科研写作——常见句式（八）

回顾文献

对相关文献的评价

1. Much of the literature on X perpetuates out-of-date notions of …
   许多关于 x 的文献都延续了过时的概念…。
2. Much of the literature on X focusses on …
   大部分关于 x 的文献都集中在… …。
3. The academic literature on X has revealed the emergence of several contrasting themes.
   关于 x 的学术文献揭示了几个对比鲜明的主题的出现。
4. Much of the literature on X has emphasised the importance of …
   许多关于 x 的文献都强调了… … 的重要性。
5. Much of the literature on X seems to have been based on …
   许多关于 x 的文献似乎都是基于… …。
6. The greater part of the literature on X acknowledges …
   关于 x 的大部分文献承认… …。
7. The greater part of the literature on X ignores …
   大部分关于 x 的文献忽略了… …。
8. Much of the literature on X acknowledges …
   许多关于 x 的文献都承认… …。
9. Much of the literature on X lacks clarity regarding …
   许多关于 x 的文献缺乏关于… … 的明确性。
10. The greater part of the literature on X focusses on …
    大部分关于 x 的文献集中在…。
11. Much of the literature on X ignores …
    许多关于 x 的文献忽略了… …。
12. The greater part of the literature on X comes from …
    关于 x 的大部分文献来自…。
13. Different theories exist in the literature regarding …
    关于… … ，文献中存在着不同的理论。
14. More recent attention has focused on the provision of …
    最近的注意力集中在提供… …。
15. A great deal of previous research into X has focused on …
    以前对 x 的大量研究都集中在… …。
16. The greater part of the literature on X seems to have been based on …
    关于 x 的大部分文献似乎都是基于…。
17. Much of the literature on X is exploratory in nature.
    许多关于 x 的文献本质上是探索性的。
18. The greater part of the literature on X has emphasised the importance of …
    大部分关于 x 的文献都强调了… … 的重要性。
19. Much of the literature on X is extensive and focuses particularly on …
    许多关于 x 的文献是广泛的，尤其集中在…。
20. The greater part of the literature on X is exploratory in nature.
    大部分关于 x 的文献都是探索性的。
21. Much of the literature concerns X rather than Y.
    许多文献关注的是 x 而不是 y。
22. A large and growing body of literature has investigated …
    大量的、不断增长的文献调查了…。
23. Much of the current literature on X pays particular attention to …
    当前许多关于 x 的文献特别注意…。
24. There is a relatively small body of literature that is concerned with …
    只有相对较少的文献涉及…。
25. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies …
    关于 x 的研究已经发表了大量的文献。这些研究…。
26. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how …
    我们对 x 的了解很大程度上是基于实证研究，调查如何…。
27. There are relatively few historical studies in the area of …
    关于… 的历史研究相对较少。
28. Much of the literature on X is concerned with …
    许多关于 x 的文献都与… 有关。
29. Much of the literature on X pays particular attention to …
    许多关于 x 的文献特别注意…。
30. Much of the literature on X takes as its focus …
    许多关于 x 的文学作品都把它作为焦点… …。
31. The greater part of the literature on X is extensive and focuses particularly on …
    关于 x 的大部分文献是广泛的，尤其集中在…。
32. The greater part of the literature on X takes as its focus …
    大部分关于 x 的文学作品都把焦点放在…。
33. The greater part of the literature on X perpetuates out-of-date notions of …
    大部分关于 x 的文献都延续了过时的概念…。
34. The greater part of the literature on X pays particular attention to …
    关于 x 的大部分文献都特别注意…。
35. Much of the literature on X is descriptive.
    许多关于 x 的文献都是描述性的。
36. The greater part of the literature on X is concerned with …
    关于 x 的大部分文献都与… 有关。
37. The greater part of the literature on X is descriptive.
    关于 x 的文献大部分是描述性的。
38. The literature on X has highlighted several …
    关于 x 的文献已经强调了几个…。
39. Much of the literature since the mid-1990s emphasises the …
    上世纪90年代中期以来的许多文献都强调… …。
40. There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of …
    有大量已发表的研究报告描述了… … 的作用。
41. The existing literature on X is extensive and focuses particularly on …
    现有的关于 x 的文献非常广泛，尤其侧重于…。
42. The greater part of the literature on X lacks clarity regarding …
    大部分关于 x 的文献缺乏清晰的关于…。
43. Much of the literature on X comes from …
    很多关于 x 的文献都来自… …。

从历史的角度评论

