[英语语法]句法之there be结构与强调句

本博文源于《语法知识清单》。

there be结构

there be结构主要用来表达“某处/某时存在某人/某物”。there是引导词，be是谓语动词，be后面的名词/代词是主语，句子的结尾常是地点/时间状语。

there be 结构中的be是谓语动词，应采取“就近原则”，即be应与邻近的主语在数上保持一致

• There are some bookcases in the library.

there be结构有不同时态的形式，而且可以和各种助动词、情态动词连用

• There is stll room for improvement.
• There might be drinks if you wait for a bit.

there be结构中的谓语动词be有时可用以下来替换

there be结构的陈述句变成附加疑问句时，其附加问句应用there，而不可用其他词替代

• There are too many cars on the road,aren’t there?

there be 结构的非谓语形式

there be 结构的非谓语形式有两种基本结构，即there to be和there being.there to be结构可用作动词(如expect,prefer,want,like,hate,mean,intend,consider等)的宾语，也可用作介词for的宾语。there being结构可用作除for以外的介词宾语或状语。

• I expect there to be no argument about this.
• There having ice on the road,I told the driver to slow down.

常用的固定句型

• There is no point/sense (in) doing sth做某事毫无意义
• There is no doubt that…毫无疑问…
• There is no possibility/chance that… …是不可能的。
• There is no need for sb. to do sth. 某人没有必要做某事
• There is no denying (the fact) that …不可否认.

强调

强调就是为了突出信息，有些是语法必须，有些也对信息起到强调作用。

强调句型

It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+句子剩余部分,强调人时可用who/that来连接，强调事物时常用that.所强调的通常是主语、宾语、表语、状语。被强调的成分不能是定语或谓语。所强调的可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，但结构必须完整。

引导词的运用

即使被强调成分是句子中的时间状语、地点状语、原因状语等，也不能用when,where,because,要用that

• It was in front of the bank that the old lady was robbed.

被强调成分既有人又有物时，用that不用who

• It was some people and things in ancient times that we talked about.

时态的运用

强调句中的时态要依原句的时态而定，即原句为过去的某种时态，用it was…that.原句为现在的某种时态，就用it is…that,还可用It might be/must have been/can’t be…that…

• It must have been Mary who phoned yesterday.

人称和数的运用

被强调的部分如果是句子的主语，that/who之后的谓语动词在人称和数上应与句子的主语保持一致

• It is I who am to blame for the fault.

强调句的疑问形式

• 强调句式的一般疑问句是"Is/Was it + 被强调部分+that/who+句子剩余部分？"
• 强调句式结构的特殊疑问句是“特殊疑问词(疑问词或疑问副词)+is/was+it+that+其他成分(用陈述句语序)?”。强调句型的特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以被强调.

Who was it that won the US presidential election?

运用very,only,single等修饰词来进行强调

• This is the very text book we used last term.

at all作“完全，根本”解时,多用于否定句、条件句；若用于肯定句或疑问句，作“真的，确实”解

• Do you feel ill at all?