Introduction
Section 3 Research Summary
(1) Research status of the classification of culturally specific words
(2) Classification of culturally specific words
Eugene Nida proposed five classifications of culturally specific words, namely 1) Ecological culture: including geography, climate, plants, animals, etc. These factors make the culture present regionality; 2) Material culture: refers to different The unique man-made objects in the culture involved in many aspects such as clothing, food, housing and transportation; 3) Social culture: involving values, beliefs, lifestyles and etiquette and other aspects of society; 4) Religious culture: referring to various religious doctrines and their derivatives Customs, as the conceptual basis of social members; and 5) Language and culture: refers to the expression, pronunciation, vocabulary and idioms with strong cultural characteristics. (Nida, 2007, p.91)
On the basis of the classification proposed by Nida, Peter Newmark further divided cultural-specific words into five categories: 1) Ecological culture: plants, animals, wind, plains, hills, etc.; 2) Material culture: artificial objects, including food , Clothing, architecture, cities, transportation, etc.; 3) Social culture: including jobs and leisure travel, etc.; 4) Organizational culture (Organisations): including institutions, activities, processes, politics, history, religion, art, etc.; 5) Gestures and habits ( gestures and habits ): facial expression, gaze, gestures and other body language. (Newmark, 2000, p.95)
In this study, the author will use the classification standard of culturally specific words proposed by Peter Newmark, because it covers the culturally specific words in the novels that the author chooses to study. The details are as follows:
Figure 1 The classification of culturally specific words in this study
As mentioned above, the translator often encounters a problem in the translation process: how to spread the culture-specific words in the source language culture to the target language culture. Translators are aware of this problem, so they put forward a variety of culture-specific translation strategies, the author will discuss in detail below.