Introduction
Section 3 Research Summary
(2) Current Research Status of Culture-specific Word Translation Strategies
Newmark has proposed a variety of strategies for translating culturally specific words, namely:
(1) Loan words (Transference): the so-called foreign words (emprunt), transliteration (transliteration), transfer (transcription). Transliterate culturally specific words in the source language using the alphabet system of the target language. For example Chengde เฉิ ง เต๋ อ translation, Junggar จุ่น เก่ อ เอ่อ other names, as well as Prince ไท่ จื่ อ, I เจิ้ น, champion จ้วง หยวน, "Book of Changes" อี้ จิ ง cultural specific words. And in Thai translation, it often appears in the form of a combination of classifiers and loan words, for example, the place name "Mo Chou Hu" is translated as "ทะเลสาบโม่โฉว".
(2) Naturalization: Use the pronunciation of the source language, but change its pronunciation to make it easier to pronounce in the target language, and even change its word formation.
(3) Literal translation: The translator translates each word of the original text one-to-one, regardless of the context of the original text. For example, "Stone Lion" is translated into " สิงโตหิน ".
(4) Label translation: This is a temporary translation, usually the name of a new organization, with quotes.
(5) Accepted standard translation: Under normal circumstances, the official or generally accepted translation method must be used to translate the name of an organization. For example, the translation of "Sun Xingzhe " must use the Chaoshan dialect transliteration " เห้งเจีย " in the Thai version of Journey to the West .
(6) Classifier: The translator uses the more general classifier (hypernym) in the target language to translate the culturally specific words of the source language. For example, "Japanese sword" refers to the saber made in Japan in old times, known for its sharpness; it can be translated as " มีด ".
(7) Neutralization: The translator uses words that are neutral in commendatory and derogatory meanings, which are weaker than the original in terms of emotional color and expressiveness.
(8) Paraphrasing, Gloss/notes (Paraphrasing, Gloss/notes): Paraphrasing refers to the detailed description (amplification) or interpretation (explanation) of culturally specific words. It is usually because the original text is not easy to understand, or there are important implications and omissions. For example, "天罡数" can be translated as " หลักกลุ่มดาวเทียนกัง " (天罡 Congxing theory) so that the translated readers can understand that this is a kind of Taoist astronomy. Annotation method refers to the provision of additional information during the translation process, which includes various forms: 1. Within the text, often in the form of parentheses, for example, "Sanwu" can be translated into "สามห" วู (เจียงซู เจ้อเจียง ส้างไห่)", so that readers can understand the exact geographical area that it refers to at the bottom of the page (Notes at the bottom of the page plus the translation of the exact geographical area); 2. "เทพไฉเสิน1", and add a note "1เทพแห่งความมัไฉเสิน1" at the bottom of the page; Notes at the end of the book (Notes at the end of the chapter) (Notes at the end of the book); 3.
(9) Cultural equivalent: The cultural equivalent method uses the target language culturally specific words to translate the source language culturally specific words, which is an approximate translation. The cultural equivalence method has better pragmatic impact than culturally neutral words. For example, the emperor’s "Ying Pillow" (a large pillow used to rest on a kang) was translated into " พระเขนย " (royal term).
(10) Component analysis: The component analysis method splits the lexical unit into sense components, and then compares the original text and the target text to find the same components and different components between them. Obviously, this translation strategy is normative. It is used to guide the translator to accurately analyze the components, then compare them, combine context screening, and finally determine to adopt a specific translation; it is not descriptive, and it can be directly used if it is not subordinate See the translation strategy. E.g:
| Female Martial Emperor | Female emperor |
|---|---|
| +emperor | +emperor |
| + Female | + Female |
| +wu | +wu |
(11) Deletion: Deletion often deletes metaphor and redundant parts. E.g:
| original | Translation |
|---|---|
| It was as if Mu Zixu's blood had been drained all of a sudden, and his face turned blue and dark as ash. | Mu Zhishuo's face was as white as blood and his whole body had dried up. |
(12) Couplet: The combination method uses two or more of the above translation strategies to translate a culturally specific item. For example, to translate "金鸡纳霜" into " ยาจินจีน่าซวง (ควินิน) ", a combination of classification words, loan words and annotations is used.
At the same time, Newmark added that in addition to strategies, there may be other strategies, such as FUCNTIONAL EQUIVALENT, DECRIPTIVE EQUIVALENT, SYNONYMY, THROUGH-TRANSLATION, and Position (SHIFTS), adjustment (MODULATION), compensation (COMPENSATION), reduction and expansion (REDUTION AND EXPANSION).