Linux is a free and open source UNIX- like operating system . The operating system's kernel was first released by Linus Torvalds on October 5 , 1991. After adding user space applications , it became the Linux operating system . Linux is also the most famous example of the development of free software and open source software . As long as they follow the GNU General Public License ( GPL ), any individual or institution can freely use all the underlying source code of Linux , and can also freely modify and redistribute it. Most Linux systems also include programs like the X Window that provide a GUI . Except for some experts, most people use directlyLinux distribution instead of choosing every component or setting it up yourself.
| Linux |
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| Tux is the official mascot of Linux , created by Larry Ewing in 1996 |
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| Developer |
Community contributors , including founder Linus Torvalds |
| Programming language |
C language and a small amount of assembly language , Rust language (since version 6.1) |
| operating system family |
Unix- like system |
| operating status |
support |
| source mode |
Free and Open Source Software |
| Initial Release |
Version 0.01 (codenamed "Freax") in 1991 |
| market orientation |
Desktops, servers, embedded devices, mobile devices, and more |
| supported language |
various |
| Support platform |
Alpha, ARC, ARM, C6x, H8/300, Hexagon, Itanium, m68k, Microblaze, MIPS, Nios II, OpenRISC, PA-RISC, PowerPC, RISC-V, s390, SuperH、SPARC, Unicore32、x86(含x86-64), Xtensa等 |
| kernel class |
monolithic core |
| default user interface |
command line , graphics ( X Window System , Wayland ) , etc. |
| license |
GPL and many others (The " Linux " trademark is owned by Linus Torvalds and managed by The Linux Foundation .) |
| Official website |
|
Strictly speaking, Linux only refers to the kernel of the operating system, because the operating system includes many user graphical interfaces and other utilities. Nowadays , Linux is often used to refer to a complete operating system based on Linux , and the kernel is called the Linux kernel instead . Since these system tools and libraries that support user space are mainly provided by the GNU project initiated by Richard Stallman in 1983 , the Free Software Foundation proposed to name its combined system GNU/Linux , but Linux does not belong to the GNU project . The name was not unanimously agreed upon by the community.
Linux started as a free operating system for personal computers supporting the Intel x86 architecture. At present, Linux has been ported to more computer hardware platforms, far exceeding any other operating system. Linux can run on servers and other large platforms, such as mainframe computers and supercomputers . 100 % of the world's 500 fastest supercomputers are already running Linux distributions or variants. Linux is also widely used in embedded systems , such as mobile phones ( Mobile Phone ), tablet computers ( Tablet ), routers ( Router ), televisions ( TV ) and electronic game consoles . Android widely used on mobile devicesThe operating system is built on top of the Linux kernel.
Typically, Linux is packaged as a Linux distribution for personal computers and servers. Some popular mainstream Linux distributions include Debian (and its derivatives Ubuntu , Linux Mint ), Fedora (and its related version Red Hat Enterprise Linux ) and openSUSE etc. A Linux distribution contains the Linux kernel and the utilities and libraries that support the kernel , and usually comes with a large number of applications for various needs. Linux distributions for personal computers usually include X Window and a corresponding desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE . Commonly used applications in the desktop Linux operating system , including Firefox web browser, LibreOffice office software, GIMP image processing tool, etc. becauseLinux is free software, and anyone can create a Linux distribution that meets their needs.
history
Entry: Linux History
Linus Torvalds , creator of the Linux kernel
Origin of UNIX
Entries: UNIX , GNU , and MINIX
The UNIX operating system (English: ) is an operating system completed by AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1969 . It was first developed at AT & T Bell Laboratories in 1969 by Ken Thompson , Dennis Ritchie , Douglas McIlroy , and Joey O'Shanna . _ _ First released in 1971 , it was originally written entirely in assembly language . Later , in an important pioneering way, in 1973 , Unix was adopted by Dennis RitchieThe programming language C (with the exception of kernel and I/O ) was rewritten. Operating systems written in high-level languages have better compatibility and can be more easily ported to different computer platforms.
