1. expertise [ˌekspɜ:ˈti:z]
n. Expertise is special skill or knowledge that is acquired by training, study, or practice.
The company provided professional expertise to help you run your own business.
2. fungus [ˈfʌŋgəs]
n. A fungus is a plant that has no flowers, leaves, or green colouring, such as a mushroom or a toadstool. Other types of fungus such as mould are extremely small and look like a fine powder.
The doctors still need to do much research on the basics of the disease, including research on transmission of the fungus, exactly how the fungus interacts with the bats' immune systems.
3. stout [staʊt]
(1). adj. A stout person is rather fat.
(2). adj. Stout shoes, branches, or other objects are thick and strong.
(3). adj. If you use stout to describe someone's actions, attitudes, or beliefs, you approve of them because they are strong and determined.
(4). n. Stout is a strong dark-coloured beer.
He put up a stout defence in court.
4. conceit [kənˈsi:t]
(1). n. Conceit is very great pride in your abilities or achievements that other people feel is too great.
(2). n. In literature, a conceit is a clever or unusual metaphor or comparison.
The young man was told to guard against conceit.
5. husbandry [ˈhʌzbəndri]
n. Husbandry is farming animals, especially when it is done carefully and well.
The professor has an interesting theory about crop husbandry.
6. abysmal [əˈbɪzməl]
adj. If you describe a situation or the condition of something as abysmal, you think that it is very bad or poor in quality.
The boy took many courses to remedy his abysmal ignorance.
7. scorn [skɔ:n]
(1). n. If you treat someone or something with scorn, you show contempt for them.
(2). v. If you scorn someone or something, you feel or show contempt for them.
(3). v. If you scorn something, you refuse to have it or accept it because you think it is not good enough or suitable for you.
(4). phrase. If you pour scorn on someone or something or heap scorn on them, you say that you think they are stupid and worthless.
She uses slience as her expression of scorn.
8. tranquil [ˈtræŋkwɪl]
adj. Something that is tranquil is clam and peaceful.
My dream is to be with my family and lead a simple and tranquil life.
9. swoop [swu:p]
(1). v. If police or soldiers swoop on a place, they go there suddenly and quickly, usually in order to arrest someone or to attack the place.
(2). v. When a bird or aeroplane swoops, it suddenly moves downwards through the air in a smooth curving movement.
(3). phrase. If something is done in one fell swoop or at one fell swoop, it is done on a single occasion or by a single action.
She even thought she might settle all the problems in a single swoop.
10. mingle [ˈmɪŋgl]
(1). phrase. If things such as sounds, smells, or feeling mingle, they become mixed together but are usually still recognizable.
(2). phrase. At a party, if you mingle with the other people there, you move around and talk to them.
It is not easy for Tina to mingle at the party because she is very shy.
11. interim [ˈɪntərɪm]
(1). adj. Interim is used to describe something that is intended to be used until something permanent is done or established.
(2). phrase. In the interim means until a particular thing happens or until a particular thing happened.
I will go to visit London in the interim of Christmas.
12. laudable [ˈlɔ:dəbl]
adj. Something that is laudable deserves to be praised or admired.
Though their aims were laudable, they may have missed the larger point.
13. pretext [ˈpri:tekst]
n. A pretext is a reason which you pretend has caused you to do something.
She used her being sick as a pretext for not going to work.
14. replica [ˈreplɪkə]
(1). n. A replica of something such as a statue, building, or weapon is an accurate copy of it.
(2). n. If you say that one person is a replica of another, you mean that the first person looks very like the second.
This painting is not the authentic one, but a replica made by a young artist.
15. siege [si:dʒ]
(1). n. A siege is a military or police operation in which soldiers or police surround a place in order to force the people there to come out or give up control of the place.
(2). pharse. If police, soldiers, or journalists lay siege to a place, they surround it in order to force the people there to come out or give up control of the place.
(3). phrase. If someone or somethinig is under siege, they are being severely criticized or put under a great deal of pressure.
After the news got exposed, dozens of journalists laid siege to his apartment.
16. lunge [lʌndʒ]
v. If you lunge in a particular direction, you move in that direction suddenly and clumsily.
The dog lunged at the door suddenly.
17. gibe [dʒaɪb]
She made several cheap gibes at her opponent during the interview.
18. speckle [ˈspekl]
(1). n. a small contrasting part of something
(2). v. mark with small spots
(3). v. produce a mottled effect
The cook's apron was speckled with oil.
19. beaver [ˈbi:və(r)]
(1). n. A beaver is a furry animal with a big flat tail and large teeth. Beavers use their teeth to cut wood and build dams in rivers.
