Ruling the roost
Ruling 统治的 统治
Roost 栖木，鸡棚
Ruling the roost 当家做主
How chicken became the rich world’s most popular meat
the rich world富裕国家
In a shed on a poultry farm just outside Colchester, in south-east England, thousands of chickens sit on piles of their own excrement. The facilities will not be cleaned until after the birds are killed, meaning they suffer from ammonia burns and struggle to grow feathers. Ants and maggots crawl over the bodies of those that have not made it to slaughter. The chicken industry is a dirty business, but it is also a profitable one. In the OECD, a club of mostly rich countries, pork and beef consumption has remained unchanged since 1990. Chicken consumption has grown by 70%.
shed 棚，库
poultry farm 家禽饲养所
excrement 排泄物（粪便）
piles of 一大批
facility 设备
suffer from
ammonia burns 氨烧伤
ammonia 氨
burns 烧伤
feathers 羽毛
Ants 蚂蚁( ant的名词复数 )
maggots 幼虫 蛆虫
crawl 爬行
slaughter屠宰（动物）
the bodies of 尸体
dirty 肮脏的; 恶劣的; 卑劣的; 下流的
those that have not made it to slaughter
make it to 赶上，到达，及时赶上
profitable 有利可图的，有益的
OECD：Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development经济合作与发展组织
Co-operation合作
pork 猪肉
consumption 消费
remained 留下( remain的过去式和过去分词 )
Humans gobble so many chickens that the birds now count for 23bn of the 30bn land animals living on farms. According to a recent paper by Carys Bennett at the University of Leicester and colleagues, the total mass of farmed chickens exceeds that of all other birds on the planet combined. In London, some 50 miles west of Colchester, fried-chicken shops are ubiquitous. Many are named after American states (including Kansas and Montana, not to mention Kentucky). But schoolchildren and latenight partiers are unfazed by the strange names. Nor do they worry much about where their meal came from.
gobble 狼吞虎咽地吃,贪食
count 总数
According to根据，按照
paper 论文
colleagues同事，同僚( colleague的名词复数 )
the total mass of 总质量
farmed chickens 养鸡
exceeds 超过 胜过
combined 结合 联合
fried 油炸的 油煎的(fry的过去分词)
some 50 miles 大约50米
ubiquitous无所不在的
states 国家，州
latenight partiers 晚党
unfazed 不担忧的 不苦恼的
strange 奇怪的
Nor do they worry much about where their meal came from.
Nor放句首变倒装句
And why should they? Chicken is cheap and delicious. A pound of poultry in America now costs $1.92, a fall of $1.71 since 1960 (after adjusting for inflation). Meanwhile the price of beef has fallen by $1.17 a pound to $5.80.
poultry 家畜
a fall of 跌落
adjusting 调节
inflation 通货膨胀 夸张
Fans of cheap chicken have selective breeding to thank. In the 1940s America launched a series of “Chicken of Tomorrow” competitions for farmers. The aim, as正如 described by a newspaper at the time, was to produce “one bird chunky enough for the whole family—a chicken with breast meat so thick you can carve it into steaks, with drumsticks that contain a minimum of bone buried in layers of juicy dark meat, all costing less instead of more.” The result was something along the lines of the modern broiler chicken.
Fans 迷
selective breeding 选择性育种
launched 推出
chunky 矮胖的 粗短的
carve it into 切成
thick 厚 浓密
breast 胸部 胸腹
steak 牛排 肉排
drumsticks 鸡腿形的东西(鸡腿)
buried(bury)埋葬 埋藏
juicy 多汁的 报酬多的
instead of 而不是
broiler烤焙用具；酷热的日子；烤肉
broiler chicken 肉鸡
Since then chickens have continued to get bigger. A study by Martin Zuidhof of the University of Alberta and colleagues documented this shift by comparing chickens that were selectively bred in 1957, 1978 and 2005. The authors found that at 56 days old the three birds had average weights of 0.9kg, 1.8kg and 4.2kg. As（因为） raising a single big bird is more efficient than raising two smaller ones, it now takes farmers just 1.3kg of grain to produce 1kg of chicken, down低于 from 20 .5kg of grain in 1985.
