英文科技论文写作与发表-常见英语写作困扰(第3章)

1.常见英语写作困扰

英语写作应该是越精炼越好。写完一个句子,建议尝试删除某个或某些单词,如果删除后句子意义基本不变,就应该删除。

1.1 所有格

使用所有格可以省去至少一个单词(of),如:Kang's book  Thomas's coffee

大多数情况,直接在后面加s。少数情况下,单词以s结尾时,只加单引号而不加s。如果实在不确定是否可以用所有格时,就还是用of,如:  the book of Iris

但需要注意的是,代词所有格his,hers,its,theirs,yours和oneself后面都不应该加单引号。

1.2 多词或词组

三个或三个以上单词连在一句话里时,应该都用逗号分隔,最后一个之前多半用and连接,也可能是or、but等连词,例如:

(1) Monday, Wednesday and Friday

(2) solid, dashed, dotted or patterned line

(3) old-fashioned, stubborn but hardworking

(4) The user reads the instruction, clicks on the start button and works on the experiment

如果多词列举未尽,相当于中文的“等等”,后面可以用etc.(注意:带着句号)and so on,两者意思一样,它们之前必须有逗号,但如果etc.结束一个语句,则其后只写一个句号,如:

(1) Bauhaus instructors, Kandinsky, Klee, etc., all taught entry level art courses.

(2) Twenty universities include Harvard, Stanford, MIT, etc.

1.3 逗号分割的句型

一句话用逗号分割,既要考虑分割的必要性(例如为避免被误解),又不能严重影响到语句阅读的流畅性

A popular curve algorithm, known as B-spline, draws a smooth curve consisting of many curve segments.

这里,known as B-spline的前后两个逗号不能只写一个。如果把两个逗号都删除,句子也成立,不至于被误解,只是不那么强调新引进的 B-spline概念。

但需要注意的,不要用逗号连接两个相关但独立的语句,比如:

Figure1 depicts a simple callgraph of a program. The call graph represents the behavioral structure during the program execution.

这两个句子语法完整,最多可以用分号分割,即:

Figure1 depicts a simple callgraph of a program The call graph represents the behavioral structure during the program execution.

不要用逗号分割。如果整句不长,用逗号分割时,逗号前应加一个连词,如and

Figure1 depicts a simple callgraph of a program,and the call graph represents the behavioral structure during the program execution.

这里如果用which代替 and call graph似乎使整句更简洁,但会出现二义性,which指的是call graph还是program?

同样需要注意,不要用句号分割本来应该完整的句子,如:

She is an excellent speaker. A professor who has delivered keynote speeches at several top conferences.

这里的第一个句号显然应该是逗号,其后的a小写

She is an excellent speaker,a professor who has delivered keynote speeches at several top conferences.

1.4 括号

很多人喜欢把相关的、解释性的或举例的等意思写在括号里。这里需要知道一条规则,就是括号部分应该不算作句子的任何成分。换句话说,去掉括号里的内容,该语句同样完整,只是读起来被括号中断,类似上面所说的逗号分割的情况。

如果用括号将独立的一句话或短语包围,则句号应该放在右括号的前面。

1.5 引号

论文中,有时需要引用别人说过的话,或者出版物发表过的陈述。

正式文档作为例证时,引导出这类文档的引用句应该由冒号结束,如:

The experiment guideline is: "Download the two image files img1.jpg and img2.jpg."

如果引用句正好在宾语的位置,就可以用逗号结束引导句,如:

Sky says, "The point digs itself into the plane."

如果被引用的是一段话,则引导句以冒号结束后换行,被引用的段落可以不用引号,但最好用斜体,如:

In his book entitled "Point and Line to Plane"(1926), Kandinsky wrote:

        The point digs  itself into the plane.

1.6 修饰词

使用修饰词,常见的错误是修饰词的位置放得不对,造成误解或二义性,如:

All the switches are not turned on.

到底是并非所有的switches都turned on(即,有的on,有的off),还是所有的switches都没有turned on(即,没有一个on)?

如果是前者:Not all the switches are turned on.

如果是后者:None of the switches is turned on.

类似地,

The facility is only accessible to us this year.

这里的only是修饰us还是修饰this year?

如果是前者:The facility is accessible this year only to us.

如果是后者:The facility is accessible to us only this year.

这两个语句意思显然不同。

1.7 动词短语

使用动词短语可以避免主语的重复。换句话说,一个语句前的动词短语,其主语应该和该语句的主语一样,只是被省略了,如:

Using a visualization approach, we are able to present the concept intuitively.

两部分主语都是we.

1.8限定性和非限定性定语从句

A popular curve algorithm, known as B-spline, draws a smooth curve consisting of many curve segments.                                                                       

这个从句是限定性的。限定性意指:如果将该子句删除,整个句子就失去意义了。在此情况下,不应该前后加逗号。

非限定性从句,则应该由逗号前后分割,删除从句和逗号后,句子依然成立。

The B-spline alogorithm, which is popular in computer-aided design applications, draws a smooth curve consisting of many curve segments.

The participants, who came from three different schools, took the experiment seriously.

这里的从句只起到对主句补充说明的作用,所以从句与主句也可以写成两个独立的语句:

The B-spline alogorithm  is popular in computer-aided design applications. Its draws a smooth curve consisting of many curve segments.

The participants came from three different schools. They took the experiment seriously.

1.9 肯定与否定

使用肯定形式使语句直截了当,避免否定形式、拖泥带水和犹豫不决的说法,比如:

Sofatware maintenance is not an easy and cheap task.

