OpenGL 光照贴图

企业开发 2023-06-25 07:02:39 阅读次数: 0

1.简介

现实世界中的物体通常并不只包含有一种材质，而是由多种材质所组成。想想一辆汽车：它的外壳非常有光泽，车窗会部分反射周围的环境，轮胎不会那么有光泽，所以它没有镜面高光，轮毂非常闪亮。

2.漫反射贴图

用一张覆盖物体的图像，让我们能够逐片段索引其独立的颜色值，它是一个表现了物体所有的漫反射颜色的纹理图像。

这次我们会将纹理储存为Material结构体中的一个sampler2D。我们将之前定义的vec3漫反射颜色向量替换为漫反射贴图。移除了环境光材质颜色向量，因为环境光颜色在几乎所有情况下都等于漫反射颜色，所以我们不需要将它们分开储存：

struct Material {
    sampler2D diffuse;
    vec3      specular;
    float     shininess;
}; 
...
in vec2 TexCoords;

接下来我们只需要从纹理中采样片段的漫反射颜色值即可：

    vec3 diffuseTexColor = vec3(texture(material.diffuse,TexCoords));

    //diffuse
    vec3 norm = normalize(outNormal);
    vec3 lightDir = normalize(lightPos - FragPos);
    float diff = max(dot(norm, lightDir), 0.0);
    vec3 diffuse = light.diffuse * diff * diffuseTexColor;

不要忘记将环境光的材质颜色设置为漫反射材质颜色同样的值。

    //ambinet
    vec3 ambient = light.ambient * diffuseTexColor;

3.镜面光贴图

你可能会注意到，镜面高光看起来有些奇怪，因为我们的物体大部分都是木头，我们知道木头不应该有这么强的镜面高光的。我们可以将物体的镜面光材质设置为vec3(0.0)来解决这个问题，但这也意味着箱子钢制的边框将不再能够显示镜面高光了，我们知道钢铁应该是有一些镜面高光的。

我们同样可以使用一个专门用于镜面高光的纹理贴图。这也就意味着我们需要生成一个黑白的纹理，来定义物体每部分的镜面光强度。

由于箱子大部分都由木头所组成，而且木头材质应该没有镜面高光，所以漫反射纹理的整个木头部分全部都转换成了黑色。箱子钢制边框的镜面光强度是有细微变化的，钢铁本身会比较容易受到镜面高光的影响，而裂缝则不会。

接下来更新片段着色器的材质属性，让其接受一个sampler2D而不是vec3作为镜面光分量：

struct Material {
    sampler2D diffuse;
    sampler2D specular;
    float     shininess;
};

4.示例 

#include "myopenglwidget.h"
#include <QMatrix4x4>
#include <QTime>
#include <QTimer>
#include <math.h>
#include <QDebug>

float vertices[] = {
    // positions          // normals           // texture coords
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,   0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,   1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,   1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,   1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,   0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,   0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f
};

GLuint indices[] = {
    0, 1, 3,
    1, 2, 3
};


GLuint VBO, VAO,EBO,lightVAO;
GLuint shaderProgram;

QVector3D lightPos(1.2f,1.0f,2.0f);
QVector3D lightColor(1.0f,1.0f,1.0f);
QVector3D objectColor(1.0f,0.5f,0.31f);

QTimer *timer;
QTime gtime;

QVector<QVector3D> cubePositions = {
  QVector3D( 0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),
  QVector3D( 2.0f,  5.0f, -15.0f),
  QVector3D(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
  QVector3D(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
  QVector3D( 2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
  QVector3D(-1.7f,  3.0f, -7.5f),
  QVector3D( 1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
  QVector3D( 1.5f,  2.0f, -2.5f),
  QVector3D( 1.5f,  0.2f, -1.5f),
  QVector3D(-1.3f,  1.0f, -1.5f)
};

float fov = 45.0f;

MyOpenGLWidget::MyOpenGLWidget(QWidget *parent)
    : QOpenGLWidget(parent)
{
    cameraPos = QVector3D( 0.0f,  0.0f,  5.0f);//摄像机位置
    cameraTarget = QVector3D( 0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f);//摄像机看到的位置
    cameraDirection = QVector3D(cameraPos - cameraTarget);//摄像机的方向
    cameraDirection.normalize();

    up = QVector3D(0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f);
    cameraRight = QVector3D::crossProduct(up,cameraDirection);//两个向量叉乘的结果会同时垂直于两向量，因此我们会得到指向x轴正方向的那个向量
    cameraRight.normalize();

    cameraUp = QVector3D::crossProduct(cameraDirection,cameraRight);
    cameraFront = QVector3D( 0.0f,  0.0f,  -1.0f);

    timer = new QTimer();
    timer->start(50);
    gtime.start();
    connect(timer,&QTimer::timeout,[=]{
        update();
    });

    setFocusPolicy(Qt::StrongFocus);
    //setMouseTracking(true);


}

void MyOpenGLWidget::initializeGL()
{
    initializeOpenGLFunctions();

    m_program = new QOpenGLShaderProgram();
    m_program->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Vertex,":/shapes.vert");
    m_program->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Fragment,":/shapes.frag");
    m_program->link();
    qDebug()<<m_program->log();

    m_lightProgram = new QOpenGLShaderProgram();
    m_lightProgram->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Vertex,":/light.vert");
    m_lightProgram->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Fragment,":/light.frag");
    m_lightProgram->link();


    glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);

    glBindVertexArray(VAO);//绑定VAO
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);//顶点缓冲对象的缓冲类型是GL_ARRAY_BUFFER
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);//把顶点数据复制到缓冲的内存中GL_STATIC_DRAW ：数据不会或几乎不会改变。