(2). n. Beaver is the fur of a beaver.
Susan has been beavering away at her report all morning.
20. pollutant [pəˈlu:tənt]
n. Pollutants are substances that pollute the environment, especially gases from vehicles and poisonous chemicals produced as waste by industrial processes.
These cars put no pollutants whatsoever into the atmosphere.
21. sardonic [sɑ:ˈdɒnɪk]
adj. If you describe someone as sardonic, you mean that their attitude to people or things is humorous but rather critical.
Even though she didn't say anything, there was a sardonic expression.
22. nomadic [nəʊ'mædɪk]
(1). adj. Nomadic people travel from place to place rather than living in one place all the time.
(2). adj. If someone has a nomadic way of life, they travel from place to place and do not have a settled home.
Some hunters continued the old pastoral and nomadic ways.
23. confer [kənˈfɜ:(r)]
(1). phrase. When you confer with someone, you discuss something with them in order to make a decision. You can also say that two people confer.
(2). v. To confer something such as power or an honour on someone means to give it to them.
In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents.
24. incessantly [ɪn'sesntlɪ]
After his girlfriend left him, Tom asked himself incessantly "Why does she leave me".
25. ultimatum [ˌʌltɪˈmeɪtəm]
n. An ultimatum is a warning to someone that unless they act in a particular way, action will be taken against them.
If George misses one more meeting, we'd better give him an ultimatum.
26. milieu [mi:ˈljɜ:]
n. You milieu is the group of people or activities that you live among or are familiar with.
His most recent novel goes even farther away from the milieu of his every work, tracing the politically charged homosexual romance between an upper-class writer and a working-class Communist.
27. alchemist [ˈælkəmɪst]
n. An alchemist was a scientist in the Middle Ages who tried to discover how to change ordinary metals into glod.
28. untamed [ˌʌnˈteɪmd]
adj. An untamed area or place is in its original or natural state and has not been changed or affected by people.
Robert S. Duncanson was considered a painter of the Hudson River School, which concentrated on scenes of America's untamed wilderness.
29. fray [freɪ]
(1). phrase. If something such as cloth or rope frays, or if something frays it, its threads or fibres start to come apart from each other and spoil its appearance.
(2). phrase. If your nerves or your temper fray, or if something frays them, you become nervous or easily annoyed because of mental strain and anxiety.
(3). n. The fray is an exciting or challenging activity, situation, or argument that you are involved in.
(4). phrase. If you say that something is fraying at the edges or is fraying around the edges, you mean that it has an uncertain or unsteady quality, for example because it is gradually being spoiled or destroyed.
His woolen pants were sometimes fortified with buckskin to keep them from fraying.
30. prolific [prəˈlɪfɪk]
(1). adj. A prolific writer, artist, or composer produces a large number of works.
(2). adj. A prolific sports player scores a lot of goals or wins a lot of matches or races.
(3). adj. An animal, person, or plant that is prolific produces a large number of babies, young plants, or fruit.
(4). adj. If animals are prolific somewhere, there are a lot of them there.
The beds of former lakes are also prolific sources of fossils.
31. tissue [ˈtɪʃu:]
(1). n. In animals and plants, tissue consists of cells that are similar to each other in appearance and that have the same function.
(2). n. Tissue or tissue paper is thin paper that is used for wrapping things that are easily damaged, such as objects made of glass or china.
(3). n. A tissue is a piece of thin soft paper that you use to blow your nose.
Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field incorporating the principles of biology, chemistry, engineering and medicine to create biological substitutes of native tissues for scientific research or clinical use.
32. listless [ˈlɪstləs]
adj. Someone who is listless has no energy or enthusiasm.
The illness left her feeling listless and depressed.
33. groom [gru:m]
(1). n. A groom is the same as a bridegroom.
(2). n. A groom is someone whose job is to look after the horses in a stable and to keep them clean.
(3). v. If you groom an animal, you clean its fur, usually by brushing it.
(4). v. If you are groomed for a special job, someone prepares you for it by teaching you the skills you will need.
Mother chimpanzees care for and groom their young.
All trails are have to be checked daily to make sure they are groomed probably.
34. dim [dɪm]
(1). adj. Dim light is not bright.
(2). adj. A dim place is rather dark because there is not much light in it.
(3). adj. A dim figure or object is not very easy to see, either because it is in shadow or darkness, or because it is far away.
(4). adj. If you have a dim memory or understanding of something, it is difficult to remember or is unclear in your mind.
(5). adj. If the future of a something is dim, you have no reason to feel hopeful or positive about it.
