ROS ——urdf文件学习

企业开发 2023-04-17 13:23:20 阅读次数: 0

一、语法检查工具：

check_urdf

sudo apt install liburdfdom-tools

使用方法:进入对应的需要检查语法错误的urdf文件目录

check_urdf xxxx.urdf

附上ROS——urdf官方文档

ROS官方文档http://wiki.ros.org/urdf/XML

二、可视化

 urdf_to_graphiz

使用方法:进入对应的需要检查语法错误的urdf文件目录

 urdf_to_graphiz xxxx.urdf

三、具体语法

  1. sensor/proposals
    传感器描述，如相机和雷达等
  2. link
    描述连杆的运动学参数和动态参数
  3. transmission
    描述关节和驱动器之间的转换关系
  4. joint
    描述关节的运动学参数和动态参数
  5. gazebo
    描述仿真内容，如阻尼和摩擦等
  6. sensor
    传感器描述，如相机和雷达等
  7. model_state
    描述模型当前状态
  8. model
    描述模型运动学参数和动态参数

urdf建模

一、创建功能包

cd ./catkin_ws/src/
catkin_create_pkg mbot_description urdf xacro

 创建功能包的文件结构

cd ~/catkin_ws/src/mbot_description
mkdir urdf
mkdir meshes
mkdir launch
mkdir config

编辑launch启动文件

cd ~/catkin_ws/src/mbot_description/launch
sudo gedit display_mbot_base_urdf.launch

<launch>
   <!-- 加载的参数名字叫robot_description，具体内容是urdf相关模型的路径 -->
	<param name="robot_description" textfile="$(find mbot_description)/urdf/mbot_base.urdf" />
	<!-- 设置GUI参数，显示关节控制插件 -->
	<param name="use_gui" value="true"/>
	<!-- 运行joint_state_publisher节点，发布机器人的关节状态  -->
	<node name="joint_state_publisher" pkg="joint_state_publisher" type="joint_state_publisher" />
	<!-- 运行robot_state_publisher节点，发布tf  -->
	<node name="robot_state_publisher" pkg="robot_state_publisher" type="state_publisher" />
	<!-- 运行rviz可视化界面，保存每次打开之后的相关插件，保存到config文件夹下面 -->
	<node name="rviz" pkg="rviz" type="rviz" args="-d $(find mbot_description)/config/mbot_urdf.rviz" required="true" />
</launch>

下面开始创建四轮圆柱式机器人模型

  • 进入 urdf 文件夹下，创建 mbot_base.urdf  
    cd ~/catkin_ws/src/mbot_description/urdf
sudo gedit mbot_base.urdf

    <?xml version="1.0" ?>
<robot name="mbot">
    <link name="base_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz=" 0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0" />
            <!-- link坐标位置，放在最中央 ，xyz单位是米，rpy单位是弧度-->
            <geometry>
                <cylinder length="0.16" radius="0.20"/>
            </geometry>
            <!-- 机器人的外观效果，使用圆柱体，高0.16，半径0.20 -->
            <material name="yellow">
                <color rgba="1 0.4 0 1"/>
            </material>
             <!--  通过rgba来描述颜色，颜色命名为yellow,a为1是不透明-->
        </visual>
        <!--visual指的是一些物理属性的标签 -->
    </link>
</robot>

    注意代码实际写入后需要删除注释内容，防止运行报错

  • 查看模型

  • roslaunch mbot_description display_mbot_base_urdf.launch

    注意：我碰到的错误如下

     解决方法:将mrobot_description功能包下launch文件夹中display_mrobot_chassis_urdf.launch这个launch文件里面的运行robot_state_publisher节点下的type由type="state_publisher"改为type=“robot_state_publisher”

     其他错误解决方法：

  • 一、

  • ERROR: cannot launch node of type [robot_state_publisher/robot_state_publisher]: robot_state_publisher