就不如:

Software maintenance is a challenging and costly task.

再如:

The system is not fast enough to process a large number of images in real-time.

就不如:

The system is too slow to process a large number of images in real-time.

在科技写作中,尤其不要使用带感情色彩的负面形容词,如:

The system is terribly slow and cannot process a large number of images in real-time.

这里的terribly不应该有。但是用extremely和very,虽然感情因素少了,但不仅不准确而且多余,可以删除。类似的词,还有certainly。

有时负面情绪比not更直接、斩钉截铁,如

The program could not return correct results.

就不如:

The program failed to return correct results.

1.10 主动与被动语态

主动语态通常比被动语态更直接、更严谨。尤其科技英语中。被动语态往往会产生二义性,比如:

Our approach uses call graphs to represent program behavior.

显然比

Call graphs are used to represent program behavior by our approach.强很多。不仅直截了当,而且简练。如果为了简练,将被动句后by our approach去掉,则会出现二义性或误解,即,谁、哪个方法或哪个工作用call graph来表示program behavior?

科技论文中不该用第一人称,即 I,作为主语。所以很多情况下,主语是we。问题是,为了避免被动语态,不得不重复使用we。但太多的语句用we起始又显得单调和乏味。有时也可以用our work或our approach等说法代替。在没有必要特指谁的情况下,可以用中性词one当主语,比如:

Comparing the two painting in Figure1,one may observe their similarity in style.

另外,为了减少使用we:给自己的工作(方法或系统)起个名称,然后在很多需要用we的情况下,就直接使用该名称(当然它应该是第三人称)。

在上下文很清楚的情况下,被动语态有时可能会更精简,所以可以少量用一些被动语态。但中国学生在用被动语态时,常犯一个错误,就是把整个动作语句写作主语,谓语动词完全只是起到完成句子的作用,比如:

A survey on this direction of research was made by Smith[1] in 2010.

这里的made只是为了使这个语句完整。显然写成,

This direction of research was surveyed by Smith[1] in 2010.更精简。

但是需要避免一个被动语态影响另一个被动语态,例如:

The "Finish" button is not allowed to be pressed in the middle of the experiment.

可以写成:

Pressing the "Finish" button in the middle of the experiment is prohibited.

或者:

It is prohibited to press the "Finish" button in the middle of the experiment.(不如上面的写法)

有些情况下,被动语态完全没有必要,如:

The algorithm has been proven to be run in polynomial time

可以写成:

The algorithm has been proven to run in polynomial time.

1.11 时态

写科技论文时,最好都用现在时只有在回顾相关工作时,可以采用过去时,但也同样可以用现在时。但无论用什么时态,一定要保持一致,不要在一段或一节里用不同的时态

介绍操作时,尽量不要用进行时或将来时。

1.12 单数与复数

很多人在统指某人时,喜欢用they,而上下文分明指的是单数。

比如:

Everybody needs to provide their name.(错)

应该写成:

Everybody needs to provide his or her name.

再如:

Each person first states which city they were born.(错)

应该写成:

Each person first states which city he or she was born.

1.13 比较级

没有比较时,也就是没必要用than时,不要写more,否则more的作用和意思与less没什么区别。

1.14 平行结构和排比句

平行结构的几个语句应该写成类似句法,比如:

Ten years ago,Java was a favorite programming language,while now people prefer Python.(不好)

可以写成:

Ten years ago,Java was a favorite programming language; now Python is preferred.

这种并行原理同样适合多个并行词组的写法,如:

The button,the checkbox,menu and scrollbar(错)

应该写成:

The button,checkbox,menu and scrollbar.

或者:

The button,the checkbox,the menu and the scrollbar(不如上面简练).

再如:

In Figure 1,Figure 3,and in Figure 5.(错)

应该写成:

In Figure 1,Figure 3 and Figure 5,或更简练 In Figures 1,3 and 5。

或者:

In Figure 1 ,in Figure 3 and in Figure 5(不如上面简练)。

也就是说,第一个词加以冠词或介词,后面的都不加;或者后面的词都加,不能有的加,有的不加。

这种一致性结构的原则同样适用于连词(如both, and; either, or; not, but; first, second, third等)相连的词组,比如:

It is presented either as a pie chart ,or a bar chart.(错)

应该改为:

It is presented as either a pie chart, or a bar chart.

也就是把词的顺序调换一下即可。

再如:

It is both a clear illustration and precise.(错)

完全不是并列句形式,所以应该改为:

The illustration is both clear and precise.

如果有三个以上平行句或多词组合,可以用要点形式(bullet points);如果有很多并行词组或项目,建议用表格罗列。总之,科技论文以清晰、精准和易读为准绳。

1.15 英式英语与美式英语

英式英语和美式英语在发音和拼写上都有不少区别。澳大利亚英语虽然发音与英式和美式都不同,但书面上与英式一样。这里不考虑发音区别和日常用语上的区别,表中列出一些最典型的科技英语中可能见到的词汇的差异(比日常生活中用法差异小多了),供参考。

英式英语与美式英语对照
英式英语 美式英语
centre center
colour color
neighbour neighbor
-ise(如:organise) -ize(如:organize)

无论使用美式英语还是英式英语,在一篇文章中应只用一种,不要混合使用。可以借助Microsoft Word或LaTex文本编辑器里美式英语和英式英语字典来达到统一。

通常科技领域的会议和期刊不会要求一定得用美式英语或英式英语。

[1]张康. 英文科技论文写作与发表[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2020.

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转载自blog.csdn.net/aaaccc444/article/details/132616638