科研写作——常见句式（十）

描述过去

一般过去时

1. Half a century later, Fleming actively searched for anti-bacterial agents.
   半个世纪后，弗莱明积极地寻找抗菌剂。
2. The next research period involved innovative laboratory work in the late 1960s and into the 1970s.
   下一个研究阶段涉及到1960年代后期和1970年代的创新实验室工作。
3. The first experimental realisation of …, by Smith et al. [12], used a …
   第一个实验实现… ，由史密斯等人[12] ，使用了一个…。
4. From 1933 to 1945, restrictions were placed on German academics.
   从1933年到1945年，德国学者受到了限制。
5. During the Nazi period, restrictions were placed on German academics.
   在纳粹时期，德国学者受到限制。
6. At the end of the nineteenth century, authorities in X placed restrictions on academics.
   19世纪末，x 国的权威机构对学者实行了限制。
7. In the latter half of the 19th century, authorities in X placed restrictions on academics.
   在19世纪后半叶，x 国当局对学者实行了限制。
8. For centuries, authorities in X placed restrictions on academics.
   几个世纪以来，x 国的权威机构对学者实行限制。
9. Half a century later, Fleming was named one of the 100 Most Important People of the century.
   半个世纪后，弗莱明被评为本世纪100位最重要的人物之一。
10. X was originally isolated from Y in a soil sample from … (Smith et al., 1952).
    X 最初是在一个土壤样本中从 y 中分离出来的… (史密斯等人，1952)。
11. In 1990, Jones et al. demonstrated that replacement of H2O with heavy water led to …
    在1990年，琼斯等人证明，用重水取代水导致…。
12. In the 1930s and 1940s, restrictions were placed on German academics.
    在20世纪30年代和40年代，德国学者受到了限制。
13. In 1933, restrictions were placed on German academics.
    1933年，德国学者受到了限制。
14. In the early years of the 19th century, authorities in X placed restrictions on academics.
    在19世纪早期，x 国的权威机构对学者施加了限制。
15. Throughout the 19th century, authorities in X placed restrictions on academics.
    纵观整个19世纪，x 国的权威机构对学者实行限制。
16. In the 1930s, Fleming actively searched for anti-bacterial agents.
    在20世纪30年代，弗莱明积极寻找抗菌剂。
17. Before 1950, the X had received only cursory attention from historians.
    1950年以前，历史学家对 x 只是粗略的注意。
18. An experimental demonstration of this effect was first carried out by …
    本文首次对这种效应进行了实验演示。
19. Thirty years later, Smith (1974) reported three cases of ….
    三十年后，史密斯(1974年)报告了三例…。
20. In 1984, Jones et al. made several amino acid esters of X and evaluated them as …
    1984年，琼斯等人合成了 x 的几个氨基酸酯，并将它们评价为…。
21. Between 1933 and 1945, restrictions were placed on German academics.
    1933年至1945年间，德国学者受到了限制。
22. Towards the end of the 19th century, authorities in X placed restrictions on academics.
    到了19世纪末，x 国的权威机构对学者实行了限制。
23. In the second half of the 19th century, authorities in X placed restrictions on academics.
    在19世纪下半叶，x 国当局对学者实行了限制。
24. At the start of the 19th century, authorities in X placed restrictions on academics.
    19世纪初，x 国当局对学者实行限制。
25. At the beginning of the 19th century, authorities in X placed restrictions on academics.
    在19世纪初，x 国当局对学者实行了限制。
26. In the 1930s, Fleming was named one of the 100 Most Important People of the century.
    20世纪30年代，弗莱明被评为本世纪100位最重要的人物之一。
27. Following World War I, Fleming was named one of the 100 Most Important People of the century.
    第一次世界大战之后，弗莱明被评为本世纪最重要的100人之一。
28. Following World War I, Fleming actively searched for anti-bacterial agents.
    第一次世界大战之后，弗莱明积极地寻找抗菌剂。
29. The link between X and Y was established in 2000 by Smith et al.
    X 和 y 之间的联系是由史密斯等人在2000年建立的。
30. Smith and Jones (1994) were the first to describe X, and reported that …
    史密斯和琼斯(1994)是第一个描述 x 的人，他们报告说…。
31. In the 1950s, Smith pointed to some of the ways in which …
    在20世纪50年代，史密斯指出了…。
32. In 1975, Smith et al. published a paper in which they described …
    1975年，史密斯等人发表了一篇论文，其中他们描述了… …。
33. In 1981, Smith and co-workers demonstrated that X induced in vitro resistance to …
    在1981年，史密斯和他的同事证明了 x 在体外诱导对…。

现在完成时

1. Up to now, the research has tended to focus on X rather than on Y.
   到目前为止，研究主要集中在 x 上而不是 y 上。
2. Recently, these questions have been addressed by researchers in many fields.
   最近，这些问题已经被许多领域的研究人员所解决。
3. To date, little evidence has been found associating X with Y.
   迄今为止，几乎没有证据表明 x 与 y 有关。
4. Until recently, there has been little interest in X.
   直到最近，人们对 x 还没有什么兴趣。
5. Over the past century there has been a dramatic increase in …
   在过去的一个世纪里…。
6. The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many …
   在过去的十年中，x 在许多领域得到了迅速的发展。
7. So far, three factors have been identified as being potentially important: X, Y, and Z.
   到目前为止，有三个因素被认为是潜在的重要因素: x，y 和 z。
8. Since 1965, these four economies have doubled their share of world production and trade.
   自1965年以来，这四个经济体在世界生产和贸易中所占的份额增加了一倍。
9. In recent years, researchers have investigated a variety of approaches to X but …
   近年来，研究人员已经研究了 x 的各种方法，但是…。
10. Over the past 30 years there has been a significant increase in …
    在过去的30年里… … 有了显著的增长。
11. Over the past few decades, the world has seen the stunning transformation of X, Y and Z.
    在过去的几十年里，世界目睹了 x，y 和 z 惊人的转变。

现在完成时描述最近发生

1. Several studies have revealed that …
   一些研究表明…。
2. The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985, Jones, …
   X 和 y 之间的关系已被广泛研究(史密斯，1985，琼斯，…。
3. The new material has been shown to enhance cooling properties (Smith, 1985, Jones, 1987).
   这种新材料已被证明可以提高冷却性能(史密斯，1985，琼斯，1987)。
4. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X.
   在 x 上发表了大量的文献。
5. Invasive plants have been identified as major contributing factors for the decline of …
   外来入侵植物被认为是导致黄瓜枯萎病发病率下降的主要因素。
6. There have been several investigations into the causes of illiteracy (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987).
   对文盲的原因进行了几次调查(史密斯，1985; 琼斯，1987) 。