1. The development history of Linux

Linux is an operating system kernel developed by Linus Torvalds. Its release and use can be traced back to the early 1990s.

The following are the main events in the evolution of Linux:

1991: Linus Torvalds starts writing the Linux kernel code at the University of Helsinki.

1992: The 1.0 version of the Linux kernel was released, becoming one of the symbols of the Free Software (Free Software) movement.

1993: Richard Stallman proposes the GNU project, with the goal of creating a free software operating system. All that was missing from the GNU project was a complete kernel. At this time, the Linux kernel is open source under the GPL authorization, so the GNU project and the Linux kernel are combined to become the GNU/Linux operating system.

1994: The Linux kernel 1.0.0 was officially released.

1995: Red Hat is founded, becoming one of the first companies to professionally provide Linux distributions and services.

1998: Netscape released the source code of its Netscape Communicator as open source software, and then established Mozilla.org , which promoted the Netscape browser of the Linux operating system from Navigator to Mozilla.

2000: IBM invested billions of dollars in the development and promotion of Linux technology, becoming one of the important forces in the commercial promotion of Linux.

2003: SUSE Linux and Novell merged to become the world's largest Linux distributor.

2005: The Linux kernel version 2.6 was released, introducing many new features and improvements, including better network support, higher performance and security, etc.

2011: Google launched the Android operating system, developed based on the Linux kernel, which quickly became one of the most popular operating systems for mobile devices in the world.

2015: Microsoft announces that Windows 10 will support the Linux subsystem, marking that the road to integration between Linux and Windows is getting closer.

In general, Linux, as a free, open, and flexible operating system kernel, has undergone continuous evolution and improvement, and keeps pace with the times to adapt to the needs of different fields and different application scenarios. At the same time, the Linux community has been widely recognized and supported because of its continuous open source spirit and technological innovation, and has become one of the most popular and popular operating systems in the world today.

Two, linux open source

Linux is a completely open source operating system kernel, which is based on GPL authorization and follows the principle of free software. Users can obtain, use, copy, modify and distribute the Linux kernel source code for free.

The open source concept of Linux has the following characteristics:

Freedom: The source code of the Linux kernel is free, and users have the right to use the source code in any way, including learning, modifying, copying, publishing, and even for commercial purposes.

Sharing: The Linux community advocates the concept of open source sharing, provides free software and services to people all over the world through channels such as the Internet, and promotes the popularization and exchange of technology and information.

Transparency: The main premise of Linux kernel open source is transparency, which means that the source code is open, and anyone can view, verify and modify the source code, which ensures the credibility and stability of the software.

Community: The Linux community is an open and active community composed of like-minded developers, users, and enthusiasts. They collaborate, share experiences, solve problems, and jointly promote the development and improvement of Linux.

In general, the open source model of Linux provides an innovative and competitive platform for developers around the world, making Linux continuously improved and perfected, becoming an efficient, safe, stable and flexible operating system kernel. At the same time, the open source model of Linux has also expanded the participants and user groups in the software market, stimulated more innovations and application scenarios, and made important contributions to the development of the IT industry.

3. Current status

As a free, open, and flexible operating system kernel, Linux has been widely used and supported around the world. Its main status is as follows:

Applications: Linux is widely used in servers, supercomputers, cloud computing, embedded systems, mobile devices, Internet of Things and other fields. Among them, Linux occupies more than 50% of the server field, becoming the most popular server operating system in the world.

Distributions: There are many different versions of Linux distributions, including Red Hat, Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS, Fedora, and more. These distributions are suitable for different application scenarios and user needs, and provide different software packages and services.

Security: The Linux kernel is highly reliable and secure, and its code is open and transparent, so that developers and users can jointly review and improve the code, find vulnerabilities and fix problems more effectively, thereby improving system security and stability.

Community: The Linux community is an open and active community composed of developers, users, and enthusiasts around the world. They communicate, contribute, and improve through mailing lists, forums, and GitHub, and jointly promote the development and improvement of Linux.

Future trends: With the advent of the digital age, Linux will play a more important role in cloud computing, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, blockchain and other fields. At the same time, open source hardware, containerization technology, and virtualization technology will also become important trends in the development of Linux.

Fourth, the status quo of enterprise applications

The status quo of Linux in enterprise applications is also very good, the main performance is as follows:

Server operation and maintenance: Linux is widely used in server operation and maintenance, and its stability, security, and openness can meet the needs of enterprises. At the same time, Linux also has the characteristics of good automatic deployment, fast recovery, management and monitoring, which greatly improves the efficiency and stability of enterprises.