1. For many years, this phenomenon was surprisingly neglected by …
   多年来，这一现象令人惊讶地被… … 所忽视。
2. Only in the past ten years have studies of X directly addressed how …
   只有在过去的十年里，x 的研究直接解决了如何… …。
3. During the past 30 years, much more information has become available on …
   在过去的30年里，更多关于… 的信息已经出现。
4. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with …
   关于 x 的第一次严肃的讨论和分析出现在20世纪70年代。
5. Historically, research investigating the factors associated with X has focused on …
   历史上，研究 x 相关因素的研究主要集中在…。
6. An extensive series of randomised, controlled trials in the late 1970s demonstrated …
   上世纪70年代末，一系列广泛的随机对照试验证明了… …。
7. Around the early 1960s, small-scale research and case studies began to emerge linking the use of …
   大约在20世纪60年代初期，开始出现小规模的研究和个案研究，将… … 的使用联系起来。
8. Over the past decade, most research in X has emphasised the use of …
   在过去的十年里，x 领域的大多数研究都强调使用… …。
9. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on …
   近年来，关于… 的文献越来越多。
10. Over the past two decades, major advances in molecular biology have allowed …
    在过去的二十年里，分子生物学的重大进展使得…。
11. The construct of X was first articulated by Smith (1977) and popularised in his book: …
    X 的结构最早由史密斯(1977年)提出，并在他的书中广为流传: …。
12. Awareness of X is not recent, having possibly first been described in the 5th century BCE by …
    对 x 的认识并不是最近才出现的，可能是在公元前5世纪由…。
13. Research into X has a long history.
    对 x 的研究有着悠久的历史。
14. Prior to the work of Smith (1983), the role of X was largely unknown.
    在史密斯(1983)的工作之前，x 的作用很大程度上是未知的。
15. Early examples of research into X include … (Smith, 1962; Jones, 1974).
    关于 x 的早期研究包括… … (史密斯，1962; 琼斯，1974)。
16. It is only since the work of Smith (2001) that the study of X has gained momentum.
    只是在史密斯(2001)的工作之后，x 的研究才有了动力。
17. It was not until the late 1960s that historians considered X worthy of scholarly attention.
    直到20世纪60年代末，历史学家才认为 x 值得学术关注。

之前研究做了什么

