中文：
2020 ICM 周末 1
问题 E：淹死在塑料中
自 1950 年代以来，由于其用途广泛，例如食品包装，消费品，医疗设备和建筑业，塑料
制造业呈指数增长。尽管有很大的好处，但与增加塑料生产相关的负面影响值得关注。塑
料产品不易分解，难以处理，只有约 9％的塑料被回收[1]。每年大约有 4-12 百万吨的塑
料废物进入海洋[1,2]，可以看到这种影响。塑料废料将对环境造成严重影响，预计到 2050
年，如果我们继续保持目前的趋势，海洋中的塑料将比鱼类多[2]。研究对海洋生物的影响
[3]，但对人类健康的影响尚不完全清楚[4]。一次性塑料产品的兴起导致整个行业致力于制
造塑料废料。这也表明产品可用的时间明显少于适当减轻塑料浪费所需的时间。因此，为
了解决塑料废物问题，我们需要减慢塑料生产的流程，并改善我们处理塑料废物的方式。
您的团队已被国际塑料废物管理理事会（ICM）聘用，以解决这种不断升级的环境危机。
您必须制定一项计划，以减少，甚至消除一次性塑料制品和一次性塑料制品的浪费。
开发一个模型，以估算可以安全减轻的一次性或一次性塑料产品浪费的最大量，
而不会造成进一步的环境破坏。在许多因素中，您可能需要考虑这种废物的来
源，当前废物问题的严重程度以及处理废物的资源的可用性。
讨论塑料废物可减少到何种程度达到环境安全水平。这可能涉及考虑影响塑料废
物水平的因素，包括但不限于一次性或一次性塑料的来源和使用，塑料替代品的
可用性，对公民生活的影响或城市政策，地区，国家和大洲减少一次性塑料或一
次性塑料的使用以及此类政策的有效性。这些因地区而异，因此考虑到针对特定
地区的限制可能会使某些政策比其他政策更为有效。
使用您的模型和讨论，为一次性或一次性塑料产品在全球范围内可达到的最低浪
费量设定目标，并讨论达到此水平的影响。您可能会考虑改变人类生活的方式，
环境影响或对价值数万亿美元的塑料工业的影响。
尽管这是一个全球性问题，但其原因和结果在各个国家或地区之间分布不均。
讨论全球危机引起的股权问题以及您打算采取的解决方案。您如何建议 ICM 解
决这些问题？
向 ICM 写一份两页的备忘录，描述了全球实际目标，即全球一次性或一次性塑
料产品废物的最低可实现水平，这是制定时间表的时间表
达到此水平，以及任何可能加速或阻碍您实现目标和时间表的情况。
您提交的内容应包括：
一页摘要表
目录
两页备忘录
您的解决方案不超过 20 页，最多包含摘要，目录和两页备忘录的 24 页。
注意：参考列表和任何附录不计入页数限制，应在完成解决方案后出现。您不应使用未经
版权法限制使用的未经授权的图像和材料。确保您引用了想法的来源和报告中使用的材料。
词汇表
一次性塑料制品：不可回收并变成垃圾的塑料或制品。
缓解：减轻重度，减轻，缓解。
塑料废料：未正确回收或无法回收的塑料物品；塑料制成的碎屑。
一次性塑料制品：由塑料制成的产品，在丢弃之前应一次性使用。
引用文献
[1] Geyer, R., Jambeck, JR, & Law, KL (2017).所有塑料的生产，使用和命运。科学
进展，3（7），e1700782。
[2] Jambeck, JR, Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, TR, Perryman, M., Andrady,
A., … & Law,
K. L. (2015). 塑料废物从陆地进入海洋。科学 347（6223），768-771。
[3] Li, WC, Tse, HF, & Fok, L. (2016).海洋环境中的塑料废物：来源，发生和影响的
回顾。《全面环境科学》，566，333-349。
[4] Galloway TS（2015）微型和纳米塑料与人类健康。在：Bergmann M.，Gutow L.，
Klages M.（编辑）海洋人为废弃物中。
原文：
2020 ICM Weekend 1
Problem E: Drowning in Plastic
Since the 1950s, the manufacturing of plastics has grown exponentially because of its variety of
uses, such as food packaging, consumer products, medical devices, and construction. While there
are significant benefits, the negative implications associated with increased production of plastics
are concerning. Plastic products do not readily break down, are difficult to dispose of, and only
about 9% of plastics are recycled[1]
. Effects can be seen by the approximately 4-12 million tons
of plastic waste that enter the oceans each year[1,2]. Plastic waste has severe environmental
consequences and it is predicted that if our current trends continue, the oceans will be filled with
more plastic than fish by 2050[2]. The effect on marine life has been studied[3], but the effects on
human health are not yet completely understood[4]
. The rise of single-use and disposable plastic
products results in entire industries dedicated to creating plastic waste. It also suggests that the
amount of time the product is useful is significantly shorter than the time it takes to properly
mitigate the plastic waste. Consequently, to solve the plastic waste problem, we need to slow
down the flow of plastic production and improve how we manage plastic waste.
