第二讲 名词 数词 形容词 副词
名词
名词的复数
单复同形
sheep, cattle, headquaters, species
合成词的复数
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男人♂和女人man, women + n.[sing] \(\to\) men, women + n.[plu]
girl, boy + n.[sing] \(\to\) girl, boy + n.[plu]
male, female + n.[sing] \(\to\) male, female + n.[plu]
a woman teacher \(\to\) two women teachers
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连字符:
brother-in-law \(\to\) brothers-in-law (中心词)
grown-up \(\to\) grown-ups(没有中心词,加在末尾)
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国家 + man \(\to\) 国家 + men
只有 Englishman, Frenchman, Dutchman
名词的所有格
加's的特殊情况
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名词复数
ladies \(\to\) ladies ' (有s,加 ')
children \(\to\) children 's (没有s,加 's)
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合成词(区分合成词的复数形式)
brother-in-law \(\to\) brother-in-law 's(一律加在末尾,不找主体词)
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特殊人名
Dickens \(\to\) Dickens ' 或 Dickens 's(均可)
用法
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并列
共有 \(\to\) 最后一词加's
各有 \(\to\) 各加's
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形容时间,距离 VS 形容物体的测量
为什么? | ||
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连字符,定语 | a three-metre-long stick | a two-day trip |
无连字符,定语 | three metres long stick X three metres' stick X |
two days' trip 注意,前面没有冠词 |
连字符,表语 | The stick is three-metre-long. X | The trip is two-day-long. X |
无连字符,表语 | The stick is three metres long. | The trip is two days long. |
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国家
China's 是地理上的中国,Chinese是中国人的中国。
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省略
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上文提及过,或两个's修饰的名词相同
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表示地点 注意
go to the dentist \(\Rightarrow\) 侧重于去看病
go to the dentist's \(\Rightarrow\) 侧重于去诊所
并没有 go to the doctor's
为什么?
因为dentist对应dentist's,doctor对应hospital
你可以说go to the hospital.
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节日
Teachers ' Day(多个)
Mother 's Day(一个)
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一些's与of用法的区分
双重属格
数词
基数词
进制单位
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十进制单位
用法 情况 xxx + hundred / thousand / million + n. 数字
a few, severalxxx + hundreds / thousands / millions of + n. 什么也不加直接用
tens of hundreds of
hundreds and thousands of
many -
量词
精确 \(\to\) 单数
不精确 \(\rightarrow\) 复数 + of
dozen, score, head
其他用法
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in one's + 序数词
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in the 1990s
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分数
\(\frac{x}{y} \to x\!-\!y^{th}(s\ [\ y > 1\ ]\ )\)
two-thirds
序数词
表达方式
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倍数表示法
\[\begin{cases}\rm{X \quad times \quad as \quad adj./adv. \quad as \quad + \quad n.\\X \quad times \quad adj./adv.[sup] \quad than \quad +\quad n.\\ X \quad times \quad the \quad + \quad 物理量 \quad + \quad of}\end{cases} \]They have twice as much money as we do. (如果形容词还要修饰名词,名词紧跟形容词后)
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每隔
every + 基数词 + n.[plu] = every + 序数词 + n.[sing]
every two days = every other day
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比例表示法 X in Y
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与名词连用构成复合定语,中间要用连字符,且只用名词单数形式
形容词
原级
位置 / 成分
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作表语而不作前置定语
- a开头的形容词
- ill, well, worth, ready, sorry
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后置
- 在不定代词 / 地点副词后的形容词
- 形容词短语(相当于定语从句)
- else
- enough后的形容词
- a开头的形容词
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多个形容词的顺序
美小圆旧黄,法国木书房(小学内容)限定词 - 观点(大小 / 长短) - 形状 - 年龄或新旧 - 颜色 - 来源或出处 - 材料性质或种类
用法
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as结构
as + adj. + as
not so + adj. + as
( = not as + adj. + as)
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区分
- It's + adj. + of + sb + to do. \(\Rightarrow\) 某人的品质
- It's + adj. + for + sb + to do. \(\Rightarrow\) 某事的性质
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主语 + be + adj. + to do / that
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to do, 表示物的性质(主动表被动)
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to do / that 表示人的感情 / 情绪 / 能力 / 意志
glad, pleased, sorry, sad, thankful;
ready, able, sure, certain.
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作伴随状语
Hungry and thirsty, he came home. 伴随状语修饰主语而非谓语动词,不是 hungrily 和 thirstily.
比较级
用法
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+ than
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more + adj. + than (显然这里more + adj.要替换为正确的比较级形式)
less + adj. + than
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not + adj.[cmp] + than [1] (简单比较)
no + adj.[cmp] + than (”二者都不“)
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+ the
- the + adj.[cmp], the + adj.[cmp]
- the + adj.[cmp] (+of the two) 句中只出现一方
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被副词修饰
much, a lot, a (little) (bit), far, even
many more +n. 可以用来表示”很多其他“的意思
不要看到many more就觉得这个选项死了
句法逻辑
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等价变形
more \(X\) than = less \(\bar{X}\) than = not \(\bar{X}\) = not so(as) \(\bar{X}\) as
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比较范围
\[\rm{ adj.[cmp] + than + \begin{cases} \begin{align} \rm{any \ \ other \ \ }&\rm{+ \ \ n.[sing]} \\ \rm{the \ \ other \ \ }&\rm{+ \ \ n.[plu]} \\ \rm{the \ \ rest \ \ of \ \ }&\rm{+ \ \ n.[plu]} \end{align} \end{cases} } = \rm{the \ \ adj.[sup] \ \ of / among \ \ all} \]当被比较二者之间有包含关系,需要在句中增添排除。
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比较对象(多见于含属格的句子中)
Our eye are not as effective as those of many other animals.
副词
一些区分
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X 和 X-ly
一般地,当形如X与X-ly的副词同时出现时,形如X-ly的副词偏重于表示程度,意义更加抽象。
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ago 和 before
ago: +具体时间,一般过去时before: 可以单独使用,完成时
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much too 和 too much
显而易见 -
so 和 such
特殊用法
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enough
adj. + enough
enough + n.
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quite
quite + a / an + adj. + n.
(第三讲 专项练习) II. 12. This word has __________ meaning.
A. a quite another B. quite another C. the quite another D. quite an another
answer
B. another = a more
其实也就是more + adj. + than的否定形式 ↩︎