1. What we know about X is largely based upon experimental studies that investigate how …
   我们对 x 的了解很大程度上是基于实验研究，调查如何…。
2. What we know about X is largely based upon simulation studies that investigate how …
   我们对 x 的了解很大程度上是基于模拟研究，调查如何…。
3. The research to date has been qualitative in nature.
   迄今为止的研究都是定性的。
4. The research to date has been undertaken in a variety of healthcare settings.
   迄今为止，这项研究已经在各种医疗机构进行。
5. Recent studies have been based on relatively small sample sizes.
   最近的研究基于相对较小的样本量。
6. The research to date has been designed to determine whether …
   迄今为止的研究旨在确定是否…。
7. Several lines of evidence suggest that …
   一些证据表明…。
8. It is now well established from a variety of studies that …
   通过各种各样的研究，现在已经证实…。
9. There is a consensus among social scientists that … (e.g. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; …
   在社会科学家中有一个共识… … (例如: 琼斯，1987; 约翰逊，1990; … …。
10. It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to … (Smith, 1998; …).
    有证据表明，大量摄入 x 导致损害… (史密斯，1998; …)。
11. Up to now, several studies have linked X with Y.
    到目前为止，一些研究已经把 x 和 y 联系在一起。
12. Thus far, a number of studies have revealed a correlation between X and Y.
    到目前为止，许多研究已经揭示了 x 和 y 之间的相互关系。
13. Up to now, previous studies have demonstrated that …
    到目前为止，先前的研究已经证明…。
14. To date, a number of studies have identified a link between …
    到目前为止，许多研究已经确定了… … 和… … 之间的联系。
15. Up to now, several studies have found …
    到目前为止，一些研究已经发现…。
16. Thus far, previous studies have examined the association between …
    到目前为止，先前的研究已经检验了…。
17. Up to now, a number of studies have analysed the accuracy and precision of …
    到目前为止，许多研究已经分析了… … 的准确与精密。
18. Thus far, a number of studies have used longitudinal data to examine …
    到目前为止，许多研究已经使用纵向数据来检验…。
19. Xs have been studied extensively in vitro, using …
    已在体外进行了广泛的研究，使用…。
20. X has been intensively investigated recently due to its …
    近年来，由于 x 的特殊性，对其进行了深入的研究。
21. Markers for the prediction of X have been widely investigated.
    X 的预测标记已经得到了广泛的研究。
22. Factors thought to be influencing X have been explored in several studies.
    一些研究已经探讨了被认为影响 x 的因素。
23. X appears to be positively related to both Y and Z (Smith, 2010; Jones, 2011).
    X 似乎与 y 和 z 都呈正相关(Smith，2010; Jones，2011)。
24. The causes of X have been widely investigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994).
    X 的原因已经被广泛调查(琼斯，1987; 约翰逊，1990; 史密斯，1994)。
25. Several systematic reviews of X have been undertaken.
    已经对 x 进行了几次系统的审查。
26. What we know about X is largely based on observational studies.
    我们对 x 的了解主要是基于观察性研究。
27. There are a number of large cross-sectional studies which suggest …
    有大量的横断面研究表明…。
28. Publications that concentrate on X more frequently adopt a historical or chronological approach …
    更多集中于 x 的出版物通常采用历史或时间顺序的方法…。
29. To date, several studies have reported …
    迄今为止，一些研究已经报道了… …。
30. Thus far, several studies have reported …
    到目前为止，一些研究报告说… …。
31. Thus far, several studies have confirmed the effectiveness of …
    到目前为止，已有多项研究证实了该方法的有效性。
32. Thus far, several studies have highlighted factors that are associated with …
    到目前为止，一些研究已经强调了与… 有关的因素。
33. Up to now, several studies have shown that…
    到目前为止，一些研究表明…。
34. Thus far, a number of studies have reported …
    到目前为止，许多研究报告说… …。
35. To date, several studies have indicated that …
    到目前为止，一些研究表明…。
36. Up to now, a number of studies have demonstrated that …
    到目前为止，许多研究表明…。
37. Thus far, a number of studies have found …
    到目前为止，许多研究已经发现…。
38. To date, a number of studies have found …
    迄今为止，许多研究已经发现… …。
39. To date, previous studies have found …
    迄今为止，先前的研究已经发现…。
40. Thus far, previous studies have revealed a correlation between X and Y.
    到目前为止，先前的研究已经揭示了 x 和 y 之间的相关性。
41. To date, a number of studies have reported …
    到目前为止，许多研究报告说… …。
42. Up to now, a number of studies have suggested that …
    到目前为止，许多研究表明…。
43. Thus far, several studies have identified a link between …
    到目前为止，一些研究已经确定了… … 和… … 之间的联系。
44. To date, a number of studies have suggested that …
    到目前为止，许多研究表明…。
45. To date, previous studies have linked X with Y.
    迄今为止，先前的研究已经将 x 和 y 联系在一起。
46. Thus far, previous studies have demonstrated that …
    到目前为止，先前的研究已经证明… …。
47. Thus far, previous studies have linked X with Y.
    到目前为止，先前的研究已经把 x 和 y 联系起来了。
48. Up to now, previous studies have reported …
    到目前为止，先前的研究报道…。
49. To date, several studies have revealed a correlation between X and Y.
    迄今为止，一些研究已经揭示了 x 和 y 之间的相互关系。
50. Thus far, several studies have suggested that …
    到目前为止，一些研究表明… …。
51. Thus far, previous studies have found …
    到目前为止，先前的研究已经发现…。
52. Up to now, previous studies have shown that…
    到目前为止，先前的研究已经表明…。
53. Thus far, a number of studies have suggested that …
    到目前为止，许多研究表明… …。
54. Up to now, previous studies have suggested that …
    到目前为止，先前的研究表明…。
55. Up to now, previous studies have identified a link between …
    到目前为止，先前的研究已经确定了… … 和… … 之间的联系。
56. Thus far, several studies have found …
    到目前为止，一些研究已经发现…。
57. To date, a number of studies have indicated that …
    到目前为止，许多研究表明…。
