转自：http://blog.csdn.net/byxdaz/archive/2009/12/01/4912136.aspx
检测直线：cvHoughLines，cvHoughLines2
检测圆：cvHoughCircles
检测矩形：opencv中没有对应的函数，下面有段代码可以检测矩形，是通过先找直线，然后找到直线平行与垂直的四根线。
检测直线代码：
/* This is a standalone program. Pass an image name as a first parameter of the program.
Switch between standard and probabilistic Hough transform by changing "#if 1" to "#if 0" and back */
#include <cv.h>
#include <highgui.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
const char* filename = argc >= 2 ? argv[1] : "pic1.png";
IplImage* src = cvLoadImage( filename, 0 );
IplImage* dst;
IplImage* color_dst;
CvMemStorage* storage = cvCreateMemStorage(0);
CvSeq* lines = 0;
int i;
if( !src )
return -1;
dst = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(src), 8, 1 );
color_dst = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(src), 8, 3 );
cvCanny( src, dst, 50, 200, 3 );
cvCvtColor( dst, color_dst, CV_GRAY2BGR );
#if 0
lines = cvHoughLines2( dst, storage, CV_HOUGH_STANDARD, 1, CV_PI/180, 100, 0, 0 );
for( i = 0; i < MIN(lines->total,100); i++ )
{
float* line = (float*)cvGetSeqElem(lines,i);
float rho = line[0];
float theta = line[1];
CvPoint pt1, pt2;
double a = cos(theta), b = sin(theta);
double x0 = a*rho, y0 = b*rho;
pt1.x = cvRound(x0 + 1000*(-b));
pt1.y = cvRound(y0 + 1000*(a));
pt2.x = cvRound(x0 - 1000*(-b));
pt2.y = cvRound(y0 - 1000*(a));
cvLine( color_dst, pt1, pt2, CV_RGB(255,0,0), 3, CV_AA, 0 );
}
#else
lines = cvHoughLines2( dst, storage, CV_HOUGH_PROBABILISTIC, 1, CV_PI/180, 50, 50, 10 );
for( i = 0; i < lines->total; i++ )
{
CvPoint* line = (CvPoint*)cvGetSeqElem(lines,i);
cvLine( color_dst, line[0], line[1], CV_RGB(255,0,0), 3, CV_AA, 0 );
}
#endif
cvNamedWindow( "Source", 1 );
cvShowImage( "Source", src );
cvNamedWindow( "Hough", 1 );
cvShowImage( "Hough", color_dst );
cvWaitKey(0);
return 0;
}
检测圆代码：
#include <cv.h>
#include <highgui.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
IplImage* img;
if( argc == 2 && (img=cvLoadImage(argv[1], 1))!= 0)
{
IplImage* gray = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(img), 8, 1 );
CvMemStorage* storage = cvCreateMemStorage(0);
cvCvtColor( img, gray, CV_BGR2GRAY );
cvSmooth( gray, gray, CV_GAUSSIAN, 9, 9 ); // smooth it, otherwise a lot of false circles may be detected
CvSeq* circles = cvHoughCircles( gray, storage, CV_HOUGH_GRADIENT, 2, gray->height/4, 200, 100 );
int i;
for( i = 0; i < circles->total; i++ )
{
float* p = (float*)cvGetSeqElem( circles, i );
cvCircle( img, cvPoint(cvRound(p[0]),cvRound(p[1])), 3, CV_RGB(0,255,0), -1, 8, 0 );
cvCircle( img, cvPoint(cvRound(p[0]),cvRound(p[1])), cvRound(p[2]), CV_RGB(255,0,0), 3, 8, 0 );
}
cvNamedWindow( "circles", 1 );
cvShowImage( "circles", img );
}
return 0;
}
检测矩形代码：
/*在程序里找寻矩形*/
#ifdef _CH_
#pragma package <opencv>
#endif
#ifndef _EiC
#include "cv.h"
#include "highgui.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
#endif
int thresh = 50;
IplImage* img = 0;
IplImage* img0 = 0;
CvMemStorage* storage = 0;
CvPoint pt[4];
const char* wndname = "Square Detection Demo";
// helper function:
// finds a cosine of angle between vectors
// from pt0->pt1 and from pt0->pt2
double angle( CvPoint* pt1, CvPoint* pt2, CvPoint* pt0 )
{
double dx1 = pt1->x - pt0->x;
double dy1 = pt1->y - pt0->y;
double dx2 = pt2->x - pt0->x;
double dy2 = pt2->y - pt0->y;
return (dx1*dx2 + dy1*dy2)/sqrt((dx1*dx1 + dy1*dy1)*(dx2*dx2 + dy2*dy2) + 1e-10);
}
// returns sequence of squares detected on the image.
