scrapy爬取360美食图片

基本介绍

上面有篇博客专门对scrapy入门爬取进行了一个简单介绍，而且实现了对新闻网站数据的爬取，这次我们将要爬取360上面的美食图片。我们将图片相关的信息保存在MYSQL和MongDB数据库中，首先我们需要安装好MYSQL和MongDB数据库,安装这一块大家可以参考网上的安装教程。

需求分析

首先我们需要了解我们爬取的目标网站：https://image.so.com/z?ch=food，打开这个网页，我们会发现很多美食图片，这个时候我们打开谷歌的开发者工具，然后切换到XHR选项，不断下拉，会呈现很多Ajax请求，如下图：

我们打开一个请求的详情：

返回的格式是JSON。其中list就是一张张图片的详细信息，包含了30张图片的ID,名称，链接等信息。我们另外观察Ajax请求的参数信息，有一个参数sn一直在变化，sn为30就返回前30张图片，由此类推，其中ch参数代表类别，listtype是排序方式，其他参数不用管，我们在翻页请求的时候就改变sn参数就可以了。

新建项目

首先我们新建一个项目，在指定的文件夹位置新建，我们利用cmd命令窗口：

cd C:\Users\lixue\Desktop\test

然后创建项目，并创建一个spiders:

scrapy startproject image360
scrapy genspider images.so.com

这两条命令分别运行，运行完就生成了那个文件夹以及spider。

构造请求

接下来我们定义爬取的页数，我这里爬取30页，每页30张，一共900张图片我们可以先在settings.py里面定义一个变量MAX_PAGE,添加如下定义：

MAX_PAGE=30

接下来我们定义spider中start_requests()方法 ，来生成30次请求：

class ImagesSpider(Spider):
    name = 'images'
    allowed_domains = ['images.so.com']
    start_urls = ['http://images.so.com/']
    def start_requests(self):
        data ={
    
    'ch':'food','listtype':'new'}
        base_url ='https://image.so.com/zjl?'
        for page in range(1,self.settings.get('MAX_PAGE')+1):
            data['sn']= page*30
            params =urlencode(data)
            url = base_url +params
            yield Request(url,self.parse)

我们首先定义初始不定的两个参数ch和listtype,然后sn参数是遍历循环生成的，利用urllencode()将字典转化为URL请求的GET参数，从而构成完整的URL,构造并生成Request,然后还要引入以下模块：

from scrapy import Spider, Request
from urllib.parse import urlencode

当我们后面爬取的时候还需要修改setting中的ROBOTSTXT_OBEY，否则无法抓取：

ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

接下来，我们可以试着爬取一下;

scrapy crawl images

我们发现返回的都是200,说明请求正常。

提取信息

我们首先需要新建一个Item，叫做ImageItem,如下所示：

from scrapy import Item,Field
class ImageItem(Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    # name = scrapy.Field()
    collection = table ='images'
    id =Field()
    url =Field()
    title =Field()
    thumb =Field()

这里定义了四个字段，采集包括图片的标题，ID,缩略图，链接。另外两个属性collection和table都定义为字符串，分别代表MongDB和MySQL存储的Colllection和表名称。
接下来我们来编写提取上面这几个字段一块的相关信息，将parse()方法改写为如下所示：

    def parse(self, response):
        result =json.loads(response.text)
        for image in result.get('list'):
            item =ImageItem()
            item['id'] = image.get('id')
            item['url'] =image.get('qhimg_url')
            item['title']=image.get('title')
            item['thumb'] = image.get('qhimg_downurl')
            yield item

首先json解析，然后遍历提取相关信息。再对ImangeItem赋值，生成Item对象。

存储信息

这一块我们用了MongDB和MySQL ,但在这里我只以为MySQL为例做说明，在做后面存储之前，我们首先要确保MySQL的安装和正常使用。

MySQLPipeline

首先新建一个数据库，名字还是以image360,SQL语句为：

CREATE DATABASE images360 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET UF8 COLLATE UTF8_general_ci

然后我们再来创建数据表：

CREATE TABLE `images` (
  `id` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `url` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `thumb` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`url`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

执行完SQL语句之后，我们就成功创建好了数据表，接下来我们就可以往表里面存储数据。
我们来实现一个MySQLPipeline,代码如下所示：

class MysqlPipeline():
    def __init__(self, host, database, user, password, port):
        self.host = host
        self.database = database
        self.user = user
        self.password = password
        self.port = port