Your team has been hired by the International Council of Plastic Waste Management (ICM) to
address this escalating environmental crisis. You must develop a plan to significantly reduce, if
not eliminate, single-use and disposable plastic product waste.
Develop a model to estimate the maximum levels of single-use or disposable plastic
product waste that can safely be mitigated without further environmental damage. You
may need to consider, among many factors, the source of this waste, the extent of the
current waste problem, and the availability of resources to process the waste.
Discuss to what extent plastic waste can be reduced to reach an environmentally safe
level. This may involve considering factors impacting the levels of plastic waste to
include, but not limited to, sources and uses of single-use or disposable plastics, the
availability of alternatives to plastics, the impact on the lives of citizens, or policies of
cities, regions, countries, and continents to decrease single-use or disposable plastic and
the effectiveness of such policies. These can vary between regions, so considering
regional-specific constraints may make some policies more effective than others.
Using your model and discussion, set a target for the minimal achievable level of global
waste of single-use or disposable plastic products and discuss the impacts for achieving
such levels. You may consider ways in which human life is altered, the environmental
impacts, or the effects on the multi-trillion-dollar plastic industry.
While this is a global problem, the causes and effects are not equally distributed across
nations or regions. Discuss the equity issues that arise from the global crisis and your
intended solutions. How do you suggest ICM address these issues?
Write a two-page memo to the ICM describing a realistic global target minimum
achievable level of global single-use or disposable plastic product waste, a timeline to
reach this level, and any circumstances that may accelerate or hinder the achievement of
your target and timeline.
Your submission should consist of:
One-page Summary Sheet
Table of Contents
Two-page Memo
Your solution of no more than 20 pages, for a maximum of 24 pages with your summary,
table of contents, and two-page memo.
Note: Reference List and any appendices do not count toward the page limit and should appear
after your completed solution. You should not make use of unauthorized images and materials
whose use is restricted by copyright laws. Ensure you cite the sources for your ideas and the
materials used in your report.
Glossary
Disposable Plastic Products: plastic materials or products that are not recyclable and become
trash.
Mitigate: To make less severe, to moderate, to alleviate.
Plastic Waste: plastic objects that have not been recycled properly or cannot be recycled; debris
made of plastic.
Single-Use Plastic Products: products made of plastic intended for one time use before being
discarded.
Cited References
[1] Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. (2017). Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever
made. Science Advances, 3(7), e1700782.
[2] Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., … & Law,
K. L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), 768-771.
[3] Li, W. C., Tse, H. F., & Fok, L. (2016). Plastic waste in the marine environment: A review of
sources, occurrence and effects. Science of the Total Environment, 566, 333-349.
[4] Galloway T.S. (2015) Micro- and Nano-plastics and Human Health. In: Bergmann M.,
Gutow L., Klages M. (eds) Marine Anthropogenic Litter.