// the sequence is stored in the specified memory storage
CvSeq* findSquares4( IplImage* img, CvMemStorage* storage )
{
CvSeq* contours;
int i, c, l, N = 11;
CvSize sz = cvSize( img->width & -2, img->height & -2 );
IplImage* timg = cvCloneImage( img ); // make a copy of input image
IplImage* gray = cvCreateImage( sz, 8, 1 );
IplImage* pyr = cvCreateImage( cvSize(sz.width/2, sz.height/2), 8, 3 );
IplImage* tgray;
CvSeq* result;
double s, t;
// create empty sequence that will contain points -
// 4 points per square (the square's vertices)
CvSeq* squares = cvCreateSeq( 0, sizeof(CvSeq), sizeof(CvPoint), storage );
// select the maximum ROI in the image
// with the width and height divisible by 2
cvSetImageROI( timg, cvRect( 0, 0, sz.width, sz.height ));
// down-scale and upscale the image to filter out the noise
cvPyrDown( timg, pyr, 7 );
cvPyrUp( pyr, timg, 7 );
tgray = cvCreateImage( sz, 8, 1 );
// find squares in every color plane of the image
for( c = 0; c < 3; c++ )
{
// extract the c-th color plane
cvSetImageCOI( timg, c+1 );
cvCopy( timg, tgray, 0 );
// try several threshold levels
for( l = 0; l < N; l++ )
{
// hack: use Canny instead of zero threshold level.
// Canny helps to catch squares with gradient shading
if( l == 0 )
{
// apply Canny. Take the upper threshold from slider
// and set the lower to 0 (which forces edges merging)
cvCanny( tgray, gray, 0, thresh, 5 );
// dilate canny output to remove potential
// holes between edge segments
cvDilate( gray, gray, 0, 1 );
}
else
{
// apply threshold if l!=0:
// tgray(x,y) = gray(x,y) < (l+1)*255/N ? 255 : 0
cvThreshold( tgray, gray, (l+1)*255/N, 255, CV_THRESH_BINARY );
}
// find contours and store them all as a list
cvFindContours( gray, storage, &contours, sizeof(CvContour),
CV_RETR_LIST, CV_CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE, cvPoint(0,0) );
// test each contour
while( contours )
{
// approximate contour with accuracy proportional
// to the contour perimeter
result = cvApproxPoly( contours, sizeof(CvContour), storage,
CV_POLY_APPROX_DP, cvContourPerimeter(contours)*0.02, 0 );
// square contours should have 4 vertices after approximation
// relatively large area (to filter out noisy contours)
// and be convex.