  • ROS path [0]=/opt/ros/kinetic/share/ros

  • ROS path [1]=/home/wxw/catkin_ws/src
    ROS path [2]=/opt/ros/kinetic/share

  • sudo apt-get install ros-noetic-robot-state-publisher
//下载完成后更新软件源
sudo apt-get update

    二、

  • sudo apt-get install ros-noetic-joint-state-publisher-gui

    根据自己的ros版本更新GUI插件

  • 三、

一切正常启动但是rviz界面不显示小车底盘模型

 

创建车轮
 

sudo gedit mbot_base.urdf
//在urdf下创建mbot_base.urdf文件
    <joint name="left_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
    <!--   joint名字为left_wheel_joint，属性为continuous，即无限旋转-->
        <origin xyz="0 0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <!--  坐标位置，在base_link基础上，Y偏移0.19，z偏移-0.05-->
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="left_wheel_link"/>
        <!--  主关节：base_link，上面的圆柱形车体-->
        <!--  子关节：left_wheel_link，左轮-->
        <!--  主关节最后是一个，本代码是base_link-->
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
        <!--left_wheel_link绕某一个轴做旋转，指定为Y轴  -->
    </joint>
     <!--joint用来连接两个link-->
    <link name="left_wheel_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
            <geometry>
                <cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="white">
                <color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>
  <!--左轮信息-->
    <joint name="right_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="0 -0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <!--  坐标位置，在base_link基础上，Y偏移-0.19，z偏移-0.05，与左轮正好相反-->
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="right_wheel_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>
    <link name="right_wheel_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
            <geometry>
                <cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="white">
                <color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>
  <!--右轮信息-->
    <joint name="front_caster_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="front_caster_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>

    <link name="front_caster_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
            <geometry>
                <sphere radius="0.015" />
                  <!--用圆形轮子代替  -->
            </geometry>
            <material name="black">
                <color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>

    <joint name="back_caster_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="-0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="back_caster_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>

    <link name="back_caster_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
            <geometry>
                <sphere radius="0.015" />
            </geometry>
            <material name="black">
                <color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>
  <!--前后万向轮信息-->

 使用check_urdf 命令检查mbot_base.urdf 语法是否存在错误

使用roslaunch 命令查看模型

roslaunch mbot_description display_mbot_base_urdf.launch

注意此时若不显示模型，请参考上文错误三解决方法

结果如下

 向小车模型增添摄像头

跟创建小车基本模型操作相同，进入urdf文件下创建一个名为mbot_with_camera.urdf 的文件并且添加代码模块

cd ~/catkin_ws/src/mbot_description/urdf
sudo gedit mbot_with_camera.urdf

 摄像头模块代码

	<!--摄像头模块-->
    <link name="camera_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz=" 0 0 0 " rpy="0 0 0" />
            <geometry>
            
                <box size="0.03 0.04 0.04" />
                   <!--外观是个盒子模拟成摄像头，长宽高分别是0.03 0.04 0.04-->
            </geometry>
            <material name="black">
                <color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>

    <joint name="camera_joint" type="fixed">
        <origin xyz="0.17 0 0.10" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="camera_link"/>
    </joint>

 然后进入launch 文件下创建并编辑 display_mbot_with_camera_urdf.launch

cd ~/catkin_ws/src/mbot_description/launch
sudo gedit display_mbot_with_camera_urdf.launch
<!--
     <launch>
	      <param name="robot_description" textfile="$(find  mbot_description)/urdf/mbot_with_camera.urdf" />
	<param name="use_gui" value="true"/>
	<node name="joint_state_publisher" pkg="joint_state_publisher" type="joint_state_publisher" />
	<node name="robot_state_publisher" pkg="robot_state_publisher" type="robot_state_publisher" />
	<node name="rviz" pkg="rviz" type="rviz" args="-d $(find mbot_description)/config/mbot_urdf.rviz" required="true" />
     </launch>
--!>

 新创建的launch 文件相比较于一开始小车基本模型的启动文件（display_mbot_base_urdf.launch)

只是修改了文件的启动路径，使用新创建的launch文件对应增添过摄像头模块的urdf文件进行启动

roslaunch mbot_description display_mbot_with_camera_urdf.launch

 