In 1983 , Richard Matthew Stallman founded the GNU Project . One goal of this project is to develop a completely free Unix- like operating system. Since launching the project in 1984, in 1985 , Richard Matthew Stallman started the Free Software Foundation and wrote the GPL in 1989 . In the early 1990s , GNU began to produce or collect a large number of components necessary for various systems, such as - libraries, compilers, debugging tools, text editors, and a Unix user interface ( Unix shell ) ——But like some low-level environments, such as hardware drivers , daemon processes , and system kernels ( kernel) is still incomplete and at a standstill. The GNU plan is to develop the core of the system on top of the Mach microkernel architecture, the so-called GNU Hurd , but this Mach -based design is extremely complex and the development progress is relatively slow. Linus Torvalds once said that if the GNU core was available in 1991 , he would not have written one himself .
The legal issues involved in 386BSD were not resolved until 1992 , and NetBSD and FreeBSD are descendants of 386BSD , which predated Linux . Linus Torvalds once said that if 386BSD was available at the time , he probably would not have written Linux .
MINIX is a lightweight and small Unix- like operating system with Micro-Kernel architecture, designed by Andrew Stewart Tanenbaum for teaching in computer science .
create
In 1991 , when Linus Torvalds was studying at the University of Helsinki , he was curious about the homework system . He was very dissatisfied with the fact that MINIX was only allowed to be used in education ( MINIX was not allowed to be used for any commercial use at the time), so he began to write his own operating system, which was later the Linux kernel .
林納斯·托瓦茲開始在MINIX上開發Linux內核，為MINIX寫的軟體也可以在Linux內核上使用。后来使用GNU軟體代替MINIX的軟體，因為使用從GNU系統來的原始碼可以自由使用，這對Linux的发展有益。使用GNU GPL協議的原始碼可以被其他項目所使用，只要這些項目使用同樣的協議發布。為了讓Linux可以在商業上使用，林納斯·托瓦茲決定更改他原來的協議（這個協議會限制商業使用），以GNU GPL協議來代替。之后许多開發者致力融合GNU元素到Linux中，做出一個有完整功能的、自由的作業系統。
命名
The first version of Linux was released on the Internet by the university's FTP server administrator in September 1991. Torvalds originally called the core "Freax" , which means freedom ( "free" ) and singular ( "freak" ) and append the commonly used letter "X" to match the so-called Unix- like system. However, the administrator of the FTP server thought the original name " Freax " was not pleasant, so he changed the name of the core to " Linux " . disk boot; followed by a second release ( version 0.02 ) in october , at the same time the university student in helsinki, finnish , posted a message on comp.os.minix
Hello everybody out there using minix- I'm doing a (free) operation system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones.
The logo and mascot of Linux is a penguin named Tux . The origin of the logo is because Linus was bitten by a little blue penguin in a zoo when he was in Australia , so he chose the penguin as the logo of Linux , but it is easier to accept. It is said that penguins represent the Antarctic, and the Antarctic is a piece of land shared by the whole world. This also means that Linux is Linux for everyone .
Development Status
Red Hat 5.0 CD released in 1997
In March 1994 , Linux version 1.0 was officially released, and Marc Ewing established Red Hat Software Company, becoming one of the most famous Linux distributors. The early Linux boot management program ( boot loader ) used LILO ( Linux Loader ). The early LILO had some intolerable defects, such as not being able to recognize the hard disk space after 1024 cylinders. The later GRUB ( GR and Unified Bootloader ) ) overcomes these shortcomings, and has the function of "dynamic search for core files", which allows users to edit the boot settings system files by themselves when booting, and load the Linux Kernel through the ext2 or ext3 file system ( GRUB through different file systems ) The driver can recognize almost all LinuxSupported file system, so you can use many file systems to format the disk where the core file is located, not limited to the ext file system).
Today, under the leadership of Linus Torvalds , many developers jointly participate in the development and maintenance of the Linux kernel. The Free Software Foundation, led by Richard Stallman , continues to provide a large number of GNU components that support the Linux kernel . Some third-party non- GNU components developed by individuals and enterprises also provide support for the Linux kernel. These third-party components include a large number of works, including kernel modules and user applications and libraries. The Linux community or enterprise has released some important Linux distributions , including the Linux kernel, GNU components, non- GNU components, and other forms of package management system software.
system structure
The Linux kernel supports a variety of hardware architectures, providing a common platform for software (including possibly proprietary software )
A Linux - based system is a modular Unix- like operating system. Most of the design ideas of the Linux operating system come from the basic design ideas established by the Unix operating system from the 1970s to the 1980s . The Linux system uses a macrokernel , and the Linux kernel handles process control , networking , and access to peripheral devices and file systems . When the system is running, device drivers are either directly integrated with the kernel or added as load modules.
