本博文源于《语法知识清单》。说起省略,大家应该都有点影响,作外国诗歌翻译时,一般都要找出主语成分,因为主语相同,诗歌为了意境就把它省了。省略的使用主要在于避免重复,是英语的一大特色。省略可以使语言简洁、紧凑、重点突出、表达有力。省略的原则是不损害结构或引起起义。
词法的省略
冠词的省略
两个并列名词前面都有冠词时,第二个名词前的冠词常可被省略。
- Is she your o boy or (a) girl?
在副词的最高级前面的定冠词,常可省略
- She sings best in the class.
在as引导的让步状语从句中,当作表语的名词提前时,冠词要省略。
- Child as he is,he knows a lot.
名词所有格后名词的省略
如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现,则可以省略
- The big one is Mary’s room;the other one is Lily’s.
名词所有格修饰的名词如果是指商店、住宅等
- at the doctor’s (office)在诊所
- at Mr Green’s (home)在格林先生家里
- at the barber’s(shop)在理发店
介词的省略
near to中可省略to,in…way中in也可省略
- I live near (to) a lake.
- Follow me this way,please.
both 后常跟of短语,其后可接名词复数形式,也可接宾格代词复数形式。接复数名词时,介词of可以省略,但接宾格代词时,of不能省略
- Both (of) the films were interesting.
连词和从句的省略
引导宾语从句的连接词that常可省略;并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that也可省略,但是后面的that不省略。
- He said (that) he had come here an hour before and that he had lived in a hotel.
关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中作宾语且其前没有介词时,常省略关系代词
- Do you still remember at the name of the company (that) we visited last month?
not only…but (also)…;whether…(or not);so (that)…;now (that)等连词可省略括号中的词
- He was not onlt a writer but (also) an doctor.
动词不定式的省略
如果句子前面出现过同样的动词,为了避免重复,句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形,而保留不定式符号to
- They may go if they wish to (go).
- The child wanted to play in the street,but her mother told her not to(play in the street).
在动词expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean等后边跟不定式作宾语时,不定式承前时省略动词原形只保留不定式符号to
- I asked him to see the film,but he didn’t want to.
在某些形容词,如glad,happy,pleased,willing,eager,delighted等后面,承前时省略动词原形,只保留不定式符号to
- Will you join in the game?
- I’d be glad to(join in the game).
有些动词,如:tell,ask,allow,order等后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语、主语补足语时,不定式承前省略动词原形,保留动词不定式符号to
- He didn’t come,though we had invited him to( come).
句法的省略
所谓的句法省略,在不产生歧义情况下就可以省略,省略的本质就是懒!
- 如果主语不同,而谓语部分相同,相同部分省略。
- 主语相同,谓语也相同,则二者可以省略
- 主语相同,谓语不同,则可以省略主语
- 在并列复合句中,如果that从句从属于第二个并列分句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其他一些成分和第一个并列分句相同时,这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分
总结:哪里相同,相同部分省略
例句:
Some people go to the mountain,and other (go) to the seaside.
Jack will sing at the party,but I know John won’t (sing at the party).