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        return cls(
            host=crawler.settings.get('MYSQL_HOST'),
            database=crawler.settings.get('MYSQL_DATABASE'),
            user=crawler.settings.get('MYSQL_USER'),
            password=crawler.settings.get('MYSQL_PASSWORD'),
            port=crawler.settings.get('MYSQL_PORT'),
        )

    def open_spider(self, spider):
        self.db = pymysql.connect(self.host, self.user, self.password, self.database, charset='utf8',
                                  port=self.port)
        self.cursor = self.db.cursor()

    def close_spider(self, spider):
        self.db.close()

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        print(item['title'])
        data = dict(item)
        keys = ', '.join(data.keys())
        values = ', '.join(['%s'] * len(data))
        sql = 'insert into %s (%s) values (%s)' % (item.table, keys, values)
        self.cursor.execute(sql, tuple(data.values()))
        self.db.commit()
        return item

这里我们插入数据采取的是动态构造SQL语句的方法，此外我们需要设置MySQL的配置，我们在settings.py里添加几个变量，如下所示：

MONGO_URI = 'localhost'
MONGO_DB = 'image360'

MYSQL_HOST = 'localhost'
MYSQL_DATABASE = 'image360'
MYSQL_USER = 'root'
MYSQL_PASSWORD = '123456'
MYSQL_PORT = 3306

定义了数据库的配置，这样MySQLPipeline就完成了。

Image Pipeline

我们下面再来看看Image Pipeline的构造，scrapy 专门提供了处理下载的Pipeline,保存文件下载和图片下载，下载原理和爬取网页原理是一样的，下载过程支持多线程和异步，下载十分高效。
我们首先要定义存储文件的路径，需要定义一个IMAGES_STORE 变量，在settings中添加这个：

IMAGES_STORE = './images'

即所有下载图片都存放在这个文件夹中，下面我们来看看我编写的：

class ImagePipeline(ImagesPipeline):
    def file_path(self, request, response=None, info=None):
        url = request.url
        file_name = url.split('/')[-1]
        return file_name

    def item_completed(self, results, item, info):
        image_paths = [x['path'] for ok, x in results if ok]
        if not image_paths:
            raise DropItem('Image Downloaded Failed')
        return item

    def get_media_requests(self, item, info):
        yield Request(item['url'])

get_media_requests是调用爬取 的Item对象，我们将它的url字段提取出来，然后直接生成Request对象，在将Request对象加入调度队列中，等待被调度，执行下载。
file_path()主要是为了构造存储后的文件名。
item_completed（）是单个Item完成下载时处理方法，并不是每一个都下载成功，我们需要剔除下载失败的就不需要保存这个Item 到数据库中。

MongDB Pipeline

这里我就直接给出代码，不做过多介绍：

class MongoPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self, mongo_uri, mongo_db):
        self.mongo_uri = mongo_uri
        self.mongo_db = mongo_db

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        return cls(
            mongo_uri=crawler.settings.get('MONGO_URI'),
            mongo_db=crawler.settings.get('MONGO_DB')
        )

    def open_spider(self, spider):
        self.client = pymongo.MongoClient(self.mongo_uri)
        self.db = self.client[self.mongo_db]

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        name = item.collection
        self.db[name].insert(dict(item))
        return item

    def close_spider(self, spider):
        self.client.close()

我们还需要改settingst添加一些设置，即是存储到MongDB的链接地址和数据库名称。我们需要在settings添加这两个变量：

MONGO_URI = 'localhost'
MONGO_DB = 'image360'

到这里，三个Item Pipeline的定义就完成了，最后我们启用就行，修改settings.py中ITEM_PIPELINES,如下所示:

ITEM_PIPELINES = {
    
    
    'image360.pipelines.ImagePipeline': 300,
    'image360.pipelines.MongoPipeline': 301,
    'image360.pipelines.MysqlPipeline': 302,
}

最后我们来运行程序，进行爬取：

scrapy crawl images

爬虫的输出日志为：

我们还可以看看保存的图片以及数据库存储的信息：
我采集这个图片纯粹就是为了好玩，看到的不要打我

下面这个是数据库存储的信息：

部分代码

最后我附上修改比较多的模块代码，可能会有一些路径等设置，大家记得要改成和自己电脑的路径一致，然后如果有更好的意见可以和我联系改进这个爬虫。

1.imange.py

from scrapy import Spider, Request
from urllib.parse import urlencode
import json
from image360.items import ImageItem
class ImagesSpider(Spider):
    name = 'images'
    allowed_domains = ['images.so.com']
    start_urls = ['http://images.so.com/']
    def start_requests(self):
        data ={
    