Linux is device-independent, and its kernel is highly adaptable, thus providing the system with more advanced functions. The GNU user interface component is an important part of most Linux operating systems, providing the commonly used C function library , Shell , and many common Unix utilities that can accomplish many basic operating system tasks. The graphical user interface used by most Linux systems is built on the X window system , and the graphical user interface used by the operating system is established by the X window (XWindow) system through software tools and framework protocols.
Some components included in the installed Linux operating system:
- A startup program : eg GRUB or LILO . This program runs when the computer is turned on and loads the Linux kernel into memory.
- init program: init is the first process created by the Linux kernel, called the root process, all system processes are its child processes, that is, all processes are started through init. Processes started by init such as system services and login prompts (choice of graphical or terminal mode).
- The software library contains the code: the file can be executed on the Linux system using the ELF format through the running process, and the dynamic linker responsible for managing the use of the library is "ld-linux.so". The most commonly used software library on Linux systems is the GNU C library .
- User interface programs: such as command-line shells or windowing environments.
Linux distribution
Entry: Linux distributions
Ubuntu is a popular desktop Linux distribution
The Linux distribution refers to the so-called " Linux operating system", which is generally produced and distributed by some organizations, groups, companies or individuals. The Linux kernel is primarily used as part of a Linux distribution. Generally speaking, a Linux distribution includes the Linux core, and a set of installation tools to install the entire software on the computer, as well as various GNU software, and some other free software . Some Linux distributions may include some proprietary software . Distributions are made for many different purposes, including support for different computer hardware architectures, adjustments to the way ordinary users or developers use them, development for real-time applications or embedded systems , and more. Currently, more than three hundred distributions are actively developed, with about a dozen of the most commonly used distributions. The more well-known ones are Debian , Ubuntu , Fedora , Red Hat Enterprise Linux , Arch Linux , and openSUSE .
A typical distribution includes: Linux kernel , GNU library and various system tools, command line shell , X Window system at the bottom of the graphical interface and desktop environment at the top , etc. A desktop environment such as KDE or GNOME contains thousands of application software ranging from office suites , compilers , text editors , small games, educational software for children, to scientific tools.
Many distributions contain a LiveCD method, which means that you don't need to install it, and you can use it without changing the existing system by putting it into a system CD or other media for startup. The more famous ones are MX Linux , PCLinuxOS and so on. The technology related to LiveCD has advanced so far, and the installation CDs of many distribution versions also have the function of LiveCD .
Linux application
Today, various Linux suites are used in various occasions, from embedded devices to supercomputers ( Super Computer ), and have established a position in the server field. Usually, the server uses the LAMP combination. Based on its low cost and high configurability, Linux is often used in embedded systems , such as set-top boxes , mobile phones and mobile devices . On mobile phones, Linux - based Android has become the main competitor of IOS ; on mobile devices, it has become an alternative to Windows CE and Palm OS . The currently popular TiVo digital video camera uses a customized Linux . In addition, there are many hardware-based network firewalls and routers . For example, some LinkSys products are internally driven by Linux and use the firewall and routing functions provided by the operating system.
desktop system
Visible components in the Linux desktop software stack include display servers, component engines, and some of the more widely known component toolkits . There are also components that are not visible to the end user, including D-Bus and PulseAudio
Most of the widely used free software have Windows platform versions and corresponding Linux versions, such as LibreOffice , Mozilla Firefox , Apache OpenOffice , Pidgin , VLC , GIMP , Blender ; some popular proprietary software also have corresponding Linux versions, such as Adobe Flash Player , Adobe Reader , Google Earth , Nero Burning ROM , Opera , Maple , MATLAB , Skype , Maya , SPSS , Google Chrome .