    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(3*sizeof(GLfloat)));
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

    glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(6*sizeof(GLfloat)));
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);

    glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);


    glGenVertexArrays(1, &lightVAO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);

    glBindVertexArray(lightVAO);//绑定VAO
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);//顶点缓冲对象的缓冲类型是GL_ARRAY_BUFFER
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);//把顶点数据复制到缓冲的内存中GL_STATIC_DRAW ：数据不会或几乎不会改变。

    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);


    m_program->bind();
    m_program->setUniformValue("lightPos",lightPos);
    m_program->setUniformValue("viewPos",cameraPos);
    m_program->setUniformValue("material.shininess", 32.0f);

    m_diffseTexture = new QOpenGLTexture(QImage(":/container2.png").mirrored());
    m_program->setUniformValue("material.diffuse",0);

    m_specularTexture = new QOpenGLTexture(QImage(":/container2_specular.png").mirrored());
    m_program->setUniformValue("material.specular",1);

    m_lightProgram->bind();
    m_lightProgram->setUniformValue("lightColor",lightColor);

    glBindVertexArray(0);//解绑VAO


}

void MyOpenGLWidget::paintGL()
{
    glClearColor(0.2f,0.3f,0.3f,1.0f);
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

    QMatrix4x4 model;
    QMatrix4x4 view;
    float time = gtime.elapsed()/50.0;
    //int time = QTime::currentTime().msec();

    QMatrix4x4 projection;
    projection.perspective(fov,(float)( width())/(height()),0.1,100);

    view.lookAt(cameraPos,cameraPos + cameraFront,up);

    m_program->bind();
    m_program->setUniformValue("projection",projection);
    m_program->setUniformValue("view",view);
    lightColor.setX(sin(time/100 * 2.0f));
    lightColor.setY(sin(time/100 * 0.7f));
    lightColor.setZ(sin(time/100 * 1.3f));
    QVector3D diffuseColor = QVector3D(0.3f,0.3f,0.3f);
    QVector3D ambinetColor = QVector3D(0.7f,0.7f,0.7f);
    m_program->setUniformValue("light.ambient",  ambinetColor);
    m_program->setUniformValue("light.diffuse",  diffuseColor); // 将光照调暗了一些以搭配场景
    m_program->setUniformValue("light.specular", QVector3D(1.0,1.0,1.0));
    m_diffseTexture->bind(0);
    m_specularTexture->bind(1);
    glBindVertexArray(VAO);//绑定VAO


    model.rotate(time,1.0f,1.0f,0.5f);
    m_program->setUniformValue("model",model);
    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES,0,36);

    m_lightProgram->bind();
    m_lightProgram->setUniformValue("projection",projection);
    m_lightProgram->setUniformValue("view",view);
    //m_lightProgram->setUniformValue("lightColor",lightColor);

    model.setToIdentity();
    model.translate(lightPos);
    model.rotate(1.0f,1.0f,5.0f,0.5f);
    model.scale(0.2);
    m_lightProgram->setUniformValue("model",model);

    glBindVertexArray(lightVAO);//绑定VAO
    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES,0,36);

//    foreach(auto pos , cubePositions)
//    {
//        model.setToIdentity();
//        model.translate(pos);
//        //model.rotate(time,1.0f,5.0f,3.0f);
//        m_program->setUniformValue("model",model);
//        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES,0,36);
//    }

}

void MyOpenGLWidget::resizeGL(int w, int h)
{

}

void MyOpenGLWidget::keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *event)
{
    qDebug()<<event->key();
    cameraSpeed = 2.5 * 100 / 1000.0;
    switch (event->key()) {
    case Qt::Key_W:{
        cameraPos += cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
    }
        break;
    case Qt::Key_S:{
        cameraPos -= cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
    }
        break;
    case Qt::Key_A:{
        cameraPos -= cameraSpeed * cameraRight;
    }
        break;
    case Qt::Key_D:{
        cameraPos += cameraSpeed * cameraRight;
    }
        break;
    default:
        break;

    }
    update();
}
float PI = 3.1415926;
QPoint deltaPos;
void MyOpenGLWidget::mouseMoveEvent(QMouseEvent *event)
{
//    static float yaw = -90;
//    static float pitch = 0;
//    static QPoint lastPos(width()/2,height()/2);
//    auto currentPos = event->pos();
//    deltaPos = currentPos-lastPos;
//    lastPos=currentPos;
//    float sensitivity = 0.1f;
//    deltaPos *= sensitivity;
//    yaw += deltaPos.x();
//    pitch -= deltaPos.y();
//    if(pitch > 89.0f) pitch = 89.0f;
//    if(pitch < -89.0f) pitch = -89.0f;
//    cameraFront.setX(cos(yaw*PI/180.0) * cos(pitch *PI/180));
//    cameraFront.setY(sin(pitch*PI/180));
//    cameraFront.setZ(sin(yaw*PI/180) * cos(pitch *PI/180));
//    cameraFront.normalize();
//    update();
}

void MyOpenGLWidget::wheelEvent(QWheelEvent *event)
{
    if(fov >= 1.0f && fov <= 75.0f)
        fov -= event->angleDelta().y()/120;
    if(fov <= 1.0f)
        fov = 1.0f;
    if(fov >= 75.0f)
        fov = 75.0f;

    update();
}

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