Initial contact with the hardware-related knowledge, but also as a core courses, after all, most of them are related to previous exposure to software. So there is some confusion in this record some basic concepts to facilitate a review, and secondly, pay attention to their cause
Computer throughput:
The throughput of the computer system refers to the rate of information flow into, and out of the processing system. It depends on the information can be input to fast memory, the CPU can be the instruction fetch how fast, how fast data can be taken out from or stored in memory, and how fast the results obtained can be sent from a peripheral device memory. Each step of these steps are related to the main memory, thus, the system throughput depends on the main memory access cycle. For the above reasons, dual-port memory can increase the effective speed of the main memory
Response time
Response time is the total time to complete a task, comprising a disk access time, the memory access time, I / O access time. When multi-channel program, in a program in the CPU I / O will be transferred to another program while waiting for execution, this will reduce latency
Utilization
Means within a given time interval, the ratio of time occupied by the system is actually used, generally expressed as a percentage.
Word length of the processor
means in a processing machine operator can complete digit binary number operations. The current processor with a word length of 8, 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit. The higher the word length, the accuracy of calculation represents
Bus Width
Generally refers to an internal bus interconnecting the number of bits between the CPU and the memory in the computing unit.
Memory capacity
The total number of all memory storage units, usually expressed as KB, MB, GB, TB. Where K = 210, M = 220, G = 230, T = 240, B = 8 bits (1 byte). The larger the memory capacity, the more the number of binary memory.
Memory bandwidth
Speed indicator memory binary information quantity per unit time is read out from the memory, generally expressed in bytes / sec
Frequency / clock cycle
Power cycle of the CPU controlled by the master clock, the master clock generating a clock constantly fixed frequency master clock frequency (f) is called the CPU clock speed. Unit of measurement is MHz (megahertz), GHz (gigahertz). E.g. Pentium series machine is 60MHz ~ 266MHz, Pentium 4 and raised to 3.6GHz. Called reciprocal frequency of CPU clock cycles (T), i.e. T = 1 / f, the unit of measure in microseconds, nanoseconds
CPU execution time
表示CPU执行一段程序所占用的CPU时间，可用下式计算：CPU执行时间 ＝ CPU时钟周期数 × CPU时钟周期长
冯·诺依曼体系结构
计算机组成原理讨论的基础就是冯·诺依曼的计算机，其基本设计思想就是存储程序和程序控制，具有以下特点：
（1）由运算器、存储器、控制器、输入设备和输出设备五大部件组成计算机系统，并规定了这五部分的基本功能。
（2）采用存储程序的方式，程序和数据放在同一个存储器中，指令和数据一样可以送到运算器运算，即由指令组成的程序是可以修改的。
（3）数据以二进制数码表示。
（4）指令由操作码和地址码组成。
（5）指令在存储器中按顺序存放，由指令计数器（PC）指明要执行的指令所在单元地址，一般按顺序递增，但可按运算结果或外界条件改变。
（6）机器以运算器为中心，I/O设备与存储器间数据传送都通过运算器。