// Note: absolute value of an area is used because
// area may be positive or negative - in accordance with the
// contour orientation
if( result->total == 4 &&
fabs(cvContourArea(result,CV_WHOLE_SEQ)) > 1000 &&
cvCheckContourConvexity(result) )
{
s = 0;
for( i = 0; i < 5; i++ )
{
// find minimum angle between joint
// edges (maximum of cosine)
if( i >= 2 )
{
t = fabs(angle(
(CvPoint*)cvGetSeqElem( result, i ),
(CvPoint*)cvGetSeqElem( result, i-2 ),
(CvPoint*)cvGetSeqElem( result, i-1 )));
s = s > t ? s : t;
}
}
// if cosines of all angles are small
// (all angles are ~90 degree) then write quandrange
// vertices to resultant sequence
if( s < 0.3 )
for( i = 0; i < 4; i++ )
cvSeqPush( squares,
(CvPoint*)cvGetSeqElem( result, i ));
}
// take the next contour
contours = contours->h_next;
}
}
}
// release all the temporary images
cvReleaseImage( &gray );
cvReleaseImage( &pyr );
cvReleaseImage( &tgray );
cvReleaseImage( &timg );
return squares;
}
// the function draws all the squares in the image
void drawSquares( IplImage* img, CvSeq* squares )
{
CvSeqReader reader;
IplImage* cpy = cvCloneImage( img );
int i;
// initialize reader of the sequence
cvStartReadSeq( squares, &reader, 0 );
// read 4 sequence elements at a time (all vertices of a square)
for( i = 0; i < squares->total; i += 4 )
{
CvPoint* rect = pt;
int count = 4;
// read 4 vertices
memcpy( pt, reader.ptr, squares->elem_size );
CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( squares->elem_size, reader );
memcpy( pt + 1, reader.ptr, squares->elem_size );
CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( squares->elem_size, reader );
memcpy( pt + 2, reader.ptr, squares->elem_size );
CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( squares->elem_size, reader );
memcpy( pt + 3, reader.ptr, squares->elem_size );
CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( squares->elem_size, reader );
// draw the square as a closed polyline
cvPolyLine( cpy, &rect, &count, 1, 1, CV_RGB(0,255,0), 3, CV_AA, 0 );
}
// show the resultant image
cvShowImage( wndname, cpy );
cvReleaseImage( &cpy );
}
void on_trackbar( int a )
{
if( img )
drawSquares( img, findSquares4( img, storage ) );
}
char* names[] = { "pic1.png", "pic2.png", "pic3.png",
"pic4.png", "pic5.png", "pic6.png", 0 };
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
int i, c;
// create memory storage that will contain all the dynamic data
storage = cvCreateMemStorage(0);
for( i = 0; names[i] != 0; i++ )
{
// load i-th image
img0 = cvLoadImage( names[i], 1 );
if( !img0 )
{
printf("Couldn't load %s/n", names[i] );
continue;
}
img = cvCloneImage( img0 );
// create window and a trackbar (slider) with parent "image" and set callback
// (the slider regulates upper threshold, passed to Canny edge detector)
cvNamedWindow( wndname, 1 );
cvCreateTrackbar( "canny thresh", wndname, &thresh, 1000, on_trackbar );
// force the image processing
on_trackbar(0);
// wait for key.
// Also the function cvWaitKey takes care of event processing
c = cvWaitKey(0);
// release both images
cvReleaseImage( &img );
cvReleaseImage( &img0 );
// clear memory storage - reset free space position
cvClearMemStorage( storage );
if( c == 27 )
break;
}
cvDestroyWindow( wndname );
return 0;