At present, there are still many application software that can be executed on Windows or Mac OS without a Linux version, but application software with similar functions can usually be found on the Linux platform. The increase in the use of Linux has also led to the porting of Windows Open Source software (Open Source) to Linux , such as Filezilla . There are also quite a lot of software under Linux that cannot be executed under the Windows platform, mainly relying on the X Window system and other resources that Windows cannot use, or because of stability and other considerations that are not ready to support Windows .
Also, quite a few Windows applications run and work fine with Wine and some Wine -based projects like CrossOver . Such as Microsoft Office , Adobe Photoshop , games of Blizzard Entertainment , and Picasa , among which Disney , DreamWorks , and Pixar invest in and support Photoshop 's Crossover ( Wine ) compatibility . Google is heavily involved in the improvement of the Wine project, and the GNU/Linux version of Picasa is also a compiled version of the Windows platform that has been tested by Wine .
- The main graphical desktop interface
GNOME
KDE Plasma
Xfce
MATE
LXQt
IceWM
Openbox
Fluxbox
i3
Awesome
Cinnamon
Budgie
Pantheon
Enlightenment
Netbook
Linux distributions are also very popular in the netbook market, as ASUS Eee PCs and Acer Aspire Ones are sold with custom Linux distributions installed.
Servers, mainframes and supercomputers
Outline of the LAMP Software Portfolio
Linux distribution has been used as the operating system of the server, and has occupied an important position in this field. According to a September 2006 Netcraft report, eight of the ten largest web hosting companies run their web servers on a Linux distribution .
Linux distributions are an important part of LAMP ( Linux , Apache , MySQL , Perl/PHP/Python ), and now more commonly LNMP ( N refers to Nginx ); extremely low hardware requirements make LAMP/LNMP a common website Hosting platform, commonly used among developers. For Windows , there is XAMPP .
Linux distributions are also often used as operating systems for supercomputers due to their Linux kernel 's native support for Non-Uniform Memory Access ( NUMA ) . Of the top 500 supercomputers published in November 2010 , 459 ( 91.8 % ) were running Linux distributions . Once the world 's most powerful supercomputer , IBM 's Sequoia , was delivered to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 2011 and began operating in June 2012 , also choosing Linux as its operating system.
smart mobile device
Android is a Linux - based operating system that is quite popular on smartphones
In terms of mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet computers , Linux has also achieved important development. The Android operating system based on the Linux kernel has surpassed Apple 's iOS operating system and has become the most popular smart phone operating system in the world today. In Q3 2010, Android was used on 25.5% of all smartphones sold worldwide (compared to 27.6% of all Linux -based mobile operating systems during this time ).
Since 2007 , it has become more common to run Linux -based operating systems on mobile phones and handheld computers , such as: OpenMoko 's Neo1973 , Motorola's ROKR E8 . Palm (later acquired by HP ) introduced a new Linux - based webOS operating system, which is used in the newly produced Palm Pre smartphone.
Maemo is a mobile phone system developed by Nokia based on Linux Kernel , X11 and QT technologies. Devices include tablets such as Nokia N800 , Nokia N810 ( maemo4 ), and the more well-known N900 ( maemo5 ).
MeeGo , the successor of Maemo , was jointly launched by Nokia and Intel in February 2010. Nokia also launched the N9 mobile phone using the MeeGo operating system . On September 28 , 2011 , after Nokia announced that it would abandon the development of MeeGo , Intel also officially announced the merger of MeeGo and LiMo into a new system Tizen . Jolla Mobile was established and launched the Sailfish operating system developed from MeeGo .
Firefox OS is a Linux -based operating system launched by Mozilla in 2012 .
embedded device
See: Embedded Linux and Linux Appliances
Ubuntu - based infotainment system for Tesla Model S
The low cost, powerful customization function and good portability of Linux make Linux widely used in embedded systems. The popular TiVo digital video recorder also uses a custom version of Linux , as does Cisco in its network firewalls and routers . Korg OASYS , Korg 's KRONOS , Yamaha's YAMAHA MOTIF XS/Motif XF music workstation, Yamaha's S90XS/S70XS , Yamaha MOX6/MOX8 subsynthesizers, Yamaha MOTIF-RACK XS sound module, and Roland RD-700GX digital piano all run Linux . Linux is also used in stage lighting control systems, such as WholeHogIII consoles.
