目录
1.写在前面
卷积神经网络目前被广泛地用在图片识别上, 已经有层出不穷的应用, 如果你对卷积神经网络还没有特别了解, 可以再看一下我上一篇文章，4.1 高级神经网络结构-什么是卷积神经网络 CNN (Convolutional Neural Network)，能让你花几分钟就了解什么是卷积神经网络. 接着我们就一步一步做一个分析手写数字的 CNN 吧.
下面是一个 CNN 最后一层的学习过程, 我们先可视化看看:
2.MNIST手写数据
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.utils.data as Data
import torchvision # 数据库模块
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
torch.manual_seed(1) # reproducible
# Hyper Parameters
EPOCH = 1 # 训练整批数据多少次, 为了节约时间, 我们只训练一次
BATCH_SIZE = 50
LR = 0.001 # 学习率
DOWNLOAD_MNIST = True # 如果你已经下载好了mnist数据就写上 False
# Mnist 手写数字
train_data = torchvision.datasets.MNIST(
root='./mnist/', # 保存或者提取位置
train=True, # this is training data
transform=torchvision.transforms.ToTensor(), # 转换 PIL.Image or numpy.ndarray 成
# torch.FloatTensor (C x H x W), 训练的时候 normalize 成 [0.0, 1.0] 区间
download=DOWNLOAD_MNIST, # 没下载就下载, 下载了就不用再下了
)
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黑色的地方的值都是0, 白色的地方值大于0.
同样, 我们除了训练数据, 还给一些测试数据, 测试看看它有没有训练好.
test_data = torchvision.datasets.MNIST(root='./mnist/', train=False)
# 批训练 50samples, 1 channel, 28x28 (50, 1, 28, 28)
train_loader = Data.DataLoader(dataset=train_data, batch_size=BATCH_SIZE, shuffle=True)
# 为了节约时间, 我们测试时只测试前2000个
test_x = torch.unsqueeze(test_data.test_data, dim=1).type(torch.FloatTensor)[:2000]/255. # shape from (2000, 28, 28) to (2000, 1, 28, 28), value in range(0,1)
test_y = test_data.test_labels[:2000]3.CNN模型
和以前一样, 我们用一个 class 来建立 CNN 模型. 这个 CNN 整体流程是 卷积(Conv2d) -> 激励函数(ReLU) -> 池化, 向下采样 (MaxPooling) -> 再来一遍 -> 展平多维的卷积成的特征图 -> 接入全连接层 (Linear) -> 输出
class CNN(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(CNN, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = nn.Sequential( # input shape (1, 28, 28)
nn.Conv2d(
in_channels=1, # input height
out_channels=16, # n_filters
kernel_size=5, # filter size
stride=1, # filter movement/step
padding=2, # 如果想要 con2d 出来的图片长宽没有变化, padding=(kernel_size-1)/2 当 stride=1
), # output shape (16, 28, 28)
nn.ReLU(), # activation
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2), # 在 2x2 空间里向下采样, output shape (16, 14, 14)
)
self.conv2 = nn.Sequential( # input shape (16, 14, 14)
nn.Conv2d(16, 32, 5, 1, 2), # output shape (32, 14, 14)
nn.ReLU(), # activation
nn.MaxPool2d(2), # output shape (32, 7, 7)
)
self.out = nn.Linear(32 * 7 * 7, 10) # fully connected layer, output 10 classes
def forward(self, x):
x = self.conv1(x)
x = self.conv2(x)
x = x.view(x.size(0), -1) # 展平多维的卷积图成 (batch_size, 32 * 7 * 7)
output = self.out(x)
return output
cnn = CNN()
print(cnn) # net architecture
"""
CNN (
(conv1): Sequential (
(0): Conv2d(1, 16, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2))
(1): ReLU ()
(2): MaxPool2d (size=(2, 2), stride=(2, 2), dilation=(1, 1))
)
(conv2): Sequential (
(0): Conv2d(16, 32, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2))
(1): ReLU ()
(2): MaxPool2d (size=(2, 2), stride=(2, 2), dilation=(1, 1))
)
(out): Linear (1568 -> 10)
)
"""4.训练
下面我们开始训练, 将 x y 都用 Variable 包起来, 然后放入 cnn 中计算 output, 最后再计算误差. 下面代码省略了计算精确度 accuracy 的部分：
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(cnn.parameters(), lr=LR) # optimize all cnn parameters
loss_func = nn.CrossEntropyLoss() # the target label is not one-hotted
# training and testing
for epoch in range(EPOCH):
for step, (b_x, b_y) in enumerate(train_loader): # 分配 batch data, normalize x when iterate train_loader
output = cnn(b_x) # cnn output
loss = loss_func(output, b_y) # cross entropy loss
optimizer.zero_grad() # clear gradients for this training step
loss.backward() # backpropagation, compute gradients
optimizer.step() # apply gradients
"""
...
Epoch: 0 | train loss: 0.0306 | test accuracy: 0.97
Epoch: 0 | train loss: 0.0147 | test accuracy: 0.98
Epoch: 0 | train loss: 0.0427 | test accuracy: 0.98
Epoch: 0 | train loss: 0.0078 | test accuracy: 0.98
"""最后我们再来取10个数据, 看看预测的值到底对不对:
test_output = cnn(test_x[:10])
pred_y = torch.max(test_output, 1)[1].data.numpy().squeeze()
print(pred_y, 'prediction number')
print(test_y[:10].numpy(), 'real number')
"""
[7 2 1 0 4 1 4 9 5 9] prediction number
[7 2 1 0 4 1 4 9 5 9] real number
"""5.可视化训练
这是做完视频后突然想要补充的内容, 因为可视化可以帮助理解, 所以还是有必要提一下. 可视化的代码主要是用 matplotlib 和 sklearn 来完成的, 因为其中我们用到了 T-SNE 的降维手段, 将高维的 CNN 最后一层输出结果可视化, 也就是 CNN forward 代码中的 x = x.view(x.size(0), -1) 这一个结果.