58. Thus far, previous studies have suggested that …
    到目前为止，先前的研究表明…。
59. Thus far, previous studies have shown that…
    到目前为止，先前的研究表明… …。
60. To date, previous studies have reported …
    迄今为止，先前的研究已经报道… …。
61. To date, a number of studies have confirmed the effectiveness of …
    到目前为止，许多研究已经证实了…。
62. Thus far, a number of studies have linked X with Y.
    到目前为止，许多研究已经把 x 和 y 联系起来了。
63. Previous studies of X have identified …
    先前对 x 的研究已经确定了…。
64. Previous surveys of X have reported …
    先前的 x 调查报告显示…。
65. Several studies of X have revealed …
    一些关于 x 的研究表明…。
66. Previous studies of X have revealed …
    先前对 x 的研究表明…。
67. Several surveys of X have reported …
    一些关于 x 的调查报告说… …。
68. Several surveys of X have revealed …
    一些对 x 的调查显示…。
69. Previous studies of X have established …
    先前对 x 的研究已经证实…。
70. Several studies of X have found …
    一些关于 x 的研究发现…。
71. Several studies of X have shown significant increases in …
    一些关于 x 的研究已经显示出… … 的显著增加。
72. Several surveys of X have identified …
    一些关于 x 的调查已经确定了…。
73. A number of studies have begun to examine …
    许多研究已经开始考察… …。
74. At least 120 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between …
    全世界至少有120个病例对照研究调查了…。
75. To date, several studies have tested the efficacy of …
    到目前为止，已有多项研究测试了…。
76. To date, several studies have examined the association between …
    迄今为止，一些研究已经检验了… … 之间的联系。
77. Thus far, a number of studies have investigated the effects of…
    到目前为止，已有许多研究调查了…。
78. Up to now, several studies have examined the association between …
    到目前为止，已有多项研究检验了…。
79. To date, previous studies have analysed the accuracy and precision of …
    到目前为止，先前的研究已经分析了… … 的准确与精密。
80. Up to now, several studies have tested the efficacy of …
    到目前为止，已有多项研究证实了该药的有效性。
81. Thus far, previous studies have analysed the accuracy and precision of …
    到目前为止，先前的研究已经分析了… … 的准确与精密。
82. To date, a number of studies have explored the relationships between X and Y.
    迄今为止，许多研究已经探索了 x 和 y 之间的关系。
83. To date, several studies have investigated the effects of…
    到目前为止，已有多项研究调查了…。
84. Up to now, previous studies have examined the association between …
    到目前为止，先前的研究已经检验了…。
85. Thus far, previous studies have attempted to evaluate the impact of …
    到目前为止，以往的研究都试图评估…。
86. To date, previous studies have explored the relationships between X and Y.
    迄今为止，先前的研究已经探索了 x 和 y 之间的关系。
87. Thus far, several studies have tested the efficacy of …
    到目前为止，已有多项研究证实了该药的有效性。
88. Thus far, a number of studies have attempted to evaluate the impact of …
    到目前为止，已有许多研究试图评价…。
89. Thus far, previous studies have explored the relationships between X and Y.
    到目前为止，先前的研究已经探索了 x 和 y 之间的关系。
90. Thus far, a number of studies have analysed the accuracy and precision of …
    到目前为止，许多研究已经分析了… … 的准确与精密。
91. Thus far, previous studies have used longitudinal data to examine …
    到目前为止，以往的研究都是利用纵向数据来检验…。
92. Up to now, several studies have analysed the accuracy and precision of …
    到目前为止，一些研究已经分析了… … 的准确与精密。
93. The geology of X has been addressed in several small-scale investigations and …
    在几次小规模调查中，对 x 的地质特征进行了研究。
94. The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, …
    X 和 y 之间的关系已被广泛研究(史密斯，1985; 琼斯，1987，…。
95. Most researchers investigating X have utilised …
    大多数研究 x 的研究人员利用了… …。
96. The majority of previous studies on X are based on …
    以往对 x 的大多数研究都是基于…。
97. Historians have attempted to interpret X in the light of …
    历史学家试图根据… … 来解释 x。
98. The vast majority of studies on X have been quantitative.
    绝大多数关于 x 的研究都是定量的。
99. Much of the previous research on X has been exploratory in nature.
    以前对 x 的研究大部分都是探索性的。
100. Much of the X research has focused on identifying and evaluating the …
     大部分的 x 研究都集中在识别和评估…。
101. What we know about X is largely based upon observational studies that investigate how …
     我们对 x 的了解很大程度上是基于观察性研究，调查如何…。
102. What we know about X is largely based upon epidemiological studies that investigate how …
     我们对 x 的了解主要是基于流行病学研究，调查如何…。
103. What we know about X is largely based upon comparative studies that investigate how …
     我们对 x 的了解很大程度上是基于比较研究，调查如何…。
104. What we know about X is largely based upon case studies that investigate how …
     我们对 x 的了解很大程度上是基于案例研究，调查如何…。
105. Recent studies have been qualitative in nature.
     最近的研究本质上是定性的。
106. Recent studies have been undertaken in a variety of healthcare settings.
     最近的研究已经在各种医疗机构进行。
107. Recent studies have been designed to determine whether …
     最近的研究旨在确定是否…。
108. Recent studies have been largely exploratory.
     最近的研究主要是探索性的。
109. Recent studies have been conducted using …
     最近的研究是用…。
110. A number of studies have postulated a convergence between …
     许多研究假定了… … 和… … 之间的趋同。
111. Many recent studies (e.g. Smith, 2001; Jones, 2005) have shown that …
     许多最近的研究(例如 Smith，2001; Jones，2005)表明… …。
112. Traditionally, it has been argued that … (e.g. Smith, 1960; Jones, 1972).
     传统上，人们认为… … (例如史密斯，1960; 琼斯，1972)。
113. In previous studies on X, different variables have been found to be related to …
     在以往对 x 的研究中，发现不同的变量与… 有关。
114. Many historians have argued that … (e.g. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994).