    'ch':'food','listtype':'new'}
        base_url ='https://image.so.com/zjl?'
        for page in range(1,self.settings.get('MAX_PAGE')+1):
            data['sn']= page*30
            params =urlencode(data)
            url = base_url +params
            yield Request(url,self.parse)
    def parse(self, response):
        result =json.loads(response.text)
        for image in result.get('list'):
            item =ImageItem()
            item['id'] = image.get('id')
            item['url'] =image.get('qhimg_url')
            item['title']=image.get('title')
            item['thumb'] = image.get('qhimg_downurl')
            yield item

2.settings.py

BOT_NAME = 'image360'
MAX_PAGE =30
SPIDER_MODULES = ['image360.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'image360.spiders'


# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
#USER_AGENT = 'image360 (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'

# Obey robots.txt rules
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32

# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
#DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3
# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16

# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
#COOKIES_ENABLED = False

# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
#TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False

# Override the default request headers:
#DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
    
    
#   'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
#   'Accept-Language': 'en',
#}

# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
#SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
    
    
#    'image360.middlewares.Image360SpiderMiddleware': 543,
#}

# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
    
    
#    'image360.middlewares.Image360DownloaderMiddleware': 543,
#}

# Enable or disable extensions
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
#EXTENSIONS = {
    
    
#    'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,
#}

# Configure item pipelines
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
#ITEM_PIPELINES = {
    
    
#    'image360.pipelines.Image360Pipeline': 300,
#}
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
    
    
    'image360.pipelines.ImagePipeline': 300,
    'image360.pipelines.MongoPipeline': 301,
    'image360.pipelines.MysqlPipeline': 302,
}

# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
#AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
#AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
#AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
# each remote server
#AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
#AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False

# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
#HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
#HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
#HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
#HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
#HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'
MONGO_URI = 'localhost'
MONGO_DB = 'image360'

MYSQL_HOST = 'localhost'
MYSQL_DATABASE = 'image360'
MYSQL_USER = 'root'
MYSQL_PASSWORD = '123456'
MYSQL_PORT = 3306
IMAGES_STORE = './images'

3.items.py

from scrapy import Item,Field

class ImageItem(Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    # name = scrapy.Field()
    collection = table ='images'
    id =Field()
    url =Field()
    title =Field()
    thumb =Field()

4.pipelines.py

import pymongo
import pymysql
from scrapy import Request
from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem
from scrapy.pipelines.images import ImagesPipeline


class MongoPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self, mongo_uri, mongo_db):
        self.mongo_uri = mongo_uri
        self.mongo_db = mongo_db

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        return cls(
            mongo_uri=crawler.settings.get('MONGO_URI'),
            mongo_db=crawler.settings.get('MONGO_DB')
        )

    def open_spider(self, spider):
        self.client = pymongo.MongoClient(self.mongo_uri)
        self.db = self.client[self.mongo_db]

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        name = item.collection
        self.db[name].insert(dict(item))
        return item

    def close_spider(self, spider):
        self.client.close()


class MysqlPipeline():
    def __init__(self, host, database, user, password, port):
        self.host = host
        self.database = database
        self.user = user
        self.password = password
        self.port = port

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        return cls(
            host=crawler.settings.get('MYSQL_HOST'),
            database=crawler.settings.get('MYSQL_DATABASE'),
            user=crawler.settings.get('MYSQL_USER'),
            password=crawler.settings.get('MYSQL_PASSWORD'),
            port=crawler.settings.get('MYSQL_PORT'),
        )

    def open_spider(self, spider):
        self.db = pymysql.connect(self.host, self.user, self.password, self.database, charset='utf8',
                                  port=self.port)
        self.cursor = self.db.cursor()

    def close_spider(self, spider):
        self.db.close()

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        print(item['title'])
        data = dict(item)
        keys = ', '.join(data.keys())
        values = ', '.join(['%s'] * len(data))
        sql = 'insert into %s (%s) values (%s)' % (item.table, keys, values)
        self.cursor.execute(sql, tuple(data.values()))
        self.db.commit()
        return item
class ImagePipeline(ImagesPipeline):
    def file_path(self, request, response=None, info=None):
        url = request.url
        file_name = url.split('/')[-1]
        return file_name

    def item_completed(self, results, item, info):
        image_paths = [x['path'] for ok, x in results if ok]
        if not image_paths:
            raise DropItem('Image Downloaded Failed')
        return item

    def get_media_requests(self, item, info):
        yield Request(item['url'])