流畅指的是从文章的一个观点到下一个观点的流畅转换，为了达到两个观点之间上下文衔接的顺畅我们首先需要确立清晰的连结逻辑。
连接词和连接段
| 功能 | 跟从句 | 跟全句 | 跟短语 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 附加 | furthermore in addition moreover |
in addition to | |
| 转折 | although even though despite the fact |
however nevertheless |
despite in spite of |
| 因果 | because since |
therefore as a result consequently hence thus |
because of due to as a result of |
| 解释 | in other words that is i.e. |
||
| 对比 | while whereas |
in contrast however on the other hand conversely |
unlike |
| 举例 | for example for instance |
||
| 升华 | on the contrary as a matter of fact in fact |
由旧的观点引出新的观点
主语或句子的前部分阐述的是已知的信息，句末部分提出新的信息。
举例：
Research has shown that caffeine does indeed reduce sleepiness and can lead to better academic performance since students can spend more time studying.Despite its effectiveness in counteracting sleepiness, caffeine can have a negative impact on subsequent sleep, which for many students mat already be compromised. Specifically, caffeinated beverages consumed near bedtime at night can prolong sleep onset and reduce sleep efficiency and depth, thus affecting both sleep quality and duration. Most of the research on how caffeine affects sleepiness/alertness has focused on coffee or no-doze pills. However, a new kind of caffeinated drink has become increasingly popular, namely functional energy drinks(FEDs). FEDs are marketed as products that can improve both mental and physical performance. In addition to containing caffeine, FEDs have other active ingredients such as taurine, glucose, and glucoronolactone. Exactly how these ingredients together affect alertness remains unclear.
重复：
同一词：caffeine
同义词：drink, beverage
词性：caffeine–>caffeinated
接龙：FEDs处上下两句为接龙处理
总结：
can prolong sleep onset and reduce sleep efficiency and depth, thus affecting both sleep quality and duration.Most of the research on how caffeine affects sleepiness/alertness
This加名词的使用与总结段
this/these可以用于新旧信息的承上启下连结。例如：
Writing instructors know that students need to understand the differences between formal and informal language.This understanding can help students make strategic choices in their writing.
In recent years, the number of students applying to PhD programs has increased steadily, while the number of places available has remained fairly constant. This situation has resulted in intense competition for admission.