线程池 ThreadPool 常用的四种

线程池 ThreadPool 常用的四种

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1.为什么用线程池

执行一个异步任务你还只是如下new Thread吗？

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new Thread(new Runnable() {

@Override
public void run() {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
}

}).start();
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那你就out太多了，new Thread的弊端如下：
a. 每次new Thread新建对象性能差。
b. 线程缺乏统一管理，可能无限制新建线程，相互之间竞争，及可能占用过多系统资源导致死机或oom。
c. 缺乏更多功能，如定时执行、定期执行、线程中断。
相比new Thread，Java提供的四种线程池的好处在于：
a. 重用存在的线程，减少对象创建、消亡的开销，性能佳。
b. 可有效控制最大并发线程数，提高系统资源的使用率，同时避免过多资源竞争，避免堵塞。
c. 提供定时执行、定期执行、单线程、并发数控制等功能。

2、Java 线程池

Java通过Executors提供四种线程池，分别为：
newCachedThreadPool创建一个可缓存线程池，如果线程池长度超过处理需要，可灵活回收空闲线程，若无可回收，则新建线程。
newFixedThreadPool 创建一个定长线程池，可控制线程最大并发数，超出的线程会在队列中等待。
newScheduledThreadPool 创建一个定长线程池，支持定时及周期性任务执行。
newSingleThreadExecutor 创建一个单线程化的线程池，它只会用唯一的工作线程来执行任务，保证所有任务按照指定顺序(FIFO, LIFO, 优先级)执行。

(1). newCachedThreadPool

创建一个可缓存线程池，如果线程池长度超过处理需要，可灵活回收空闲线程，若无可回收，则新建线程。示例代码如下：

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ExecutorService cachedThreadPool = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
final int index = i;
try {
Thread.sleep(index * 1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

cachedThreadPool.execute(new Runnable() {

    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println(index);
    }
});

}
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线程池为无限大，当执行第二个任务时第一个任务已经完成，会复用执行第一个任务的线程，而不用每次新建线程。

(2). newFixedThreadPool

创建一个定长线程池，可控制线程最大并发数，超出的线程会在队列中等待。示例代码如下：

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ExecutorService fixedThreadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
final int index = i;
fixedThreadPool.execute(new Runnable() {

    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            System.out.println(index);
            Thread.sleep(2000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
});

}
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因为线程池大小为3，每个任务输出index后sleep 2秒，所以每两秒打印3个数字。
定长线程池的大小最好根据系统资源进行设置。如Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors()。可参考PreloadDataCache。

(3) newScheduledThreadPool

创建一个定长线程池，支持定时及周期性任务执行。延迟执行示例代码如下：

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ScheduledExecutorService scheduledThreadPool = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(5);
scheduledThreadPool.schedule(new Runnable() {

@Override
public void run() {
    System.out.println("delay 3 seconds");
}

}, 3, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
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表示延迟3秒执行。

定期执行示例代码如下：

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scheduledThreadPool.scheduleAtFixedRate(new Runnable() {

@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(“delay 1 seconds, and excute every 3 seconds”);
}
}, 1, 3, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

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表示延迟1秒后每3秒执行一次。
ScheduledExecutorService比Timer更安全，功能更强大，后面会有一篇单独进行对比。

(4)、newSingleThreadExecutor

创建一个单线程化的线程池，它只会用唯一的工作线程来执行任务，保证所有任务按照指定顺序(FIFO, LIFO, 优先级)执行。示例代码如下：

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ExecutorService singleThreadExecutor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
final int index = i;
singleThreadExecutor.execute(new Runnable() {

    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            System.out.println(index);
            Thread.sleep(2000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
});

}
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结果依次输出，相当于顺序执行各个任务。
现行大多数GUI程序都是单线程的。Android中单线程可用于数据库操作，文件操作，应用批量安装，应用批量删除等不适合并发但可能IO阻塞性及影响UI线程响应的操作

3.相关线程类

（1）线程接口 Executor

public interface Executor {

/**
 * Executes the given command at some time in the future.  The command
 * may execute in a new thread, in a pooled thread, or in the calling
 * thread, at the discretion of the {@code Executor} implementation.
 *
 * @param command the runnable task
 * @throws RejectedExecutionException if this task cannot be
 * accepted for execution
 * @throws NullPointerException if command is null
 */
void execute(Runnable command);

}

（2）线程类 Executors

public class Executors {

 public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
    return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                  0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                  new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
}


 public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads, ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
    return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                  0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                  new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(),
                                  threadFactory);
}



 public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
    return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
        (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
                                0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
}
public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
    return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
        (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
                                0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(),
                                threadFactory));
}

 public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
    return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
                                  60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                                  new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
}

 public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
    return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
                                  60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                                  new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>(),
                                  threadFactory);
}


public static ScheduledExecutorService newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor() {
    return new DelegatedScheduledExecutorService
        (new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1));
}

 public static ScheduledExecutorService newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
    return new DelegatedScheduledExecutorService
        (new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1, threadFactory));
}

｝

（3）线程接口 ExecutorService

public interface ExecutorService extends Executor {
 <T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task);

/**
 * Submits a Runnable task for execution and returns a Future
 * representing that task. The Future's {@code get} method will
 * return the given result upon successful completion.
 *
 * @param task the task to submit
 * @param result the result to return
 * @param <T> the type of the result
 * @return a Future representing pending completion of the task
 * @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be
 *         scheduled for execution
 * @throws NullPointerException if the task is null
 */
<T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result);

/**
 * Submits a Runnable task for execution and returns a Future
 * representing that task. The Future's {@code get} method will
 * return {@code null} upon <em>successful</em> completion.
 *
 * @param task the task to submit
 * @return a Future representing pending completion of the task
 * @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be
 *         scheduled for execution
 * @throws NullPointerException if the task is null
 */
    Future<?> submit(Runnable task);


｝

提供submit方法执行线程，

（4）线程接口 ScheduledExecutorService 继承 ExecutorService

public interface ScheduledExecutorService extends ExecutorService {

.......
}
public abstract class AbstractExecutorService implements ExecutorService {
.......
}
public class ThreadPoolExecutor extends AbstractExecutorService {
    public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                          int maximumPoolSize,
                          long keepAliveTime,
                          TimeUnit unit,
                          BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
                          RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
    this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
         Executors.defaultThreadFactory(), handler);
}

.........
}

ThreadPoolExecutor 该类继承抽象类（AbstractExecutorService ）实现相关方法。线程相关类基本这些，深究的话可以看源码。