     许多历史学家认为… … (例如: 琼斯，1987; 约翰逊，1990; 史密斯，1994)。
115. Data from several sources have identified the increased X and Y associated with obesity.
     来自几个来源的数据已经确定了与肥胖相关的 x 和 y 的增加。
116. Some cross-sectional studies suggest an association between X and Y (Smith, 2004; Jones, 2005).
     一些横断面研究表明 x 和 y 之间存在联系(Smith，2004; Jones，2005)。
117. There is a large number of published studies (e.g., Smith, 2001; …) that describe the link between …
     有大量已发表的研究(例如，史密斯，2001; …)描述了… … 之间的联系。
118. It has been thought that …
     有人认为…。
119. Up to now, previous studies have revealed a correlation between X and Y.
     到目前为止，先前的研究已经揭示了 x 和 y 之间的相关性。
120. Thus far, previous studies have indicated that …
     到目前为止，先前的研究已经表明…。
121. To date, several studies have confirmed the effectiveness of …
     到目前为止，已有多项研究证实了…。
122. To date, several studies have highlighted factors that are associated with …
     到目前为止，一些研究已经强调了与… 有关的因素。
123. Up to now, a number of studies have highlighted factors that are associated with …
     到目前为止，许多研究都强调了与… … 有关的因素。
124. Thus far, a number of studies have highlighted factors that are associated with …
     到目前为止，许多研究都强调了与… 有关的因素。
125. Previous surveys of X have shown significant increases in …
     先前对 x 的调查显示，在… …。
126. Several surveys of X have demonstrated …
     一些 x 的调查已经证明…。
127. Several investigations of X have demonstrated …
     对 x 的一些研究已经证明…。
128. Several investigations of X have established …
     对 x 的几项调查已经确定了…。
129. Previous investigations of X have found …
     先前对 x 的调查发现…。
130. Several investigations of X have revealed …
     对 x 的几项调查显示…。
131. Previous studies of X have demonstrated …
     先前对 x 的研究已经证明…。
132. Previous surveys of X have identified …
     先前对 x 的调查已经确定…。
133. Several surveys of X have shown significant increases in …
     一些对 x 的调查显示… … 有显著增加。
134. Previous investigations of X have identified …
     先前对 x 的调查已经确定…。
135. Several investigations of X have reported …
     一些关于 x 的调查报告说…。
136. Previous surveys of X have demonstrated …
     先前对 x 的调查已经证明…。
137. Several studies of X have reported …
     一些关于 x 的研究报道… …。
138. Previous investigations of X have demonstrated …
     先前对 x 的研究已经证明…。
139. Previous studies of X have shown significant increases in …
     先前对 x 的研究已经表明在… … 方面有显著的增长。
140. Up to now, several studies have attempted to evaluate the impact of …
     到目前为止，已有多项研究试图评价…。
141. To date, several studies have confirmed the effectiveness of …
     到目前为止，已有多项研究证实了…。
142. To date, several studies have highlighted factors that are associated with …
     到目前为止，一些研究已经强调了与… 有关的因素。
143. Up to now, a number of studies have highlighted factors that are associated with …
     到目前为止，许多研究都强调了与… … 有关的因素。
144. Thus far, a number of studies have highlighted factors that are associated with …
     到目前为止，许多研究都强调了与… 有关的因素。
145. Previous surveys of X have shown significant increases in …
     先前对 x 的调查显示，在… …。
146. Several surveys of X have demonstrated …
     一些 x 的调查已经证明…。
147. Several investigations of X have demonstrated …
     对 x 的一些研究已经证明…。
148. Several investigations of X have established …
     对 x 的几项调查已经确定了…。
149. Previous investigations of X have found …
     先前对 x 的调查发现…。
150. Several investigations of X have revealed …
     对 x 的几项调查显示…。
151. Previous studies of X have demonstrated …
     先前对 x 的研究已经证明…。
152. Previous surveys of X have identified …
     先前对 x 的调查已经确定…。
153. Several surveys of X have shown significant increases in …
     一些对 x 的调查显示… … 有显著增加。
154. Previous investigations of X have identified …
     先前对 x 的调查已经确定…。
155. Several investigations of X have reported …
     一些关于 x 的调查报告说…。
156. Previous surveys of X have demonstrated …
     先前对 x 的调查已经证明…。
157. Several studies of X have reported …
     一些关于 x 的研究报道… …。
158. Previous investigations of X have demonstrated …
     先前对 x 的研究已经证明…。
159. Previous studies of X have shown significant increases in …
     先前对 x 的研究已经表明在… … 方面有显著的增长。
160. Up to now, several studies have attempted to evaluate the impact of …
     到目前为止，已有多项研究试图评价…。
161. Up to now, previous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of …
     到目前为止，已有的研究证实了该方法的有效性。
162. To date, a number of studies have linked X with Y.
     迄今为止，许多研究已经将 x 与 y 联系起来。
163. Up to now, previous studies have indicated that …
     到目前为止，已有研究表明…。
164. To date, a number of studies have revealed a correlation between X and Y.
     迄今为止，许多研究已经揭示了 x 和 y 之间的相互关系。
165. Up to now, several studies have demonstrated that …
     到目前为止，一些研究已经证明…。
166. Up to now, a number of studies have identified a link between …
     到目前为止，许多研究已经确定了… … 和… … 之间的联系。
167. Up to now, several studies have identified a link between …
     到目前为止，一些研究已经确定了… … 之间的联系。
168. To date, previous studies have revealed a correlation between X and Y.
     迄今为止，先前的研究已经揭示了 x 和 y 之间的相互关系。
169. To date, previous studies have shown that…
     迄今为止，先前的研究已经表明…。
170. Up to now, previous studies have highlighted factors that are associated with …
     到目前为止，以往的研究已经强调了与… 有关的因素。
171. Up to now, previous studies have found …
     到目前为止，先前的研究已经发现…。
