossible to judge the running speed of the computer with MIPS alone. During the execution of a user program, other programs may be inserted and run, so the user program execution time that is usually observed is greater than its real CPU execution time.
Wrong question three
Multiple choice (2 points)
The operands stored in the register ACC are ___
- A. Multiplier and product high
- B. Dividend and remainder
- C. Addendum and sum
- D. Subtraction and difference
Correct answer: B and C were wrongly selected as A and C
Analysis: [ACC] addend, subtract, multiplicand, dividend. The result sum, difference, product high, and division remainder are all in [ACC].
X register: addend, subtract, multiplicand, divisor
MQ: low product, quotient
Chapter Two Development and Application of Computer
2.1 The history of computer development
Demand promotes development, the development of electronic technology, the development of computer architecture counting, from electronic tubes to very large-scale integrated circuits.
Microprocessor chip: 4-bit to 64-bit
Moore's Law (English: Moore's law) is made Intel one (Intel) founder Gordon Moore raised. Its content is: The number of transistors that can be accommodated on an integrated circuit will double about every two years; the frequently quoted "18 months" is proposed by Intel CEO David House (David House) : It is expected that the performance of the chip will be doubled in 18 months (that is, more transistors make it faster), which is an observation that multiplies .
The rise of software technology
Machine language assembly language machine-oriented
High-level language problem-oriented
The characteristics of software development: 1. Long development cycle 2. Expensive production cost 3. Detection of the particularity of software product quality
2.2 Computer application
1. Scientific Computing and Data Processing
2. Industrial control and real-time control
3. Network Technology
4. Virtual reality
5. Office Automation and Management Information System
6.CAD / CAM / CIMS
7. Artificial intelligence
2.3 Outlook of Computer
1. Fast
2. With the improvement of chip integration, the integration is limited by physical, and the cost increases geometrically.