Since then 从那以后
selectively bred 生育 繁殖
documented this shift 证明了这一转变
At 10 days old 10天大的时候
at...old中间只能加天和月吗?比如有ten days old,at four months old 但是可以用at ten years old？
介词at一般表示的是--点--的概念，意思就是比较小的,易于浓缩的
天和月,相对年来说,范围狭小的多,at更适合这样的-----小时间----的表达
weights of 重....
start from scratch 白手起家 从头再来
Author 著作家
efficient 有效率的
raising a single big bird v.养育，唤起（evoke）
- 提高，增加
grain 谷物，粮食
it now takes farmers just 1.3kg of grain to produce 1kg of chicken
It,形式主语，真正的主语是to produce 1kg of chicken
The intense use of antibiotics means that farmers no longer need to spend much time worrying about their chickens’ welfare. Before the second world war, most birds were raised on small plots. Farmers kept hens for eggs and sold their meat when they got too old to lay any more. But prophylactics have allowed farmers to pack chickens into conditions that would once have been considered unthinkably cramped and dirty. Birds raised in denser quarters do not move around much, and so require less to eat.
intense use of 大量使用
antibiotics （用作复数）抗生素
no longer 不再
Welfare 福利
raised 饲养
plot小块地
sold 卖，售，销( sell的过去式和过去分词 )
kept keep的过去式
prophylactic 预防剂
pack chickens into conditions
pack ... into 打包...进
Unthinkably
unthinkable无法想象的
cramped 狭窄的
dirty恶劣的
denser quarters密集的地方
denser 密集的( dense的比较级 )
quarters住处，岗位 ，四分之一
Farmers have also benefited from the healthy reputation of chicken. In the 1980s doctors worried that by eating too much beef and pork people were ingesting lots of saturated fat, which was then thought to increase the risk of heart disease. Those fears have since waned, but new evidence suggests that red meat might increase people’s chances of getting colon cancer. In contrast, poultry’s image as a healthy meat survives unscathed.
reputation 名气，名声
pork 猪肉
ingest获取 摄入
saturated fat（来自肉类和乳类的）饱和脂肪
waned衰落( wane的过去式和过去分词 )
colon cancer[医]结肠癌
colon 结肠
In contrast相比之下
contrast对比，对照
poultry〈集合词〉家禽
poultry’s image家禽形象
unscathed未受损伤的
scathed<诗>伤害，损害（尤指使之枯萎）( scathe的过去式和过去分词 )
It is not just fussy Western eaters who increasingly favour chicken. Rising incomes mean that demand for the meat is growing even faster in poorer countries. As a result, chickens are now the world’s most widely traded meat. In economic terms they are, in effect, the opposite of cars. They are produced whole. But their value is maximised once they are broken up.
fussy 大惊小怪的，难取悦的; 易烦恼的，挑剔的
eater 吃客
increasingly favour
Favour n.帮助
v. 喜爱
demand for要求…
As a result结果， 因此
traded 交易，经商( trade的过去式和过去分词 )
In economic terms在经济方面
in effect实际上，事实上
maximised 性能最优化
broken up 溃破
Though Westerners prefer lean, white meat; many in Asia and Africa prefer dark meat, which includes legs and thighs. These preferences are reflected in local prices: in America breasts are 88% more expensive than legs; in Indonesia they are 12% cheaper. Differences in the price of chicken feet are even starker. The thought of eating talons is abhorrent to many Westerners, but they often feature in Cantonese recipes. China now imports 300,000 tonnes of “phoenix claws” every year.