172. To date, previous studies have identified a link between …
     到目前为止，先前的研究已经确定了… … 之间的联系。
173. To date, several studies have linked X with Y.
     到目前为止，已有多项研究将 x 与 y 联系起来。
174. Thus far, several studies have indicated that …
     到目前为止，一些研究表明…。
175. To date, previous studies have highlighted factors that are associated with …
     迄今为止，先前的研究已经强调了与… … 相关的因素。
176. Previous investigations of X have shown significant increases in …
     先前对 x 的研究表明，在… … 中有显著的增长。
177. Several investigations of X have found …
     对 x 的几项调查发现…。
178. Several studies of X have established …
     一些关于 x 的研究已经证实了…。
179. Several studies of X have identified …
     一些关于 x 的研究已经确定了…。
180. Several surveys of X have found …
     对 x 的一些调查发现…。
181. Several studies have used longitudinal data to examine …
     一些研究使用了纵向数据来检验…。
182. Numerous studies have attempted to explain … (for example, Smith, 1996; Jones, 1998; …).
     许多研究试图解释… … (例如，史密斯，1996; 琼斯，1998; …)。
183. Up to now, a number of studies have used longitudinal data to examine …
     到目前为止，许多研究已经用纵向数据来检验…。
184. Up to now, a number of studies have investigated the effects of…
     到目前为止，已有许多研究探讨了…。
185. Up to now, several studies have used longitudinal data to examine …
     到目前为止，已有多项研究利用纵向数据检验…。
186. Thus far, several studies have used longitudinal data to examine …
     到目前为止，一些研究已经使用纵向数据来检验…。
187. Up to now, previous studies have investigated the effects of…
     到目前为止，已有的研究已经探讨了…。
188. To date, previous studies have examined the association between …
     迄今为止，先前的研究已经检验了… … 之间的联系。
189. Up to now, several studies have begun to examine the use of …
     到目前为止，一些研究已经开始检验…。
190. To date, previous studies have attempted to evaluate the impact of …
     到目前为止，先前的研究已经试图评估…。
191. To date, a number of studies have analysed the accuracy and precision of …
     到目前为止，许多研究已经分析了… … 的准确与精密。
192. Previous investigations of X have reported …
     先前对 x 的调查报告…。
193. Previous surveys of X have established …
     先前对 x 的调查已经确定…。
194. Several investigations of X have shown significant increases in …
     一些关于 x 的调查显示，在…。
195. Several studies of X have demonstrated …
     一些关于 x 的研究已经证明了…。
196. Several investigations of X have identified …
     对 x 的一些调查已经确定了…。
197. Several surveys of X have established …
     一些 x 的调查已经确定了…。
198. Previous investigations of X have revealed …
     先前对 x 的调查显示…。
199. To date, a number of studies have demonstrated that …
     到目前为止，许多研究已经证明…。
200. To date, previous studies have demonstrated that …
     到目前为止，先前的研究已经证明…。
201. To date, previous studies have suggested that …
     到目前为止，先前的研究表明…。
202. Up to now, a number of studies have indicated that …
     到目前为止，许多研究表明…。
203. Up to now, several studies have revealed a correlation between X and Y.
     到目前为止，一些研究已经揭示了 x 和 y 之间的相关性。
204. Thus far, a number of studies have identified a link between …
     到目前为止，许多研究已经确定了… … 和… … 之间的联系。
205. Up to now, several studies have reported …
     到目前为止，已有多项研究报道…。
206. Thus far, previous studies have identified a link between …
     到目前为止，先前的研究已经确定了… … 和… … 之间的联系。
207. To date, a number of studies have shown that…
     到目前为止，许多研究表明…。
208. Thus far, several studies have shown that…
     到目前为止，一些研究已经表明…。
209. Thus far, a number of studies have demonstrated that …
     到目前为止，许多研究已经证明… …。
210. Previous studies of X have reported …
     先前的研究已经报道过…。
211. Previous surveys of X have found …
     先前的 x 调查发现…。
212. Previous investigations of X have established …
     先前对 x 的调查已经确定…。
213. Previous surveys of X have revealed …
     先前的 x 调查显示…。
214. Previous studies of X have found …
     先前对 x 的研究发现…。
215. Thus far, previous studies have highlighted factors that are associated with …
     到目前为止，先前的研究已经强调了与… 有关的因素。
216. Up to now, several studies have confirmed the effectiveness of …
     到目前为止，已有多项研究证实了该方法的有效性。
217. To date, several studies have found …
     迄今为止，一些研究已经发现…。
218. Up to now, a number of studies have reported …
     到目前为止，许多研究报道…。
219. Thus far, several studies have linked X with Y.
     到目前为止，一些研究已经把 x 和 y 联系起来了。
220. Up to now, several studies have highlighted factors that are associated with …
     到目前为止，一些研究已经强调了与… 有关的因素。
221. Up to now, a number of studies have revealed a correlation between X and Y.
     到目前为止，许多研究揭示了 x 和 y 之间的相互关系。
222. Up to now, a number of studies have confirmed the effectiveness of …
     到目前为止，已有多项研究证实了该方法的有效性。
223. Thus far, several studies have revealed a correlation between X and Y.
     到目前为止，一些研究已经揭示了 x 和 y 之间的相关性。
224. Thus far, previous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of …
     到目前为止，已有的研究证实了该方法的有效性。
225. To date, several studies have suggested that …
     到目前为止，一些研究表明…。
226. Up to now, a number of studies have shown that…
     到目前为止，许多研究表明…。
227. To date, previous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of …
     迄今为止，已有研究证实了…。
228. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that …
     史密斯(1988)进行的调查显示… …。
229. Several biographies of Brown have been published. Smith (2013) presents …
     几本布朗的传记已经出版。史密斯(2013)出版…。
230. Recently, in vitro studies have shown that X can … (Smith et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998).
