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《医学术语》读书笔记
文章目录
常见词根与词缀
词根/词缀 | 含义 | 示例 | 词源 |
---|---|---|---|
protein(o)- prote(o)- |
protein 蛋白质 | proteoglycan 蛋白聚糖 proteinuria 蛋白尿(症) glycoprotein 糖蛋白 proteinemia 蛋白血(症) |
mid 19th century: from French protéine, German Protein, from Greek prōteios ‘primary’, from prōtos ‘first’. 从英语词源看,应该是“第一,最重要的”意思;看汉语,应该是蛋白里含量最多,或者从蛋白里提炼出来的。 |
peptid(o)- | peptide 肽 | polypeptide 多肽 oligopeptide 寡肽 neuropeptide 神经肽 exopeptidase 外肽酶 |
early 20th century: from German Peptid, back-formation from Polypeptid ‘polypeptide’. From Ancient Greek πεπτός (peptós, “digested”). |
amin(o)- | amino 氨基的 | aminotransferase 氨基转移酶 aminopeptidase 氨基肽酶 aminoacyl 氨酰基 aminolevulinic 氨基酮戊酸的 |
|
nucle(o)- | nucleic acid 核酸 | nucleotide 核苷酸 neuleoprotein 核蛋白 nucleosome 核小体 nucleotidase 核苷酸酶 |
|
deoxy- | deoxy 脱氧 | deoxycholic 脱氧胆的 ursodeoxycholic 熊去氧胆酸的 deoxynucleotide 脱氧核苷酸 deoxyribose 脱氧核糖 |
|
enzym(o)- zym(o)- -ase |
enzyme 酶 | apoenzyme 脱辅基酶蛋白 metalloenzyme 金属酶 enzymotherapy 酶疗法 multienzyme 多酶 zymogram 酶谱 zymogen 酶原 zymosterol 酵母甾(zī)醇 zymogenic 发酵菌的,酶原的 acylase 酰基酶 urokinase 尿激酶 streptokinase 链激酶 asparaginase 门冬酰胺酶 |
late 19th century: coined in German from modern Greek enzumos ‘leavened’, from en- ‘within’ + Greek zumē ‘leaven ['levn] 发酵,酵母’. |
sacchar -ose |
sugar 糖 | polysaccharide 多糖,聚糖 lipolysaccharide 脂糖 obligosaccharide 低聚糖,寡糖 lipo-oligo-saccharide 脂寡糖 gluose 葡萄糖 mannose 甘露糖 fructose 果糖 lactose 乳糖 |
Latin saccharum (“sugar”), |
glyc(o)- gluc(o)- |
glucose 葡萄糖 | glycoprotein 糖蛋白 peptidoglycan 肽聚糖 glycolysis 糖酵解 glycogen 糖原 glucokinase 葡萄糖激酶 glucosuria [ˌgluːkoʊ’sjʊrɪə] 葡萄糖尿 glucagon 胰高血糖素 gluconeogenesis 葡萄糖异生 |
mid 19th century: from French, from Greek gleukos ‘sweet wine’, related to glukus ‘sweet’. |
fructos(e)- fruct(o)- |
fructose/ fruit sugar 果糖 | fructoamine 果糖胺 fructofuranose 呋喃果糖 fructokinase 果糖激酶 fructosediphosphatase 果糖二磷酸酶 |
mid 19th century: from Latin fructus ‘fruit’ + -ose |
mann(o)- | mannose 甘露糖 | mannitol 甘露醇 mannosidase 甘露糖苷醇 mannosephosphate 甘露糖磷酸 mannans 甘露聚糖 |
late 19th century: from mannite ‘mannitol (《出埃及记》中以色列人在荒野中上帝赐予的食物甘露)’ + -ose |
lact(o)- | lactose 乳糖 | lactate 乳酸,乳酸盐 lactolose 如果糖 lactoferin 乳铁蛋白 lactobacilli 乳杆菌 |
Borrowed from French lactose, from Latin lac (“milk”) + -ose (derivation of sucrose). Coined by French chemist Marcelin Berthelot. 注:galaxy,银河系也来自于lac,希腊神话Zeus的妻子Hera的奶水形成了galaxy。 |