lean瘦的
thigh大腿
These preferences 这些优惠
breasts 胸肉( breast的名词复数 )
starker（指区别）明显的( stark的比较级 )
talons （尤指猛禽的）爪( talon的名词复数 )
abhorrent 令人厌恶的
feature in （使）在…中起重要作用
recipes食谱; 烹饪法( recipe的名词复数 ); 方法; 秘诀;
import进口，进口商品
tonnes 吨，公吨( tonne的名词复数 )
claws爪
phoenix 凤凰，长生鸟
The fact that different countries specialize in different kinds of production also boosts trade. America and Brazil, the world’s two biggest chicken exporters, are agricultural powerhouses that grow huge amounts of feed, the main cost in poultry production. Thailand and China, in contrast, dominate the processed-meat market which requires cheap, skilled labour. Russia and Ukraine, once net importers of chicken, have become net exporters as（随着） their grain industries have grown.
specialize in专攻，精通，以…为专业
boost增加; 促进，提高;
exporter出口商
agricultural 农业的，耕种的
powerhouses 强大的集团[组织]( powerhouse的名词复数 )
poultry 〈集合词〉家禽
in contrast 相比之下
dominate 支配，影响
processed加工过的，经加工的
process过程
skilled labour[法] 熟练工人
net exporters 净出口国 net adj.净的; 净得的; 最后的; n.网
net importers 净进口国
grain industries 粮食产业
grown adj.成年的，成熟的 verb. 种植(grow的过去分词); 生长，变成
Producers that sell their meat abroad expose themselves to risks. Chicken has been a flashpoint in trade negotiations. China imposed tariffs on American birds in 2010 and then banned all imports in 2015, shortly after an outbreak of avian flu. Industry observers are pessimistic the ban will be lifted, much to the dismay of American farmers who would love to be paid more for the 20bn chicken feet they produce every year, which currently become animal feed.
Producers 生产者，制造者( producer的名词复数 )
expose 揭露，揭发
flashpoint （尤指政治动乱的）爆发点
negotiations协商( negotiation的名词复数 )
tariff 关税
Impose ... on 强加
outbreak （战争，怒气等的）爆发
avian flu禽流感
avian 鸟的，鸟类的
pessimistic 悲观的，厌世的
observers 观察者( observer的名词复数 )
lifted举起，抬起( lift的过去式和过去分词 ); 提高; 运送; 解除
to the dismay of sb. 令...沮丧
dismay 使惊愕，使焦虑，使气馁
To one’s dismay 使人沮丧的
Love to do sth. 乐意做某事
paid adj.付费的; 有报酬的; 领取报酬的; n. 付款; 有利可图
currently 当前，目前
feed
| vt. |
喂养; 满足（欲望等）; 向…提供; 供…作食物; |
| vi. |
吃，以…为食; 流入，注入，进入（如油流入机器）; [电子学] 馈入; |
| n. |
饲料（尤指粗饲料），施肥; 喂送; 草料; （尤指向地方性电视台） 馈送电视节目 |
Similarly, the European Union banned the import of chlorinated American chicken in 1997, owing to concern that a chlorine wash allows lower hygiene standards in farms. Arguments over chlorinated chickens also proved a big stumbling block in negotiations for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, a now-failed trade deal between America and the EU. Some Britons fear that if they leave the EU any trade deal signed with America would require them to accept imports of such chickens.
Similarly相似地
chlorinated adj.绿色的; v.使氯发生作用，用氯消毒( chlorinate的过去式和过去分词 );
owing to 由于，因为
chlorine [化]氯
hygiene standards 卫生hygienism标准 卫生，卫生学; 保健法
Arguments 争论( argument的名词复数 )
stumbling block障碍物，绊脚石
Stumbling
| adj. |
摇摇晃晃或跌跌撞撞的; |
| v. |
绊脚; （不顺畅地） 说( stumble的现在分词 ); 跌跌撞撞地走; （说话、演奏等） 出错; |
stumble跌跌撞撞地走，蹒跚
block v.阻止; 阻塞; 限制; n.块; 街区; <英>大楼，大厦; 障碍物，阻碍;
Investment 投资，投资额
Partnership伙伴关系
leave the EU 脱欧 leave 离开
trade deal 贸易协议
signed with 与...签署
require 要求