     最近，体外研究表明 x 可以… (Smith 等人，1997; Jones 等人，1998)。
231. Thus far, a number of studies have shown that…
     到目前为止，许多研究表明… …。
232. To date, a number of studies have highlighted factors that are associated with …
     迄今为止，许多研究已经强调了与… … 相关的因素。
233. Up to now, a number of studies have linked X with Y.
     到目前为止，已经有很多研究将 x 和 y 联系起来。
234. To date, several studies have shown that…
     到目前为止，一些研究表明…。
235. To date, several studies have demonstrated that …
     到目前为止，一些研究已经证明…。
236. To date, several studies have identified a link between …
     到目前为止，一些研究已经确定了… … 之间的联系。
237. Thus far, a number of studies have indicated that …
     到目前为止，许多研究表明…。
238. Up to now, several studies have suggested that …
     到目前为止，一些研究表明…。
239. Thus far, previous studies have reported …
     到目前为止，先前的研究报道… …。
240. To date, several studies have investigated …
     到目前为止，有几项研究已经调查… …。
241. Various studies have assessed the efficacy of …
     各种研究已经评估了…。
242. Researchers attempted to evaluate the impact of …
     研究人员试图评估… 的影响。
243. A great deal of previous research into X has focused on …
     以前对 x 的大量研究都集中在… …。
244. Previous studies have explored the relationships between X and Y.
     先前的研究已经探索了 x 和 y 之间的关系。
245. Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between …
     二十项队列研究分析检验了… …。
246. A number of authors have considered the effects of … (Smith, 2003; Jones, 2004).
     许多作者考虑了… 的影响(史密斯，2003; 琼斯，2004)。
247. Thus far, several studies have examined the association between …
     到目前为止，一些研究已经检验了…。
248. To date, a number of studies have tested the efficacy of …
     到目前为止，已有多项研究测试了…。
249. Up to now, previous studies have begun to examine the use of …
     到目前为止，以往的研究已经开始考察…。
250. Up to now, several studies have explored the relationships between X and Y.
     到目前为止，已有多项研究探讨了 x 与 y 之间的关系。
251. To date, a number of studies have begun to examine the use of …
     到目前为止，许多研究已经开始检验…。
252. Thus far, several studies have explored the relationships between X and Y.
     到目前为止，一些研究已经探索了 x 和 y 之间的关系。
253. Thus far, a number of studies have begun to examine the use of …
     到目前为止，许多研究已经开始检验…。
254. To date, a number of studies have examined the association between …
     到目前为止，许多研究已经检验了… … 和… … 之间的联系。
255. Up to now, a number of studies have attempted to evaluate the impact of …
     到目前为止，已有许多研究试图评价…。
256. To date, a number of studies have attempted to evaluate the impact of …
     到目前为止，已有许多研究试图评估…。
257. To date, previous studies have used longitudinal data to examine …
     到目前为止，先前的研究已经用纵向数据来检验…。
258. Thus far, previous studies have begun to examine the use of …
     到目前为止，先前的研究已经开始检验…。
259. Up to now, a number of studies have explored the relationships between X and Y.
     到目前为止，已有许多研究探讨了 x 与 y 之间的关系。
260. Thus far, several studies have attempted to evaluate the impact of …
     到目前为止，已有多项研究试图评价…。
261. The roles of X have been studied extensively (Jones, 1989; Johnson, 1994; Smith, 1998).
     X 的角色已被广泛研究(琼斯，1989; 约翰逊，1994; 史密斯，1998)。
262. X has been identified as a major contributing factor to the decline of many species of … (Smith, 2011).
     X 已经被确定为许多物种数量减少的主要影响因素。
263. Most research on X has been carried out in …
     大多数关于 x 的研究是在…。
264. Using this approach, researchers have been able to …
     使用这种方法，研究人员已经能够…。
265. Existing comparative studies are largely observational in nature, mostly relying on …
     现有的比较研究大多是观察性的，主要依靠…。
266. What we know about X is largely based upon longitudinal studies that investigate how …
     我们对 x 的了解很大程度上是基于纵向研究，调查如何…。
267. What we know about X is largely based upon laboratory studies that investigate how …
     我们对 x 的了解很大程度上是基于实验室研究，调查如何…。
268. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how …
     我们对 x 的了解很大程度上是基于实证研究，调查如何…。
269. What we know about X is largely based upon qualitative studies that investigate how …
     我们对 x 的了解很大程度上是基于定性研究，调查如何…。
270. What we know about X is largely based upon clinical studies that investigate how …
     我们对 x 的了解很大程度上是基于临床研究，调查如何…。
271. Recent studies have been carried out using …
     最近的研究是用…。
272. The research to date has been carried out using …
     迄今为止的研究已经用…。
273. The research to date has been conducted using …
     迄今为止的研究已经用…。
274. The research to date has been based on relatively small sample sizes.
     迄今为止的研究都是基于相对较小的样本量。
275. The research to date has been largely exploratory.
     迄今为止，这项研究主要是探索性的。
276. Recent evidence suggests that … (Smith, 1996; …).
     最近的证据表明… (史密斯，1996; …)。
277. Thus far, previous studies have investigated the effects of…
     到目前为止，已有的研究已经探讨了…。
278. Up to now, several studies have investigated the effects of…
     到目前为止，已有多项研究探讨了…。
279. Thus far, several studies have analysed the accuracy and precision of …
     到目前为止，一些研究已经分析了… … 的准确与精密。
280. To date, previous studies have begun to examine the use of …
     到目前为止，先前的研究已经开始检验…
281. Thus far, a number of studies have tested the efficacy of …
     到目前为止，已有多项研究证实了…。
282. To date, several studies have used longitudinal data to examine …
     到目前为止，一些研究已经使用纵向数据来检验…。
283. Thus far, a number of studies have explored the relationships between X and Y.
     到目前为止，许多研究已经探索了 x 和 y 之间的关系。
284. To date, a number of studies have investigated the effects of…
     迄今为止，许多研究已经调查了… … 的影响。
285. To date, a number of studies have used longitudinal data to examine …
     到目前为止，许多研究已经用纵向数据来检验…。
286. Up to now, a number of studies have examined the association between …
     到目前为止，许多研究已经检验了…。
287. Thus far, previous studies have tested the efficacy of …
     到目前为止，先前的研究已经检验了…。
288. Up to now, previous studies have analysed the accuracy and precision of …
     到目前为止，先前的研究已经分析了… … 的准确与精密。
289. To date, several studies have explored the relationships between X and Y.
     迄今为止，一些研究已经探索了 x 和 y 之间的关系。
290. To date, several studies have attempted to evaluate the impact of …
     到目前为止，已有几项研究试图评估…。
291. X has been proposed to explain how …
     有人提出 x 来解释如何…。
292. X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of Y in …
     已证明 x 可逆转 y 的抗炎作用。
293. These effects have been shown in X (e.g., Smith et al., 1981; Jones, 1996).
     这些影响已经在 x (例如，史密斯等人，1981; 琼斯，1996)中显示出来

总结目前对该主题的了解

1. X is one of the most intense reactions following Y (Jones, 2010).
   X 是继 y 之后最强烈的反应之一(琼斯，2010)。
2. X is a principal determining factor of Y (Smith, 2005; Jones, 2013).
   X 是 y 的主要决定因素(Smith，2005; Jones，2013)。
3. X is significantly reduced during the first months of … (Smith, 2000; Jones, 2010).
   X 在… 的前几个月显著减少(Smith，2000; Jones，2010)。
4. X increases when … (Smith, 2012)
   X 增加当… (史密斯，2012)
5. X is positively related to Y (Smith, 2007; Jones, 2010).
   X 与 y 呈正相关(Smith，2007; Jones，2010)。
6. X is one of the most important … (Smith, 2007; Jones, 2010).
   X 是最重要的… … (史密斯，2007; 琼斯，2010)。
7. There is an unambiguous relationship between X and Y (Smith, 1998).
   X 和 y 之间有明确的关系(Smith，1998) 。
8. X has been found to oppose the anti-inflammatory actions of Y on Z (Smith, 2004).
   已经发现 x 反对 y 对 z 的消炎作用(Smith，2004)。
9. GM varieties of X are able to cross-pollinate with non-GM varieties (Smith, 1998; Jones, 2009).
   X 的转基因品种能够与非转基因品种交叉授粉(Smith，1998; Jones，2009)。
10. A relationship exists between an individual’s working memory and their ability to … (Jones, 2002).
    个人的工作记忆和他们的能力之间存在着一种关系… … (琼斯，2002)。

强调先前研究的负面结果

1. Previous studies have failed to find a (any) consistent association between …
   以前的研究未能发现… 和… 之间有任何一致的联系。
2. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate a (any) causal relationship between …
   以前的研究未能证明… … 之间的(任何)因果关系。
3. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate (any) significant changes in health outcomes …
   以前的研究未能证明(任何)健康结果的重大变化…。
4. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate a (any) correlation between …
   以前的研究未能证明… … 之间的(任何)相关性。
5. Previous studies have failed to find a (any) link between …
   以前的研究未能找到… … 之间的(任何)联系。
6. Recent studies have not been able to convincingly show that …
   最近的研究未能令人信服地表明…。
7. Prior studies have not been able to confirm earlier findings showing …
   先前的研究没有能够证实早期的发现表明…。
8. Previous studies have failed to show a (any) consistent association between …
   以前的研究未能表明… … 之间有(任何)一致的联系。
9. Previous studies have failed to show (any) support for the X hypothesis.
   以前的研究未能证明 x 假说有任何支持。
10. Previous studies have failed to find a (any) connection between …
    以前的研究未能发现… … 之间的(任何)联系。
11. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate a (any) connection between …
    以前的研究未能证明… … 之间有(任何)联系。
12. Previous studies have failed to show (any) reliable, repeatable therapeutic effects of …
    以前的研究未能显示任何可靠的，可重复的治疗作用…。
13. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate a (any) consistent association between …
    以前的研究未能证明… … 之间有(任何)一致的联系。
14. Previous studies have failed to show (any) significant differences in …
    以前的研究未能显示… … 的显著差异。
15. Prior studies have not been able to account for all aspects of …
    先前的研究还不能全面考虑…。
16. Previous studies have failed to show a (any) statistically significant difference …
    以前的研究没有显示(任何)统计学上的显著差异…。
17. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate a (any) benefit in …
    以前的研究未能证明… 有任何益处。
18. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate (any) reliable, repeatable therapeutic effects of …
    以前的研究未能证明… 的可靠、可重复的治疗作用。
19. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate a (any) link between …
    以前的研究未能证明… … 之间有(任何)联系。
20. Previous studies have failed to show a (any) treatment effect.
    以前的研究没有显示出任何治疗效果。
21. Previous studies have failed to show a (any) causal relationship between …
    以前的研究未能显示… … 之间的(任何)因果关系。
22. Previous studies have failed to find (any) significant differences in …
    以前的研究没有发现… … 的显著差异。
23. Previous studies have failed to show a (any) protective effect of …
    以前的研究没有显示出… 的保护作用。
24. Previous studies have failed to find a (any) treatment effect.
    以前的研究未能找到任何治疗效果。
25. Previous studies have failed to find a (any) correlation between …
    以前的研究未能发现… … 之间的(任何)相关性。
26. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate (any) significant advantages of using …
    以前的研究未能证明使用… 有任何显著的好处。
27. Previous studies have failed to show a (any) link between …
    以前的研究未能证明… … 之间有任何联系。
28. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate (any) significant differences in …
