语法结构
✨[一] 主谓
✨[二] 主谓宾 I can cope this problem .
✨[三] 主系表 is am are
✨[四] 主谓+双宾语
人:间接宾语
物:直接宾语
She gives me a gread hand .
主 谓 间接宾语 直宾
✨[五] 主谓宾+宾补
Dr.Z made english so easy .
主 谓 宾 宾补
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如何翻译:
1.结构分析找主干 [主干中的谓语动词]
2.句子逐个翻译
3.推敲调整
3.1. 主干顺序走
3.2. 定语状语往前勾[定语过长/非限定性定语从句]
3.3. 后置法单独成句
3.4. 状语有特例 [结果状语-后置法翻译 so that / such that ]
3.5. 前因后果多主动
3.6. 名词从句依序翻
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三大从句
✨定语从句-形容词从句
✨状语从句-副词性从句
✨名词性从句-名词/主语从句/宾/表/同位语从句
**************************************************
同位语:
[同位语对] 前面的[抽象名词]进行解释说明.
被解释的词和同位语在逻辑上是主表关系, 同位语要和它修饰的名词格式一致,并且紧挨在一起
--------------------
抽象名词
|
修饰 限定 说明
|
同位语
--------------------
**************************************************
✨that 引导名词性从句的时候,在句子中不做成分也没有意义
I love you is true [语法错误 , 有两个谓语]
That I love you is true . [主语从句]
it is true that i love you [主语从句]
-----
|
形式主语
I believe that you can make it [宾语从句]
---------------
My suggestion is that you should study english well . [表语从句]
_____
|
情态动词
I have a suggestion that you should study english well . [同位语从句]
**************************************************
✨what 引导名词性从句时,在从句中作成分[主语 或 宾语]
表示 [是什么] ,是一种内容
What many parents concern is the education problem of their children . [主语从句]
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✨ how 引导名词性从句 在从句中有意义 表示 [怎么], 是一种方式
how + adj./adv. 表示 [多么]. 表示一种程度.
You just can not imagine how much I love you. [宾语从句]
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✨whether 是否 ✨which 哪一个
Wether xxxx was killed or not is unknown to us. [主语从句]
We do not known wether xxx was killed or not. [宾语从句]
ability to do sth 做某事的能力
we have ability to learn english well [to do 不定式]
[并列 , 前后语法必须一致]
**************************************************
✨that在引导同位语从句中,不做成分也没有意义
✨that 引导的定语从句, that 必须做成分[主语或宾语]
并且做宾语的时候, that 可以被省略.
**************************************************
✨同位语从句 是[名词性从句], 就等于一个名词, 是该名词的内容
和其解释说明.
✨定语从句 是 [形容词性从句],相当于一个形容词.是对名词或代词
继续限定或修饰.
✨引导同位语从句的引导词有很多, 但是 that 最常见.
同位语从句 = 句子 = 名词
**************************************************
✨宾语后置现象
如果宾语过长,则把宾语放在宾补之后,构成宾语后置现象.
翻译的时候,正常翻译即可.
**************************************************
✨定语
修饰名词或者代词
定语放在谁的后面,不一定修饰谁.
a,b and c + 定语
情况 1: 定语修饰 c
情况 2: 定语修饰 a+b+c
**************************************************
✨英语重结构 -法治
✨汉语中意境 -人治
✨英语多长句
✨汉语多短句
✨英语多被动
✨汉语多主动
✨英语多变化
✨汉语多重复
**************************************************
✨ and 和
✨ or 或者
✨ but 介词->除了 = except
并且连词 -> 但是
并列连词 -> 前后语法必须一致.
[所有形同的成分,可以省略].
✨ as 引导词
1.当.....时候
2.因为
3.随着
4.尽管/虽然 引导让步状语从句[翻译为: “尽管……”或“即使……”]需要倒桩,把被强调的内容提前.
Ugly as I am, I am tender. 尽管我很丑,但我很温柔.
As I am ugly , I am tender. 因为我很丑,所以我很温柔.