可视化的代码不是重点, 我们就直接展示可视化的结果吧.
6.完整代码演示
import os
# third-party library
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.utils.data as Data
import torchvision
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# torch.manual_seed(1) # reproducible
# Hyper Parameters
EPOCH = 1 # train the training data n times, to save time, we just train 1 epoch
BATCH_SIZE = 50
LR = 0.001 # learning rate
DOWNLOAD_MNIST = False
# Mnist digits dataset
if not(os.path.exists('./mnist/')) or not os.listdir('./mnist/'):
# not mnist dir or mnist is empyt dir
DOWNLOAD_MNIST = True
train_data = torchvision.datasets.MNIST(
root='./mnist/',
train=True, # this is training data
transform=torchvision.transforms.ToTensor(), # Converts a PIL.Image or numpy.ndarray to
# torch.FloatTensor of shape (C x H x W) and normalize in the range [0.0, 1.0]
download=DOWNLOAD_MNIST,
)
# plot one example
print(train_data.train_data.size()) # (60000, 28, 28)
print(train_data.train_labels.size()) # (60000)
plt.imshow(train_data.train_data[0].numpy(), cmap='gray')
plt.title('%i' % train_data.train_labels[0])
plt.show()
# Data Loader for easy mini-batch return in training, the image batch shape will be (50, 1, 28, 28)
train_loader = Data.DataLoader(dataset=train_data, batch_size=BATCH_SIZE, shuffle=True)
# pick 2000 samples to speed up testing
test_data = torchvision.datasets.MNIST(root='./mnist/', train=False)
test_x = torch.unsqueeze(test_data.test_data, dim=1).type(torch.FloatTensor)[:2000]/255. # shape from (2000, 28, 28) to (2000, 1, 28, 28), value in range(0,1)
test_y = test_data.test_labels[:2000]
class CNN(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(CNN, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = nn.Sequential( # input shape (1, 28, 28)
nn.Conv2d(
in_channels=1, # input height
out_channels=16, # n_filters
kernel_size=5, # filter size
stride=1, # filter movement/step
padding=2, # if want same width and length of this image after Conv2d, padding=(kernel_size-1)/2 if stride=1
), # output shape (16, 28, 28)
nn.ReLU(), # activation
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2), # choose max value in 2x2 area, output shape (16, 14, 14)
)
self.conv2 = nn.Sequential( # input shape (16, 14, 14)
nn.Conv2d(16, 32, 5, 1, 2), # output shape (32, 14, 14)
nn.ReLU(), # activation
nn.MaxPool2d(2), # output shape (32, 7, 7)
)
self.out = nn.Linear(32 * 7 * 7, 10) # fully connected layer, output 10 classes
def forward(self, x):
x = self.conv1(x)
x = self.conv2(x)
x = x.view(x.size(0), -1) # flatten the output of conv2 to (batch_size, 32 * 7 * 7)
output = self.out(x)
return output, x # return x for visualization
cnn = CNN()
print(cnn) # net architecture
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(cnn.parameters(), lr=LR) # optimize all cnn parameters
loss_func = nn.CrossEntropyLoss() # the target label is not one-hotted
# following function (plot_with_labels) is for visualization, can be ignored if not interested
from matplotlib import cm
try: from sklearn.manifold import TSNE; HAS_SK = True
except: HAS_SK = False; print('Please install sklearn for layer visualization')
def plot_with_labels(lowDWeights, labels):
plt.cla()
X, Y = lowDWeights[:, 0], lowDWeights[:, 1]
for x, y, s in zip(X, Y, labels):
c = cm.rainbow(int(255 * s / 9)); plt.text(x, y, s, backgroundcolor=c, fontsize=9)
plt.xlim(X.min(), X.max()); plt.ylim(Y.min(), Y.max()); plt.title('Visualize last layer'); plt.show(); plt.pause(0.01)
plt.ion()
# training and testing
for epoch in range(EPOCH):
for step, (b_x, b_y) in enumerate(train_loader): # gives batch data, normalize x when iterate train_loader
output = cnn(b_x)[0] # cnn output
loss = loss_func(output, b_y) # cross entropy loss
optimizer.zero_grad() # clear gradients for this training step
loss.backward() # backpropagation, compute gradients
optimizer.step() # apply gradients
if step % 50 == 0:
test_output, last_layer = cnn(test_x)
pred_y = torch.max(test_output, 1)[1].data.numpy()
accuracy = float((pred_y == test_y.data.numpy()).astype(int).sum()) / float(test_y.size(0))
print('Epoch: ', epoch, '| train loss: %.4f' % loss.data.numpy(), '| test accuracy: %.2f' % accuracy)
if HAS_SK:
# Visualization of trained flatten layer (T-SNE)
tsne = TSNE(perplexity=30, n_components=2, init='pca', n_iter=5000)
plot_only = 500
low_dim_embs = tsne.fit_transform(last_layer.data.numpy()[:plot_only, :])
labels = test_y.numpy()[:plot_only]
plot_with_labels(low_dim_embs, labels)
plt.ioff()
# print 10 predictions from test data
test_output, _ = cnn(test_x[:10])
pred_y = torch.max(test_output, 1)[1].data.numpy()
print(pred_y, 'prediction number')
print(test_y[:10].numpy(), 'real number')