}
#ifdef _EiC
main(1,"squares.c");
#endif
其它参考博客：
1、http://blog.csdn.net/superdont/article/details/6664254
2、http://hi.baidu.com/%CE%C4%BF%A1%B5%C4%CF%A3%CD%FB/blog/item/3a5cb2079158b304738b65f2.html
#include <cv.h>
#include <highgui.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
IplImage* src;
if( (src=cvLoadImage("5.bmp", 1)) != 0)
{
IplImage* dst = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(src), 8, 1 );
IplImage* color_dst = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(src), 8, 3 );
CvMemStorage* storage = cvCreateMemStorage(0);//存储检测到线段，当然可以是N*1的矩阵数列，如果
实际的直线数量多余N，那么最大可能数目的线段被返回
CvSeq* lines = 0;
int i;
IplImage* src1=cvCreateImage(cvSize(src->width,src->height),IPL_DEPTH_8U,1);
cvCvtColor(src, src1, CV_BGR2GRAY); //把src转换成灰度图像保存在src1中，注意进行边缘检测一定要
换成灰度图
cvCanny( src1, dst, 50, 200, 3 );//参数50，200的灰度变换
cvCvtColor( dst, color_dst, CV_GRAY2BGR );
#if 1
lines = cvHoughLines2( dst, storage, CV_HOUGH_STANDARD, 1, CV_PI/180, 150, 0, 0 );//标准霍夫变
换后两个参数为0，由于line_storage是内存空间，所以返回一个CvSeq序列结构的指针
for( i = 0; i < lines->total; i++ )
{
float* line = (float*)cvGetSeqElem(lines,i);//用GetSeqElem得到直线
float rho = line[0];
float theta = line[1];//对于SHT和MSHT(标准变换)这里line[0],line[1]是rho(与像素相关单位的距
离精度)和theta(弧度测量的角度精度)
CvPoint pt1, pt2;
double a = cos(theta), b = sin(theta);
if( fabs(a) < 0.001 )
{
pt1.x = pt2.x = cvRound(rho);
pt1.y = 0;
pt2.y = color_dst->height;
}
else if( fabs(b) < 0.001 )
{
pt1.y = pt2.y = cvRound(rho);
pt1.x = 0;
pt2.x = color_dst->width;
}
else
{
pt1.x = 0;
pt1.y = cvRound(rho/b);
pt2.x = cvRound(rho/a);
pt2.y = 0;
}
cvLine( color_dst, pt1, pt2, CV_RGB(255,0,0), 3, 8 );
}
#else
lines = cvHoughLines2( dst, storage, CV_HOUGH_PROBABILISTIC, 1, CV_PI/180, 80, 30, 10 );
for( i = 0; i < lines->total; i++ )
{
CvPoint* line = (CvPoint*)cvGetSeqElem(lines,i);
cvLine( color_dst, line[0], line[1], CV_RGB(255,0,0), 3, 8 );
}
#endif
cvNamedWindow( "Source", 1 );
cvShowImage( "Source", src );
cvNamedWindow( "Hough", 1 );
cvShowImage( "Hough", color_dst );
cvWaitKey(0);
}
}
line_storage
检测到的线段存储仓. 可以是内存存储仓 (此种情况下，一个线段序列在存储仓中被创建，并且由函数返回），或者是包含线段参数的特殊类型（见下面）的具有单行/单列的矩阵(CvMat*)。矩阵头为函数所修改，使得它的 cols/rows 将包含一组检测到的线段。如果 line_storage 是矩阵，而实际线段的数目超过矩阵尺寸，那么最大可能数目的线段被返回(线段没有按照长度、可信度或其它指标排序).
method
Hough 变换变量，是下面变量的其中之一：
CV_HOUGH_STANDARD - 传统或标准 Hough 变换. 每一个线段由两个浮点数 (ρ, θ) 表示，其中 ρ 是直线与原点 (0,0) 之间的距离，θ 线段与 x-轴之间的夹角。因此，矩阵类型必须是 CV_32FC2 type.
CV_HOUGH_PROBABILISTIC - 概率 Hough 变换(如果图像包含一些长的线性分割，则效率更高). 它返回线段分割而不是整个线段。每个分割用起点和终点来表示，所以矩阵（或创建的序列）类型是 CV_32SC4.
CV_HOUGH_MULTI_SCALE - 传统 Hough 变换的多尺度变种。线段的编码方式与 CV_HOUGH_STANDARD 的一致。
rho
与象素相关单位的距离精度
theta
弧度测量的角度精度
threshold
阈值参数。如果相应的累计值大于 threshold， 则函数返回的这个线段.
param1
第一个方法相关的参数:
对传统 Hough 变换，不使用(0).
对概率 Hough 变换，它是最小线段长度.
对多尺度 Hough 变换，它是距离精度 rho 的分母 (大致的距离精度是 rho 而精确的应该是 rho / param1 ).
param2
第二个方法相关参数:
对传统 Hough 变换，不使用 (0).
对概率 Hough 变换，这个参数表示在同一条直线上进行碎线段连接的最大间隔值(gap), 即当同一条直线上的两条碎线段之间的间隔小于param2时，将其合二为一。
对多尺度 Hough 变换，它是角度精度 theta 的分母 (大致的角度精度是 theta 而精确的角度应该是 theta / param2).
函数 cvHoughLines2 实现了用于线段检测的不同 Hough 变换方法. Example. 用 Hough transform 检测线段
3、http://www.opencv.org.cn/index.php/Hough%E7%BA%BF%E6%AE%B5%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B
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