**************************************************
✨[非限制性定语从句]
非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，
它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，
其前后都需要用逗号隔开。
✨[关系代词]
关系代词指的是代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。
关系代词有主格、宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。
关系代词用来引导定语从句。
关系代词有主格、宾格和属格（所有格）之分，并有指人与指物之分。
that的用法最广，that 可指人也可指物。见表：
-----------------------------------------------------------
限定性 非限定性 限定性
指人 指物 指物
-----------------------------------------------------------
主 格 who/that which which/that
-----------------------------------------------------------
宾 格 whom/that which which/that
-----------------------------------------------------------
属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
-----------------------------------------------------------
[but]，[as]，[than]作关系代词引导定语从句
✨[but]既可指人，也可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语。
but本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相当于"that /which /who...not"。
它前面的主句通常有"否定"的词（如：no，not， little，few，hardly等）。
but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，达到强烈肯定的修饰效果。
例如： There is no mother but loves her own children．
没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。
✨[as]既可指人，也可指物，常在限制性定语从句中充当主、宾、表语。
[as]引导的定语从句的先行词前面常有as /such /the same等修饰词。
例如： ①He is as brave a man as ever lived．
他是世界上最勇敢的人。
②Don’t read such books as are not worth reading．
不要读那些不值得读的书。
[as]作关系代词，还可用来引导非限制性定语从句，as引导的定语从句可放在句首、句中或句末。
例如： ① Taiwan，as we all know，is an inseparable part of China．
②As we all know，Taiwan is an inseparable part of China．
③Taiwan is an inseparable part of China， as we all know．
✨[than]前通常有表比较的词。
例如：Fewer friends than we had expected came to our evening party．
来参加晚会的朋友比我们预料的还要少。
**************************************************
✨形容词性从句
|- that
|- who
|- 关系代词 |- whom
| |- whose
定语从句 | |_ which
|
|
| |- when
|- 关系副词 |- where
|- what
**************************************************
✨不能用 that 引导的定语从句
[1].非限定性定语从句 [,]
[,who]/[,whom]/[,whose]/[,when]/[,which]/[,where]/[,as]
YY is a beautiful girl , who lvoes Z.
YY is a beautiful girl , whose husband is Z.
YY is a beautiful girl ,as we all know .
[2]. 引导词前面有介词
This is the place that we live in. √
This is the place in which live in. [前面有介词 in , 不能用 that]
--------
This is the place where we live .
[in which 可以准换成 where . 二换一. 不可以一换一, 因为 where 和 which 词性不一样,一个关系代词一个关系副词]
[3]. when where why 关系副词引导定语从句
✨when 是 time 相关的[名词]+[when 引导的定语从句]
when 是关系副词,在定语从句中作状语
I still remember the day when I went to school . [定语从句]
_________________
When I was a child , I love maths . [ 时间状语从句 , 修饰的是 lvoe ]
✨where 跟 place 相关的名称 + where 引导的定语从句
在 where 引导的定语从句中,where 是副词,做状语.
This is the place where we live.
This is a field where can get sucess.
✨why
reason + why 引导的定语从句
在 why 引导的定语从句中, why 是副词,做状语
This is the reason why I succeed. --> succeed v.
This is the reason why I am successful. --> successful adj.
✨which
引导的非限定定语从句, which 可以指代前面的名词,也可以指代整个句子.
**************************************************
✨定语过长
✨非限定性定语从句
✨采用后置法翻译,单独成句
**************************************************
✨副词性从句 = 状语从句
看引导词知道是什么状语就行了
时间状语从句 : when/while/before
地点状语从句 : where
原因状语从句 : because
方式状语从句 : as if(as though) in...the.... manner
比较状语从句 : as..as 和..一样.. than
让步状语从句 : while however = no matter how
条件状语从句 : if unless
结果状语从句 : so..that.. such..that...
目的状语从句 : in order that
✨定语从句: 形容词从句 一定要 修饰名词
✨[is] 在句子中是系动词也是谓语动词
✨1.Strik while the iron is hot . [时间状语从句]
趁热打铁
✨2.It will be for days before they come back. [时间状语从句]
在他们回来之前,还得有四天
✨3.The famous scientist grew up where he was born
and in 1930 he came to shanghai. [地点状语从句 修饰 动词 grew up ]
✨4.She found her passport where she lost it .[地点状语从句, 修饰found ]
✨5.He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. [ 修饰 situation]
is likely to 很可能
✨6.Hero worship is strongest where there is least regard for hunman freedom. [地点状语 修饰 is ]
✨7.This book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that on about history. [原因状语从句.][后面这句省略了谓语动词 is]
------- = because
✨8.We shall let you know the details soon in order
that you can make your arrangements.[目的状语从句]
in order to study english well you have to work hard .
------------------------------
目的状语 [非目的状语从句,因为 in order to 后面不能接句子.]
✨9.He always studied so hard that he made great progress . [结果状语从句]
✨10. It's such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.[结果状语从句 such..that..]
✨11.I missed the train and consequently was late from work .[结果状语从句 consequently]
adv. 因此/所以
✨12.You will get good grades if you study hard . [条件状语从句 if ]
✨13.You will be late unless you leave immediately. [条件状语从句 unless ]
✨14.Child as he was , he knew that was the right thing to do.
Though he was a small child , he knew what was the right thing to do.
[as 引导让步状语从句]
引导让步状语从句, 需要倒桩,被强调内容提前
✨15.Try hard as he will , he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. [satisfactorily 修饰 to do ]
Though he tries hard, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
✨16.He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep . [比较状语从句]
✨17.The youth of today are better off than we used to be . [比较状语从句]
✨18.Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas form our minds. [方式状语]
✨19.They completely ignore these facts as if(as though) they never existed.[方式状语]
satisfactorily [ˌsætɪs'fæktərəlɪ] adv. 令人满意的
well off 富裕 好
**************************************************
✨ while
1.when 引导时间状语从句
when LI was a child he loved english.
