英语语法学习一

1. 动名词做主语
用动名词做主语，通常用以表示已知的事实或经验。
Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.
集邮是他的嗜好之一
Listening to music makes me happy.
听音乐使我快乐。

2. 不定式短语做主语
用不定式做主语时，通常表示一种意愿、目的或未完成的事。
To study abroad is my greatest desire.
出国念书是我最大的愿望。
To go to Japan for a visit is my plan for this year.
日本游玩是我今年的计划。

注意：以下句型则属例外情形，it要代替动名词短语，不可使用不定式短语：
It is no use + 动名词短语
例：It is no use crying over spilt milk.

It is no use + 动名词短语
= It is useless + 不定式短语
= It is of no use + 不定式短语
   use
= There is no  sense  + in + 动名词短语
   point

例：It is useless to cry over spilt milk.
= It is of no use to cry over spilt milk.
= There is no use in crying over spilt milk.

3.名词从句做主语
That he doesn’t work hard makes me angry.
他不用功令我生气

名词从句的种类
名词从句一共有三种：that从句、whether从句、疑问词所引导的从句

（1）that从句
任何一个主语起首的句子前面冠以that即成that从句。
He doesn’t believe my words.
→ that he doesn’t believe my words
（他不相信我说的话。）
（2）whether从句
本从句是由可用yes/no回答的问句变化而成。
① 问句有be动词时：
主语与be动词还原，前面冠以whether。
例：Is he happy?
→ whether he is happy
（他是否快乐……）
② 问句有一般助动词（can, will, may, should, ought to, must, have）时：
主语与助动词还原，前面冠以whether。
例：Can he do it?
→ whether he can do it
（他是否能做这件事……）
Has he done it?
→ whether he has done it
（他是否已做好这件事……）
③ 问句有do, does, did等助动词时：
主语与助动词还原，再将do，does，did去掉，后面的动词依人称和时态变化。
例：Did he come?
→ whether he did come
      came
（did为过去式，故come改为came）
→ whether he came
（他来不来……）
Does he like it?
→ whether he does like it
    likes
（does为第三人称单数现在式，故like改为likes）
→ whether he likes it
（3）疑问词从句
① 问句有be动词时：
主语与be动词还原，前面保留疑问词。
例：What is he doing?
→ what he is doing
（他正在做什么……）
② 问句有一般助动词时：
主语与助动词还原，前面保留疑问词。
例：Where can he find it?
→ where he can find it （他在哪里能找到它……）
③ 问句有do，does，did等助动词时：
主语与助动词还原，前面保留疑问词，再将do，does，did去掉，动词依人称和时态变化。
例：What did he write?
→ what he wrote
When did he come?
→ when he came
How does he do it?
→ how he does it
注意：
who，what，which（哪一个）为疑问代词，若在问句中做主语，变成名词从句时，结构不变。
例：Who came here? 问句
主语
→ who came here 名词从句
（谁来这儿……）
What happened last night? 问句
主语
→ what happened last night
（昨晚发生什么事……）
Which was bought? 问句
主语
→ which was bought 名词从句
（哪个被买走……）

（1）名词从句做主语
That honesty is the best policy is a proverb (Which) we should always keep in mind.
-> It is a proverb we should always keep in mind that honesty is the best policy.

Whether he can do it remains to be seen.
-> It is still a doubt where he lives.

Whether he can do it remains to be seen.
-> It remains to be seen whether he can do it.

2）名词从句做动词的宾语
I know that he will go abroad in the nearest future.
I wonder whether he has finished the work.

（3）名词从句做介词的宾语
注意：
用whether或疑问词引导的名词从句可做宾语，但that从句不可做介词的宾语。
I am worried about whether he can do it.
I am suspicious of how he’ll cope with the problem.

遇有介词，且非要使用that从句时，其补救方法如下：
① 介词＋the fact＋that从句
如此，就可用the fact做介词的宾语，而that从句就成了the fact的同位语。
例：I am sure of the fact that the team has won the game.

② 保留介词，但不加the fact，且介词之后的that从句要做适当变化
第一步：除去that；
第二步：that之后的主语变成所有格；
第三步：动词变成动名词。
例：I am worried about that he plays around all day.
     prep.   his playing
→ I am worried about his playing around all day.
注意：that从句若有助动词do，does，did时，去掉即可。
例：I am worried about that he doesn’t study.
     prep.   his not studying
→ I am worried about his not studying.

注意：that从句若有助动词will或would时，去掉即可，但也可以改为be going to，再将be动词转变为动名词being。

例：I am sure of that the team will win the game.
    prep.   the team’s winning
→ I am sure of the team’s winning the game.
或：I am sure of that the team is going to win the game.
    prep.   the team’s being
→ I am sure of the team’s being going to win the game.

注意：从句若有以下助动词时，做下列变化：
may → be likely to
can → be able to
should
  →be supposed to
must
再将be动词变成动名词being。

例：I am happy about that he may come. （×）
→ I am happy about that he is likely to come.
→ I am happy about his being likely to come.
（我很高兴他可能会来。）
I am sure of that he can do it. （×）
→ I am sure of that he is able to do it.
→I am sure of his being able to do it.
（我确定他能做这件事。）
I am sure of that he should accept Mary’s advice. （×）
→ I am sure of that he is supposed to accept Mary’s advice.
→ I am sure of his being supposed to accept Mary’s advice.
（我确定他应该会接受玛丽的劝告。）

③ be＋adj.＋that从句
也就是去掉介词，将that从句放在形容词后面，使that从句成为副词从句（注：相当于传统语法中的状语从句），修饰该形容词。
例：→ I am worried that he plays around all day.
     adj.  副词从句
I am sure of that the team has won the game.
→ I am sure that the team has won the game.

有时介词之后也可以直接接that从句，而不需the fact，形成惯用语，同学亦应牢记。
in that = because 因为
例：He is great in that he can speak five different languages.
（他很棒，因为他能说五种语言。）
except that 只可惜
例：He is nice except that sometimes he lies.
（他人很不错，只可惜有时会说谎。）
for all that 尽管
= with all that
= not withstanding that
例：For all that he is nice, I don’t like him.
= Despite the fact that he is nice, I don’t like him.
= In spite of the fact that he is nice, I don’t like him.
（尽管他人好，我却不喜欢他。）