 而相对应的 urdf 文件也需要进行增添：

<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<robot name="mbot">
    <link name="base_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz=" 0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0" />
            <geometry>
                <cylinder length="0.16" radius="0.20"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="yellow">
                <color rgba="1 0.4 0 1"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link> 
    <joint name="left_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="0 0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="left_wheel_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>
    
    <link name="left_wheel_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
            <geometry>
                <cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="white">
                <color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>
    
    <joint name="right_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="0 -0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="right_wheel_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>
    <link name="right_wheel_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
            <geometry>
                <cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="white">
                <color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>
    <joint name="front_caster_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="front_caster_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>

    <link name="front_caster_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
            <geometry>
                <sphere radius="0.015" />
            </geometry>
            <material name="black">
                <color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>

    <joint name="back_caster_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="-0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="back_caster_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>

    <link name="back_caster_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
            <geometry>
                <sphere radius="0.015" />
            </geometry>
            <material name="black">
                <color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>
   //增添的摄像头模块
 <link name="camera_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz=" 0 0 0 " rpy="0 0 0" />
            <geometry>
            
                <box size="0.03 0.04 0.04" />
            </geometry>
            <material name="black">
                <color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>

    <joint name="camera_joint" type="fixed">
        <origin xyz="0.17 0 0.10" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="camera_link"/>
    </joint>
</robot>

 加入雷达模块

 同样的进入urdf文件下创建mbot_with_laser.urdf文件

cd ./catkin_ws/src/mbot_description/urdf
sudo gedit mbot_with_laser.urdf

添加雷达模块的构建代码

<link name="laser_link">
		<visual>
			<origin xyz=" 0 0 0 " rpy="0 0 0" />
			<geometry>
				<cylinder length="0.05" radius="0.05"/>
			</geometry>
			<material name="black"/>
		</visual>
    </link>
    <joint name="laser_joint" type="fixed">
        <origin xyz="0 0 0.105" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="laser_link"/>
    </joint>

</robot>

 进入launch文件下创建编辑新的对应启动文件

cd ./catkin_ws/src/mbot_description/launch
sudo gedit display_mbot_with_laser_urdf.launch

<launch>
	<param name="robot_description" textfile="$(find mbot_description)/urdf/mbot_with_laser.urdf" />
	<param name="use_gui" value="true"/>
	<node name="joint_state_publisher" pkg="joint_state_publisher" type="joint_state_publisher" />
	<node name="robot_state_publisher" pkg="robot_state_publisher" type="robot_state_publisher" />
	<node name="rviz" pkg="rviz" type="rviz" args="-d $(find mbot_description)/config/mbot_urdf.rviz" required="true" />
</launch>

加入Kinect模块

操作相同此外不再赘述

cd ./catkin_ws/src/mbot_description/urdf
sudo gedit mbot_with_kinect.urdf

<link name="kinect_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 1.5708"/>
            <geometry>
                <mesh filename="package://mbot_description/meshes/kinect.dae" />
            </geometry>
        </visual>
    </link>
    <joint name="laser_joint" type="fixed">
        <origin xyz="0.15 0 0.11" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="kinect_link"/>
    </joint>
</robot>

创建对应启动文件

cd ./catkin_ws/src/mbot_description/launch
sudo gedit mbot_with_kinect.launch

<launch>
	<param name="robot_description" textfile="$(find mbot_description)/urdf/mbot_with_kinect.urdf" />
	<param name="use_gui" value="true"/>
	<node name="joint_state_publisher" pkg="joint_state_publisher" type="joint_state_publisher" />
	<node name="robot_state_publisher" pkg="robot_state_publisher" type="robot_state_publisher" />
	<node name="rviz" pkg="rviz" type="rviz" args="-d $(find mbot_description)/config/mbot_urdf.rviz" required="true" />
</launch>