Virtualization technology: As a flexible operating system kernel, Linux can support virtualization technology. By using virtualization technology, enterprises can run multiple applications on one server, thereby reducing the hardware and maintenance costs of enterprises, while improving flexibility and scalability.

Mobile devices: In the field of mobile devices, the Android system adopts the Linux kernel. At present, the Android system occupies an overwhelming advantage in the global mobile device market, bringing many development opportunities for enterprises.

Cloud computing: Linux is also widely used in the field of cloud computing, including public cloud services such as Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform, which are all based on the Linux operating system. At the same time, enterprises can also use Linux to operate in private cloud environments. The system builds its own cloud computing platform.

5. Released version

There are many different versions of Linux. We usually refer to these versions as "distributions". Here are a few common Linux distributions:

Ubuntu: Ubuntu is a Linux operating system based on the Debian distribution. It has a friendly interface and is easy to install and use. Ubuntu is not only suitable for desktop applications, but also for servers and cloud computing. Ubuntu has a relatively complete software library, high update frequency, and good compatibility. It is one of the very popular Linux distributions.

Fedora: Fedora is a powerful Linux operating system distribution developed by Red Hat. It is characterized by providing the latest open source software, frequent updates, and good community support. Fedora integrates many latest technologies, has good compatibility, supports features such as security enhancement (SELinux), and is suitable for advanced users and developers.

CentOS: CentOS is an enterprise-level Linux operating system distribution, known for its stability and security. CentOS is built on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) source code, which has good backward compatibility and is supported and maintained in the RHEL ecosystem, making it a very suitable distribution for enterprise use.

Debian: Debian is a stable, powerful, secure and easy-to-use Linux operating system distribution. Debian contains a large amount of software and provides good package management tools for various application scenarios. Debian also has extensive community support where developers work together to maintain and improve the code.

Arch Linux: Arch Linux is a lightweight, flexible, and highly customizable Linux operating system distribution. Arch Linux adopts a rolling update method, which can update the latest software packages and system kernel in time, and also supports AUR (Arch User Repository), which allows users to create and share software packages. It is a distribution suitable for advanced users and developers.

6. Installation and use

In general, installing and using Linux requires the following steps:

Download the image file: Download the image file of the Linux distribution from the official Linux website or related communities, usually in ISO format.

Make a boot disk: Burn the downloaded image file to a USB flash drive or DVD to make a bootable boot disk.

Start the computer: Insert the prepared boot disk into the computer where Linux needs to be installed, restart the computer, and follow the prompts to set the boot disk as the boot device.

Install Linux: After entering the Linux installation interface, follow the prompts to install, including selecting the installation partition, setting the user name and password, etc.

Enter the Linux system: After the installation is complete, restart the computer, start from the hard disk, enter the user name and password to log in to the Linux system.

When using Linux, you need to learn some basic commands and operations, which can be learned through online tutorials or related books. Generally speaking, Linux command line operations are the most basic and important. Mastering some commonly used commands can help users use the Linux system more efficiently. In addition, Linux also has a wide range of application scenarios, including servers, mobile devices, Internet of Things, cloud computing, etc. Users can choose the corresponding field according to their own needs for in-depth study and application.

Seven, use the cloud server to configure the Linux environment

Configuring a Linux environment using a cloud server requires the following steps:

Choose a cloud server: Choose a cloud server that suits your needs, including computing resources, storage capacity, network bandwidth, etc.

Select the operating system: install the operating system on the cloud server, and choose a Linux distribution according to your needs, such as Ubuntu, CentOS, etc.

Remote connection: Remotely connect to the cloud server through the SSH protocol, you can use the PuTTY tool that comes with Windows or other SSH clients.

System update: After connecting to the cloud server, run the "sudo apt update" (for Ubuntu system) or "sudo yum update" (for CentOS system) command to update the system package list.

Install necessary software: Install necessary software packages for Linux, such as Apache, MySQL, PHP, Node.js, etc. Installation can be done from each distribution's software repository or from a third-party source.

Configure the firewall: In order to ensure the security of the server, you need to configure the Linux firewall to limit external access and intrusion attacks.

Deploying applications: Deploy your own applications to cloud servers, and use FTP, SCP, etc. for file transfer.

It should be noted that in the Linux environment, security is very important, and a series of measures need to be taken to prevent data leakage and intrusion attacks. For example, use strong passwords, restrict remote access, regularly back up data, etc. At the same time, it is recommended to regularly check the system and update the software package to ensure the stability and security of the server.

(1) Linux: a free, open and flexible operating system kernel