2.尽管虽然, 引导让步状语从句
when LI is extremely ugly , he is talented.
3.然而 连词 弱转折
LI is extremely ugly , while he is talented.
LI is extremely ugly , and he is talented.
LI is extremely ugly , who he is talented. [变为从句]
✨逗号不能连接两个句子. 必须加个加个连词/或者其中一个句子变为从句.
逗号不能连接两个简单句.
例如,He raises a dog,I like the dog very much.
这是个病句,因为英语语法中的简单句必须用并列连词and,but,or,so等连接.
如果你想连接也可以,
可改为：He raises a dog,and I like...
✨分号[;]可以连接两个句子
4. 与此同时
**************************************************
✨
in order to 目的状语 后面不可以跟句子
in order that 目的状语 , 后面可以跟句子
**************************************************
✨ [as]
1.作为
2.像 as such 像这样的
3.当...的时候
4.因为 = because
5.随着,便随
6.尽管虽然 引导让步状语从句, 需要倒装,被强调内容提前
**************************************************
✨however
1.no matter how 无论怎么 [引导让步状语从句]
However hard it is , he will never give up.
2.表示'然而'是转折关系. 必须加 逗号[,]
逗号[,] 在句首 , 后面必须加逗号
逗号[,] 在句中, 前后必须加逗号
**************************************************
✨ whenever = not matter when 无论什么时候
✨ wherever = not matter where 无论何地
Whatever happens ,
However hopeless and difficult,
I promise you I will never give up loving you .
Whatever you go , Whatever you do
I will right to here, waiting for you.
**************************************************
✨✨✨✨✨✨✨特殊情况✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨
✨more than
1.more than + 数字 , 表示 比..多.. , 多于..
we have been friend for more than 20 years
2.more than + 名词/动词 表示: 不仅仅 不只是
she is more than a friend to me .
3.more than + 形容词/副词 表示: 非常
I am more than glad to see you.
4.more a than b 与其说 b,不如说 a.
she is more beautiful than clever .
5.less a than b
与其说a,不如说b
6.not so much a as b 与其说 a , 不如说 b
7.no more ... than .. 不.. 也不...
**************************************************
✨特殊结构
虚拟语气
倒装句
形式主语
形式宾语
强调句
**************************************************
✨虚拟语气
[一].跟现在事实相反的虚拟
if 从句-过去时 were
主语+情态动词[would ; should ; could ; might ]+ do
If I were you , I would go abroad at once.
如果是我是你, 我立即就出国.
[1] 省略 if 从句 :
I would go abroad at once.
[2] 省略 if, 把 were 提前 构成倒装:
Were I you , I would go abroad at once.
[二].跟过去事实相反的虚拟
if 从句-过去完成时 had done
主语+情态动词[would ; should ; could ; might ]+ hava done [现在完成时]
If you had followed the instructions of Dr.chen last year .you would have succeed.
[1] 省略 if 从句 :
You would have succeed.
[2] 省略 if , 把 had 提前,构成倒装:
Had you followed the instructions of Dr.chen last year .you would have succeed.
[三].对将来的虚拟
If he should come tomorrow, he would help us settle this proble.
[1] ✨不能省掉 if从句 .
[2] 省略 if , 把 should 提前,构成倒装:
Should he come tomorrow, he would help us settle this proble.
**************************************************
✨倒装句
[一] 完全倒装和部分倒装
完全倒装: 把谓语动词提前. -少见
there is a book. [完全倒装]
部分倒装:情态动词提前 或者 把助动词[do does did have has had] 提前
I do love you .
do I love you ?
[二]修辞倒装和语法倒装 ===> 还原为正常顺序翻译.
修饰倒装:修饰手法-吸引读者注意力
Graceful and elegant is L.
语法倒装:语法要求必须倒装
1.as 表示尽管,虽然的时候,引导让步状语从句需要倒装.
2.only+副词或者介词短语放句首要倒装.
only+状语放句首要倒装.
only you can save me .
only books can enrich the mind of people.
only yesterday, did he realize that he was wrong.
only by doing so, can we settle this problem completely.
3.虚拟语气中 省略 if 把 were/had/should 提前构成倒装.
4.否定词,表示否定意义的词或者短语放句首要倒装.
I have never seen such a kind and talented teacher as L.
never I have seen such a kind and talented teacher as L.
hardly=rarely=barely=scarcely = 几乎不
in no way = by no means = under no circumstances = 绝不,任何情况下都不.
under no circumstances should we pollute the environment.
**************************************************
✨形式主语和形式宾语
翻译技巧:
1.把真正主语提前.
2. ... 的是 显然的是
it = the weather 天气
**************************************************
✨强调句
it is ... that....
it is ... which....
it is ... who....
去掉无影响,则为强调句.