查看整体效果

roslaunch mbot_description mbot_with_kinect.launch

由于我将所有模块都进行增添，所以我的模型如下

cd .././urdf
sudo gedit mbot_base_whole.urdf
???
<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<robot name="mbot">

    <link name="base_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz=" 0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0" />
            <geometry>
                <cylinder length="0.16" radius="0.20"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="yellow">
                <color rgba="1 0.4 0 1"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>

    <joint name="left_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="0 0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="left_wheel_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>

    <link name="left_wheel_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
            <geometry>
                <cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="white">
                <color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>

    <joint name="right_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="0 -0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="right_wheel_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>

    <link name="right_wheel_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
            <geometry>
                <cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="white">
                <color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>

    <joint name="front_caster_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="front_caster_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>

    <link name="front_caster_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
            <geometry>
                <sphere radius="0.015" />
            </geometry>
            <material name="black">
                <color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>

    <joint name="back_caster_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="-0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="back_caster_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>

    <link name="back_caster_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
            <geometry>
                <sphere radius="0.015" />
            </geometry>
            <material name="black">
                <color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>


    <link name="kinect_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 1.5708"/>
            <geometry>
                <mesh filename="package://mbot_description/meshes/kinect.dae" />
            </geometry>
        </visual>
    </link>
    <joint name="laser_joint" type="fixed">
        <origin xyz="0.15 0 0.11" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="kinect_link"/>
    </joint>
</robot>

<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<robot name="mbot">
    <link name="base_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz=" 0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0" />
            <geometry>
                <cylinder length="0.16" radius="0.20"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="yellow">
                <color rgba="1 0.4 0 1"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link> 
    <joint name="left_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="0 0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="left_wheel_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>
    
    <link name="left_wheel_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
            <geometry>
                <cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="white">
                <color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>
    
    <joint name="right_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="0 -0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="right_wheel_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>
    <link name="right_wheel_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
            <geometry>
                <cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="white">
                <color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>
    <joint name="front_caster_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="front_caster_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>

    <link name="front_caster_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
            <geometry>
                <sphere radius="0.015" />
            </geometry>
            <material name="black">
                <color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>

    <joint name="back_caster_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="-0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="back_caster_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>

    <link name="back_caster_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
            <geometry>
                <sphere radius="0.015" />
            </geometry>
            <material name="black">
                <color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>

 <link name="camera_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz=" 0 0 0 " rpy="0 0 0" />
            <geometry>
            
                <box size="0.03 0.04 0.04" />
            </geometry>
            <material name="black">
                <color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>

    <joint name="camera_joint" type="fixed">
        <origin xyz="0.17 0 0.10" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="camera_link"/>
    </joint>
    
    <link name="laser_link">
		<visual>
			<origin xyz=" 0 0 0 " rpy="0 0 0" />
			<geometry>
				<cylinder length="0.05" radius="0.05"/>
			</geometry>
			<material name="black"/>
		</visual>
    </link>
    <joint name="laser_joint" type="fixed">
        <origin xyz="0 0 0.105" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="laser_link"/>
    </joint>

    <link name="kinect_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 1.5708"/>
            <geometry>
                <mesh filename="package://mbot_description/meshes/kinect.dae" />
            </geometry>
        </visual>
    </link>
    <joint name="kinect_joint" type="fixed">
        <origin xyz="0.15 0 0.11" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="kinect_link"/>
    </joint>

</robot>

进入launch创建对应启动文件

sudo gedit display_mbot_with_whole.launch
<launch>
	<param name="robot_description" textfile="$(find mbot_description)/urdf/mbot_with_whole.urdf" />
	<param name="use_gui" value="true"/>
	<node name="joint_state_publisher" pkg="joint_state_publisher" type="joint_state_publisher" />
	<node name="robot_state_publisher" pkg="robot_state_publisher" type="robot_state_publisher" />
	<node name="rviz" pkg="rviz" type="rviz" args="-d $(find mbot_description)/config/mbot_urdf.rviz" required="true" />
</launch>

查看模型

roslaunch mbot_description display_mbot_with_whole_urdf.launch

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