GG 2 Institutionalize a Managed Process
制度化可管理过程
A managed process is a process that accomplishes the work necessary to produce work products. It is planned and executed in accordance with policy, employs skilled people and has adequate resources to produce controlled outputs. A managed process involves relevant stakeholders, is monitored and controlled, is subjected to reviews and is evaluated for adherence to its process descriptions. The process may be instantiated by a project, group, or organizational unit. The control provided by a managed process helps to ensure that the established process is retained during times of stress.
一个可管理过程是一个过程，它是完成工作产品的必要工作。被计划和执行来配合政策。雇佣有经验的员工，有充足的资源来产出可控制的输出。一个可管理过程包含相关责任人，被监督和控制。旨在重审和评估过程描述。过程可能会被项目，组织实例化。这种有可管理过程提供的控制帮助保证了在时间压力下建立一个过程。
GP 2.1 Establish an organizational policy The purpose of this generic practice is to define the organizational expectations for the process and make these expectations visible to those in the organization who are affected. In general, senior management is responsible for establishing and communicating guiding principles, direction, and expectations for the organization.
建立一个组织策略， 通用实践的目标是为了定义过程中的组织期望，是这些期望对组织相关人员可见。通常来说，高级管理有责任建立和沟通组织的方针，方向，期望。
GP 2.2 Plan the process The purpose of this generic practice is to determine what is needed to perform the process and to achieve the established objectives, to prepare a plan for performing the process, to prepare a process description, and to get agreement on the plan from relevant stakeholders by performing reviews.
计划过程，通用实践的目标是决定为了执行过程需要什么，为了达到建立的目标需要什么。准备执行过程的计划。准备过程描述。和相关责任人为达成计划一致而执行复查。
GP 2.3 Provide resources The purpose of this generic practice is to ensure that resources necessary to perform the process as defined by the plan are available when they are needed. Resources include adequate funding, appropriate physical facilities, skilled people, and appropriate tools.
提供资源。通用实践的目标是保证执行过程（在计划定义的）所需要的必需资源存在。资源包括充足的资金，合理的资产，有经验的人，合适的工具。
GP 2.4 Assign responsibilities The purpose of this generic practice is to ensure that there is accountability for performing the process and achieving the specified results throughout the life of the process. The people assigned must have the appropriate authority to perform the assigned responsibilities. Responsibilities can be assigned using detailed job descriptions or in living documents, such as the plan for performing the process.
分配责任，通用实践的目标是保证在过程生命周期中执行过程的责任制度和为了达到特定结果的责任制度。被分配的人必须要有适当的权威来执行被分配的责任。责任能被分配通过具体的工作描述或者文档。比如执行过程计划。
GP 2.5 Train people The purpose of this generic practice is to ensure that the people have the necessary skills and expertise to perform or support the process. Appropriate training is provided to the people who will perform the work. Overview training is provided to orient people who interact with those performing the work. Training supports the successful performance of the process by establishing a common understanding of the process, and by imparting the skills and knowledge needed to perform the process.
培训人员。通用实践的目的是保证人员有必须的技术和经验来执行和支持过程。适当的培训需要提供给执行工作的人。回顾培训被提供来指定那些执行工作的人。培训对于建立一个对于过程的一直理解。传授对于执行过程的技术和知识。
GP 2.6 Manage configurations The purpose of this generic practice is to establish and maintain the integrity of the selected work products of the process throughout their useful life. The selected work products are specifically identified in the plan for performing the process, along with a specification of the level of configuration management, e.g., version control or formal configuration management using baselines. Examples of configuration management practices include version control, change history and control, status identification and usage of configuration management tools for storage. Refer to the Configuration Management process area within CMMI for more information on placing work products under configuration management.
管理配置。通用实践的目标是建立和维护选择工作产品的健全性。选择工作产品在计划中被定义用来执行过程。同时有指定等级的配置管理。比如，版本控制，正规配置，。。。
GP 2.7 Identify and involve relevant stakeholders The purpose of this generic practice is to establish and maintain the expected involvement of stakeholders during the execution of the process. Relevant stakeholders are involved in activities such as planning, decisions, commitments, communications, reviews and resolution of problems. Critical stakeholders in the testing process include managers and users/customer. The manager’s role involves commitment and the ability to perform activities and tasks related to improving testing capability. The user’s or customer’s role involves co-operation, support and sometimes performing testing activities. Users/customers should be involved in quality-related activities and tasks that concern user-oriented needs. The focus is on solicitation of user/customer support, consensus and participation in activities such as product risk analysis, acceptance testing and possibly usability testing. Depending on the test level the developer may also be a stakeholder, e.g., at unit testing the developer often performs the testing activities himself; however, at the acceptance test level the developer becomes a stakeholder for discussing incidents found, agreeing on entry criteria etc.
明确和包含相关责任人。通用实践的目标是建立和维护在执行过程中相关责任人的参与。相关责任人参与比如计划，决策，沟通，承担，审查和问题解决。测试流程中关键责任人包括经理和用户、客户。经理的角色是承担和执行提升测试能力活动/任务的能力。用户和客户角色包括合作，支持。有事执行测试活动。用户/客户应该被包含在质量相关活动中。
GP 2.8 Monitor and control the process The purpose of this generic practice is to perform the direct day-to-day monitoring and controlling of the test process. Appropriate visibility into the test process is maintained so that appropriate corrective action can be taken when necessary. Monitoring and controlling the process involves measuring appropriate attributes of the test process and work products produced by the test process. Refer to the Measurement and Analysis process area in CMMI for more information on measurement.
监督和控制过程。通用实践的目的是执行日常监控和控制测试流程。测试过程中适当的可见用来维护正确的行为被执行。过程的监控包括测试过程的合适属性。
GP 2.9 Objectively evaluate adherence The purpose of this generic practice is to provide credible assurance that the process is implemented as planned and adheres to its process description, standard, and procedures. People not directly responsible for managing or performing the activities of the test process typically evaluate adherence. In many cases, adherence is evaluated by people within the organization, but external to the test process or project. Refer to the Process and Product Quality Assurance process area within CMMI for more information on objectively evaluating adherence.
客观评估一致性。通用过程的目的是提供可信人的来保证过程按照计划来实施，过程描述，主张和步骤要保存一致性。在很多情况，一致性评估是组织内人员做的。但是是测试或者项目外部的人。关于CMMI测试流程和产品质量保证更多细节参考客观评估一致性
GP 2.10 Review status with higher level management The purpose of this generic practice is to provide higher level management with the appropriate visibility into the process. Higher level management includes those levels of management in the organization above the immediate level of management responsible for the process. These reviews are for managers who provide policy and overall guidance for the process, not for those who perform the direct day-to-day monitoring and controlling of the process.
与高级管理人员审查状态。通用实践的目标是在流程中提供高水平的适当可见性的管理。这些审查为经理们提供了流程的方针和指导。不是哪些执行日常监控的人。