减数分裂meiosis-有丝分裂miosis

Although meiosis shares similarities with mitosis—both rely on microtubules to partition chromosomes to opposite sides of a cell, which then divides to form a daughter cell pair—meiosis is only observed in the sex organs, while mitosis occurs in other tissue types of the body. In addition, the cells resulting from mitosis are genetically indistinguishable (save for random mutations) from their predecessor: crossing over does not occur, and all the daughter cells are diploid. In contrast, meiosis produces four cells that not only have half the number of chromosomes from their predecessor, but they also contain unique combinations of genetic material. No two meiotic products are identical, which helps account for the appearance and personality differences often seen between siblings in the same family.

参考:https://www.jove.com/science-education/10766/what-is-meiosis

减数分裂与有丝分裂的不同:

1.有丝分裂产生的两个细胞的遗传信息,即基因组,与分裂前细胞的基因组是一致的;而,减数分裂产生的4个细胞的基因组是不同的;

2.有丝分裂不会发生cross over联会现象;而,减数分裂时,同源染色体之间会发生cross over。正是如此,产生的生殖细胞之间的基因组之间才是不同的。保证物种的多样性。

 

这解释了为什么父母生的孩子之间会不同。

因为生殖细胞在进行减数分裂时,会进行cross over(联会),在同源染色体之间交互信息,然后,再进行复制、两次分裂,形成单倍体的生殖细胞。

比如:第一个细胞是卵母细胞 => 卵母细胞中的染色体先复制,然后同源染色体重组,形成第二个细胞 => 细胞分裂,形成第三列的细胞 => 细胞继续分裂,形成第四列的细胞。即4个卵子。

      此图来自wiki

  

为什么说异卵双胞胎或者孩子之间,有50%的基因组的相似性呢?

从最后一列的卵子细胞来看,每个卵子细胞的染色体是不同的。精子细胞也是如此。

异卵双胞胎的基因组就相当于是父母不同孩子的基因组。

所以,研究双胞胎时,一般选择同卵双胞胎研究。

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转载自www.cnblogs.com/zypiner/p/11882106.html