(6). adj. If you describe someone as dim, you think that they are stupid.
(7). phrase. If you dim a light or if it dims, it becomes less bright.
(8). v. If you are driving a car and dim the headlights, you operate a switch that makes them shine downwards, so that they do not shine directly into the eyes of other drivers.
(9). phrase. If your future, hopes, or emotions dim or if something dims them, they become less good or less strong.
(10). phrase. If your eyes dim or are dimmed by something, they become weaker or unable to see clearly.
(11). phrase. If your memories dim or if something dims them, they become less clear in your mind.
This light is too dim to read by.
My passion for writing never dimmed over the years.
35. neuron [ˈnjʊərɒn]
n. A neuron is a cell which is part of the nervous system. Neurons send messages to and from the brain.
Neurons come in many different shapes and sizes.
36. marsh [mɑ:ʃ]
n. A marsh is a wet, muddy area of land.
Cows were grazing on the marsh.
37. eclipse [ɪˈklɪps]
(1). n. An eclipse of the sun is an occasion when the moon is between the earth and the sun, so that for a short time you cannot see part or all of the sun. An eclipse of the moon is an occasion when the earth is between the sun and the moon, so that for a short time you cannot see part or all of the moon.
(2). v. If one thing is eclipsed by a second thing that is bigger, newer, or more important than it, the first thing is no longer noticed because the second thing gets all the attention.
The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North.
38. incentive [ɪnˈsentɪv]
n. If something is an incentive to do something, it encourages you to do it.
There was incentive for American potters to replace the imports with comparable domestic goods.
39. puncture [ˈpʌŋktʃə(r)]
(1). n. A puncture is a small hole in a car tyre or bicycle tyre that has been made by a sharp object.
(2), n. A puncture is a small hole in someone's skin that has been made by or with a sharp object.
(3). v. If a sharp object punctures something, it makes a hole in it.
(4). phrase. If a car tyre or bicycle tyre punctures or if something punctures it, a hold is made in the tyre.
(5). v. If someone's feelings or beliefs are punctured, their feelings or beliefs are made to seem wrong or foolish, especially when this makes the person feel disappointed or upset.
The tire punctured a mile from home.
40. corrosive [kəˈrəʊsɪv]
(1). adj. A corrosive substance is able to destroy solid materials by a chemical reaction.
(2). adj. If you say that something has a corrosive effect, you mean that it gradually causes serious harm.
Chlorine is a corrosive gas that has a sharp odor.
41. raven [ˈreɪvn]
(1). n. A raven is a large bird with shiny black feathers and a deep harsh all.
(2). adj. Raven hair is black, shiny, and smooth.
The girl sitting beside me has raven hair.
42. jot [dʒɒt]
(1). v. If you jot something short such as an address somewhere, you write it down so that you will remember it.
(2). phrase. If you say that there is not a jot or not one jot of something, you are emphasizing that there is not even a very small amount of it.
(3). phrase. Expressions such as a jot, one jot, not a jot are used to emphasize negative statements.
I have jotted down your telephone number.
43. prudent [ˈpru:dnt]
adj. Someone who is prudent is sensible and careful.
This was a colossal sum for those days but one that a prudent government could pay.
44. spur [spɜ:(r)]
(1). v. If one thing spurs you to do another, it encourages you to do it.
(2). v. If something spurs a change or event, it makes it happen faster or sooner.
(3). n. Something that acts as a spur to something else encourages a person or organization to do that thing or makes it happen more quickly.
(4). n. Spurs are small metal wheels with sharp points that are attached to the heels of a rider's boots. The rider uses them to make their horse go faster.
(5). n. The spur of a hill or mountain is a piece of ground which sticks out from its side.
(6). phrase. If you do something on the spur of the moment, you do it suddenly, without planning it beforehand.
(7). phrase. If you win your spurs or earn your spurs, you achieve a particular status by proving that you can do something skilfully.
I phoned him up on the spur of the moment.
I was spurred into action by your words.
45. ratify [ˈrætɪfaɪ]
v. When national leaders or organizations ratify a treaty or written agreement, they make it official by giving their formal approval to it, usually by signing it or voting for it.
The treaty was ratified by all the member states.
46. vice [vaɪs]
(1). n. A vice is a habit which is regarded as a weakness in someone's character, but not usually as a serious fault.
(2). n. Vice refers to criminal activities, especially those connected with pornography or prostitution.
(3). n. A vice is a tool with a pair of parts that hold an object tightly while you do work on it.
Cigarettes are my only vice.
整理自《柯林斯词典》、《新东方托福词汇》，侵删歉。