Market penetration and share
See also: Linux adoption and operating system usage share
Traditional Linux users are generally professionals. They are willing to install and configure their own operating systems, and often spend more time installing and configuring their own operating systems than users of other operating systems. These users are sometimes called " hackers " or " geeks ." The main cost of using Linux is the cost of transplantation, training and learning. In the early days, because there were few people who could use Linux , and the use of non-professionals was not considered in the software design, the cost in this area was extremely high. However, the cost in this area has been reduced with the increasing popularity of Linux and the increasing number and convenience of software on Linux , but professionalism is still the main cost of using Linux .
Linux is more popular in Europe, the United States, and Japan. Games and other home software on the Linux platform are also released in Europe and the United States . The Linux open source community is also dominated by people from developed countries such as Europe, the United States, and Japan. There is an increasing use of Linux suites in homes and businesses . Throughout Asia, there is a lack of support for Linux , and hardware and applications only consider the needs of Microsoft's operating system design. For example: Internet Explorer and ActiveX requirements, Microsoft Office compatibility, online games , and general users tend to use Windows . The cost of converting the operating system lies in the conflict between free and open source ideology and commercial use, the lack of strong promotion vendors, the lack of support for special hardware and applications, and the unwillingness of computer technicians to spend time learning repeatedly. There is platform dependence, which is the main factor restricting the adoption of Linux .
然而隨著Linux慢慢開始流行，有些原始設備製造商（OEM）開始在其銷售的電腦上預裝上Linux，Linux的用戶中也有了普通電腦用戶，Linux系統也開始慢慢出現在個人電腦作業系統市場。儘管目前大部分的筆記型電腦搭載Windows系統，目前仍有一些筆電預設搭載Linux系統，如Musicha 音創筆電預設搭載Ubuntu Mate。近年來，Linux下常见的部份软件也开始不斷向Windows移植。有如KDE SC、Cinepaint正在進行向Windows的移植。
很多開源軟體的定量研究聚焦在市場佔有率（雖然多數不算作市場中的商品）和可靠性，包括數不清的Linux分析報告。Linux份額成長迅速。IDC的2008年第二季度報告指出，Linux在所有伺服器市場的市佔率已經達到29%，比該研究機構在2007年的調查大幅增加了12個百分點。這個估計數字基於Linux伺服器的銷售額。所以，Linux的市佔率是不可小覷的。Netcraft報告，在2010年二月，每10台可靠的伺服器中Linux發行版占6台，FreeBSD占2台，Windows占1台。而Debian、CentOS兩個至關重要的發行版並不銷售。
Linux is also popular in government, and the Brazilian federal government is world-renowned for its support of Linux . There are news reports that the Linux distribution produced by the Russian army has achieved results as a GHost project. The Indian state of Kerala is planning to roll out Linux to high schools across the federation . In order to achieve technological independence, the People's Republic of China exclusively uses Linux in the Godson process . Some regions in Spain have developed their own Linux distributions and are widely used in government and education, such as gnuLinEx in Extremadura and Guadalinex in Andalusia . Portugal also uses its own Linux distribution, Caixa Mágica , for Magalhães laptops and e-escola government software. France and Germany are also starting to gradually adopt Linux .
每個孩子一台筆記型電腦這一項目正在催生新的更為龐大的Linux用戶群，計劃將包括發展中國家的幾億學童、他們的家庭和社區。在2007年，已經有六個國家訂購了至少每個國家一百萬台以上免費發放給學生。Google、Red Hat和eBay是該項目的主要支持者。
版权，商标和命名
条目：GNU/Linux命名爭議
Linux的註冊商標是Linus Torvalds所有的。這是由於在1996年，一個名字叫做William R. Della Croce的律師開始向各個Linux發佈商發信，聲明他擁有Linux商標的所有權，並且要求各個發佈商支付版稅，這些發行商集體進行上訴，要求將該註冊商標重新分配給Linus Torvalds。Linus Torvalds一再聲明Linux是自由且免費的，他本人可以賣掉，但Linux絕不能賣。
The name "GNU/Linux" is the supporter and developer of the GNU project, especially its founder Richard Stallman 's proposition for the Linux operating system. Since this type of operating system uses many GNU programs, including Bash ( Shell program ), function library , compiler, etc. as a system suite on the Linux kernel, Richard Stallman believes that the operating system should be called " GNU/Linux " or " GNU+Linux " is more appropriate, but most people still call it Linux today . As far as Linux before 1997 is concerned, the information provided by a CD-ROM supplier shows that in their "Linux distribution " , GNU software accounts for the largest proportion, accounting for about 28% of the total source code, and also includes some critical components without which the system cannot work, and Linux itself accounts for about 3% .