    以前的研究未能证明… … 的显著差异。
29. Previous studies have failed to find (any) reliable, repeatable therapeutic effects of …
    以前的研究未能找到任何可靠的，可重复的治疗效果…。
30. Previous studies have failed to find (any) significant advantages of using …
    以前的研究没有发现使用… 有任何显著的好处。
31. Prior studies have not been able to establish …
    先前的研究还不能确定…。
32. Prior studies have not been able to reproduce these findings.
    之前的研究没有能够重现这些发现。
33. Prior studies have not been able to confirm earlier …
    先前的研究还不能证实…。
34. Previous studies have failed to show a (any) connection between …
    以前的研究未能表明… … 之间有(任何)联系。
35. Previous studies have failed to find (any) benefits associated with …
    以前的研究没有发现任何与… 有关的好处。
36. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate (any) benefits associated with …
    以前的研究未能证明(任何)与… 有关的好处。
37. Previous studies have failed to show a (any) correlation between …
    以前的研究未能显示… … 之间的(任何)相关性。
38. Previous studies have failed to find a (any) statistically significant difference …
    以前的研究没有发现(任何)统计学上的显著差异…。
39. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate (any) support for the X hypothesis.
    以前的研究未能证明(任何)支持 x 假设。
40. Previous studies have failed to show a (any) benefit in …
    以前的研究未能证明… … 有任何益处。
41. Previous studies have failed to show a (any) causal relationship between …
    以前的研究未能显示… … 之间的(任何)因果关系。
42. Previous studies have failed to find (any) significant differences in …
    以前的研究没有发现… … 的显著差异。
43. Previous studies have failed to show a (any) protective effect of …
    以前的研究没有显示出… 的保护作用。
44. Previous studies have failed to find a (any) treatment effect.
    以前的研究未能找到任何治疗效果。
45. Previous studies have failed to find a (any) correlation between …
    以前的研究未能发现… … 之间的(任何)相关性。
46. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate (any) significant advantages of using …
    以前的研究未能证明使用… 有任何显著的好处。
47. Previous studies have failed to show a (any) link between …
    以前的研究未能证明… … 之间有任何联系。
48. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate (any) significant differences in …
    以前的研究未能证明… … 的显著差异。
49. Previous studies have failed to find (any) reliable, repeatable therapeutic effects of …
    以前的研究未能找到任何可靠的，可重复的治疗效果…。
50. Previous studies have failed to find (any) significant advantages of using …
    以前的研究没有发现使用… 有任何显著的好处。
51. Prior studies have not been able to establish …
    先前的研究还不能确定…。
52. Prior studies have not been able to reproduce these findings.
    之前的研究没有能够重现这些发现。
53. Prior studies have not been able to confirm earlier …
    先前的研究还不能证实…。
54. Previous studies have failed to show a (any) connection between …
    以前的研究未能表明… … 之间有(任何)联系。
55. Previous studies have failed to find (any) benefits associated with …
    以前的研究没有发现任何与… 有关的好处。
56. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate (any) benefits associated with …
    以前的研究未能证明(任何)与… 有关的好处。
57. Previous studies have failed to show a (any) correlation between …
    以前的研究未能显示… … 之间的(任何)相关性。
58. Previous studies have failed to find a (any) statistically significant difference …
    以前的研究没有发现(任何)统计学上的显著差异…。
59. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate (any) support for the X hypothesis.
    以前的研究未能证明(任何)支持 x 假设。
60. Previous studies have failed to show a (any) benefit in …
    以前的研究未能证明… … 有任何益处。

参考以前的重要研究

1. By far the most influential account of X is to be found in the work of …
   到目前为止，对 x 最有影响的解释是在… 的工作中发现的。
2. Perhaps the most thorough account of X is to be found in the work of …
   也许对 x 的最彻底的解释可以在… 的作品中找到。
3. Perhaps the most important account of X is to be found in the work of …
   也许关于 x 的最重要的解释可以在… 的作品中找到。
4. By far the most detailed account of X is to be found in the work of …
   到目前为止，关于 x 的最详细的叙述可以在… 的工作中找到。
5. By far the most comprehensive account of X is to be found in the work of …
   到目前为止，关于 x 的最全面的说明可以在… 的工作中找到。
6. By far the most thorough account of X is to be found in the work of …
   到目前为止，关于 x 的最详尽的叙述可以在… 的工作中找到。
7. By far the most important account of X is to be found in the work of …
   到目前为止，关于 x 的最重要的说明是在… 的工作中发现的。
8. By far the most widely-accepted account of X is to be found in the work of …
   到目前为止，关于 x 的最广为接受的说法是在… 的工作中发现的。
9. Perhaps the most well-known account of X is to be found in the work of …
   也许关于 x 最著名的描述可以在… 的作品中找到。
10. Perhaps the most complete account of X is to be found in the work of …
    也许对 x 最完整的描述可以在… 的作品中找到。
11. The first detailed study of X was …
    第一次对 x 的详细研究是…。
12. Smith (1960) was one of the first to examine …
    史密斯(1960)是最早研究…。
13. The first systematic study of X was reported by …
    第一次系统地研究 x 是由…。
14. In one of the earliest studies in this field, Smith (1961) found …
    在这个领域最早的研究之一，史密斯(1961)发现…。
15. In their ground-breaking work in 1958, Smith and Jones established …
    史密斯和琼斯在1958年的开创性工作中建立了…。
16. X was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov (1927). In his seminal study …
    巴甫洛夫(1927)首次在实验中证明了 x。 在他的精液研究中…。
17. The way in which X is regulated was studied extensively by Smith and colleagues (Smith et al. 1995).
    史密斯及其同事对 x 的调节方式进行了广泛的研究(史密斯等人，1995)。
18. Smith (1952) helped to establish an explanatory model for …
    史密斯(1952)帮助建立了一个解释性的模型…。
19. The reaction between X and Y was first reported by Smith in 1872.
    1872年，史密斯首次报道了 x 和 y 之间的反应。
20. A good summary of the classification of X has been provided in the work of …
    文中对 x 的分类作了较好的总结。