Computer Architecture:
1, hardware: a variety of computer equipment entities, it is the material basis
2, the software: a variety of programs and files
The basic functions of the computer:
- Data processing
- Data retention
- data transmission
- Control operations
Five features:
- Operator, the controller
- A memory (main memory virtual cache memory)
- Input and output devices
And layout of these devices through a bus interface and a complete computer for the
tip: Another classification: CPU memory bus output device an input device
Operator
The core is the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
For addition, subtraction and other arithmetic operations, logical operations.
Computer using binary numbers
Note: the more bits, the higher the calculation accuracy, but the more the more bits required for the electronic device, the current length of the computer operator is generally 8,163,264 bit
Memory
Or memory storage appreciated program (data) and instructions
Saved before the operation in the operation data and to participate in solving steps to the input-output devices through memory.
Whether command or data, stored in the memory are all 0 or 1 binary representation
The semiconductor device currently used as a memory, a semiconductor memory can trigger a binary code, assuming a 16-bit binary number represented by the code, then flip-flops 16 need to save code.
Storage yuan: save a bit of flip-flops
The storage unit: a plurality of memory cells constituting the memory element
Address: The memory is composed of many memory units, each memory cell number, the address called.
Storage capacity: the total number of all the memory cells of the memory units is generally expressed KB MB GB TB, greater storage capacity, the more information represents the computer memory storage.
K 10 M 2 times the 30th power of 2 T 2 20 G power 2 to the power of 40
1B = 8bit byte B represents
External memory: and a computer with a larger storage capacity magnetic disk memory, optical memory or the like. In contrast, a semiconductor memory called a memory. Referred to as an optical disk memory, magnetic disk storage external memory.
Cache memory main memory virtual memory system consisting of a multi-level memory
Controller
The controller is a computer orders the member, providing a control signal each time the cooperative operation of the computer required functional parts, which controls all of the components of the computer orderly work, the task is to be taken out of the controller from the memory solving steps analysis, and then perform some action
1, the correct analysis and execution of each instruction
Fetch - instruction Analysis - execution instruction
2, to ensure automatic continuous execution of the instruction sequence according to a predetermined
3, and a variety of anomalies, and timely response request processing
1) Calculation Program
Operator can only be done four arithmetic operations and some other auxiliary operations, for more complex computational problems, just before the computer into operation must be simple basic operations such as addition, subtraction multistep do.
2) the form of instructions
Content of the command consists of two parts, i.e. the nature of the operation and address operation, the former is the opcode which is address code
Opcode: operation instruction pointed performed, such as addition, subtraction and the like to take count memory
Address code: indicates data which should participate in the operation of the memory cells of the memory taken, should result of the operation to which memory cells
The call instruction is stored into a memory storing the program
Any memory location can either save the data, instructions may also be present, but generally separate instruction and data storage
Instruction fetch fetch cycle period for executing instructions is performed for some time period.
Mankiw present von Neumann points:
1) expressed in binary format data and instructions
2) from the operator input device output device five regions composed of memory and a control member
3) using stored program mode
Storage program is the core of von Neumann Mansi way to think
4) with instructions and data and the like stored in the memory position address search, a unified program and data storage
5) executed by the operation code and address code consisting of
6) in the center operator
Computer Performance
1, the machine word
Refers to a processor arithmetic operation can be processed binary digits, the word length, the higher the accuracy of the computer, and the CPU registers of digits for
Throughput: Characterization of the amount of information in a computer capable of processing a certain time interval, in bytes / second (B / S)
Response time: Characterization of valid input to the system between the generation time in response to a measure, measured in time units, e.g., a negative power of the negative 6 10 9 ns subtle power of 10
Utilization: indicates the ratio in a given time interval to the actual use of the system is occupied
Bus width: generally refers to the number of bits internal bus for interconnection between the operator and the memory cpu
Frequency / clock cycle: the CPU power cycle controlled by the master clock, the master clock constantly generates the clock frequency of the fixed frequency master clock than the CPU clock speed, the unit of measurement is MHz GHz
Clock frequency of the reciprocal cycle unit is referred to as CPU microseconds nanoseconds
KMG storage rate is 20 times 30 times 10 times 2 times 3 represents 6 9 10
Execution time of the CPU: The CPU executes a program represents the time taken
CPU execution time = CPU clock CPU clock cycles long period *
CPI: indicates the number of instructions per cycle, i.e. the number of clock cycles required to execute an average day command
CPI = number of CPU clock cycles required for execution of a certain program number of extra instructions / program contains the
MIPS: represents the number of million instructions per second
MIPS = number of instructions / program execution time is multiplied by 10 times 6