amyl(o)- | starch 淀粉 | amylose 直链淀粉 amyloid 淀粉样的,淀粉状蛋白 amylase 淀粉酶 amylopectin 支链淀粉,胶淀粉 |
Old English (recorded only in the past participle sterced ‘stiffened 硬的,稠的’), of Germanic origin; related to Dutch sterken, German stärken ‘strengthen’, also to stark. amyl(o)-: From Latin amylum (“starch”), from Ancient Greek ἄμυλον (ámulon, “starch”) from ἀ- (a-, “privative”) + μύλη (múlē, “mill”). |
stear(o)- steat(o)- |
stearine 硬脂 | steatosis 皮脂腺病 stearic 硬脂酸的 stearothermophilus 嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌 steatorrhea 脂肪痢,脂肪泻 |
early 19th century: from French stéarine, from Greek stear ‘tallow ['tæloʊ] (fat 脂)’. |
lip(o) | fat 脂肪 | phospholipid 磷脂 liposarcoma 脂肪肉瘤 lipoma 脂肪瘤 lipofuscin 脂褐素 |
from Greek lipos ‘fat’. |
gel- gelatin(o)- |
jelly 胶,凝胶 | gelatinous 凝胶状的 gelatinolytic 明胶分解的 gelatinase 明胶酶 gelatinize 使成胶状 |
early 19th century: from French gélatine, from Italian gelatina, from gelata, from Latin (see jelly). |
gli(o)- | glue 胶 | glioma 胶质瘤 gliosis 神经胶质增生 gliosarcoma 胶质肉瘤 gliotoxin 胶霉毒素,曲霉菌素 |
Ancient Greek γλια (glia, “glue”)) glial cell: A type of cell, in the nervous system, that provides support for the neurons. |
cholester(o)- cholest- |
cholesterol 胆固醇 | cholesterinemia 胆甾(zī)醇血 cholesteatoma 胆脂瘤 cholesterosis 胆固醇沉着病 cholestane 胆甾(zī)烷 |
late 19th century: from Greek kholē ‘bile’ + stereos ‘stiff’ + -ol. |
arginin(o)- argin(o)- |
arginine 精氨酸 | arginyl 精胺酰 argininemia 精氨酸血症 arginase 精氨酸酶 argininosuccinate 精氨琥珀酸盐 |
From German Arginin, perhaps from Ancient Greek ἀργινόεις (arginóeis, “brightly-shining, white”). |
asparagin(o)- aspart- |
asparagine 天门冬酰胺 | asparaginase 天冬酰胺酶 aspartase 天冬氨酸酶 |
early 19th century: from asparagus 芦笋 (which contains it) + -ine. |
glut- | glutamic acid 谷氨酸 | glutamine 谷氨酰胺 glutelin 谷蛋白 glutamyl 谷氨酰 |
glutamine: late 19th century: blend of glutamic acid and amine. glutamic acid: late 19th century: from gluten + amine + -ic. gluten: 麸质;面筋 late 16th century (originally denoting protein from animal tissue): via French from Latin, literally ‘glue’. |
histidin(o)- histid- |
histidine 组氨酸 | histidyl 组胺酰 histidase 组氨酸酶 histidinemia 组氨酸血症 histidinuria 组氨酸尿 |
late 19th century: from Greek histos ‘web, tissue’ + -ide + -ine. |
tyrosin(o)- | tyrosine 酪氨酸 | tyrosinase 酪氨酸酶 tyrosinemia 酪氨酸血症 tyrosinosis 酪氨酸代谢病 |
mid 19th century: formed irregularly from Greek turos ‘cheese’ + -ine. |