Some members of the Linux community, such as Eric Raymond , Linus Torvalds , etc., prefer the name of Linux , think that Linux is catchy, short and easy to remember, and refuse to use " GNU /Linux " as a Operating system name. And believing that Linux is not part of the GNU project , Stallman did not ask for a name change until Linux became popular in the mid- 1990s . Some Linux packages , such as Debian , use the name " GNU/Linux ". But most commercial Linux packages still refer to the operating system as Linux . Some people think that the word "operating system" refers only to the kernel of the system (Kernel) , and other programs can only be regarded as application software . Therefore, the operating system should be called Linux , but the Linux system suite is inBased on the Linux kernel, various GNU software suites are added.
In addition to these two main names, there are also proposals for other names. In 1992 , Yggdrasil Linux advocated the name Linux/GNU/X , because in addition to the GNU project software, many Linux also adopted the X window system .
evaluate
front
- The open source code of Linux can allow knowledge to continue, and emerging software companies can quickly and cheaply build professional capabilities from the open source code, enrich market competition, and prevent the existence of monopolistic software behemoths.
- There are few copyright issues for personal use, most of them are free to use, and there is almost no issue of piracy.
- Most of the software in the new Linux distribution has server services. Just click to download and install certified software automatically, without going to the market to buy and install.
- The investment in Linux learning is effective for a longer period of time. Old versions of software and systems still exist, and there are source codes that can be derived and branched. The maintenance cycle is generally much longer than that of Windows . Even if it is abandoned, it can still be derived from the source code. The development of new software updates is diversified, and it is easy for users to get used to mastering the principles instead of developing operating habits.
- With powerful shell and script support, it is easy to assemble an environment that meets the needs or create automatic programs.
- The default security settings are much safer than the current mainstream Windows operating system . The Windows operating system reduces the default security settings for non-professional users, making the system vulnerable to Trojan horses and viruses. Pirated versions of Windows are even worse. Trojan horses and malicious programs may be bundled with the pirated operating system , and some default superuser (Administrator) logins, security updates and other issues lead to worse security.
the negative
- BSD developers have criticized Linux core developers for putting too much emphasis on adding new features rather than writing and organizing the program code in a down-to-earth manner.
- Minix enthusiasts believe that micro-kernel is the direction of future technological development, and Linux is technologically outdated. (see Tannenbaum - Linus debate )
- Software and hardware support is poor. Most software and hardware manufacturers do not or will not give priority to the development of the Linux platform version, or the Linux platform version has fewer functions, resulting in poorer support for available applications and hardware peripherals than Windows and Mac platforms .
- Quite a number of distributions (more than 200) make it impossible for program developers to test for all distributions. Application software using the Linux platform installed on non-mainstream distributions may encounter unexpected problems or even be unusable.
- The Linux system and related application software are mainly jointly developed by programmers such as hackers and other Linux enthusiasts, so there is a lack of commercial software to adjust the operation interface based on commercial interests to make it more suitable for different user behaviors. Unaccustomed to the way of using Linux, and the lack of consistency in the operation of different software makes users feel that the Linux system is difficult to use.
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see
- List of operating systems , comparison of Microsoft Windows and Linux
- Linux kernel
- Linux Distributions : List of Linux Distributions
- Tux
- Adoption of Linux
- Netcraft
external link
| Related multimedia resources at Wikimedia Commons : Linux ( category ) |
- Linux kernel official website ( page archive backup , stored in)
- Linux Foundation official website ( page archive backup , stored in)
- The official website of the GNU project ( page archive backup , stored in)
- The Linux Documentation Project ( page archive backup , stored in)
- Linux25th Anniversary: Interview with Linus Torvalds, the father of Linux ( page archive backup , stored at)
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