1.什么是摘要
WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT?
An abstract is a self-contained, short, and powerful statement that describes a larger work. Components vary according to discipline. An abstract of a social science or scientific work may contain the scope, purpose, results, and contents of the work. An abstract of a humanities work may contain the thesis, background, and conclusion of the larger work. An abstract is not a review, nor does it evaluate the work being abstracted. While it contains key words found in the larger work, the abstract is an original document rather than an excerpted passage.
2.什么时候需要写摘要
- When submitting articles to journals, especially online journals
- When applying for research grants
- When writing a book proposal
- When completing the Ph.D. dissertation or M.A. thesis
- When writing a proposal for a conference paper
- When writing a proposal for a book chapter
3.两种主流摘要类型
Descriptive abstracts and Informative abstracts
4.两种主流摘要类型的区别
| Descriptive | Informative | |
|---|---|---|
| 字数限制 | 100～120 | 250左右但不能超过全文长度的10% |
| 内容 | purpose method scope |
purpose method scope results conclusions recommendation |
5.摘要六要素
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Topic specification 主题
常用词：
test, discuss, study, investigate, consider, examine
常用句：
The paper examines … and considers … 本文研究了…并考虑了…
The authors consider two specific subjects which… 作者考虑了两个…的专题。
This article discusses the reasons for … and offers and insight into… 本文研讨了…的原因并阐明了对…的观点。
The influence of … on … is investigated. 研讨了…对…所产生的影响。
This paper analyzes some important characteristics of … 本文分析了…的一些重要特征。 -
Background information 背景信息
-
Purpose Statement 研究目的
常用词：
seek, aim, purpose, objective
常用句：
This paper seeks to justify … in terms of … 本文追求的目标是从…的角度来论证…
One of the purpose of this study is to … 本研究的一个目的是…
The aim of this study is to carry out analysis for … 本项研究的目的是对…进行分析
This primary objective of the study was to determine … 本项研究的主要目标是确定… -
Methodology and Data 研究方法与研究数据
常用词：
test, experiment, evaluate, assess, compare, agree with, be based on, use, apply, adopt
常用句：
Two basic technology are used to lay down … 两种常用的技术用于制定…
Such a statistic method has been applied to … 这样的统计方法已经被应用于…
The present work evaluates the properties of … 当下的工作评估了… 的属性
The role of … has been critically assessed by… …的作用经过了…的严格评估
The experiments on … have been carried out using … …的实验是使用…的方法来实现的
The method is based on … 该方法是基于… -
Results /Findings 研究结果
常用词：
find, give, develop, provide, derive, establish, design, conclude, arrive at
常用句：
The paper provides the quantitative background to …
The results found that 85% of respondents(受试者) used non-standardized assessments…
The author has developed two methods of …
A theoretical model has been developed to predict …
A theoretical treatment of a new model of … is given.
Data pertinent to … are given.
The paper concludes that … -
Implications/Conclusions 展望/总结
6.文章内容、表述观点
常用词：
present, describe, illustrate, deal with, support, address, involve, concern, relate to, look at
常用句:
The author presents a … principle 作者阐述了一个…的原则
The paper presents the data in terms of … 本文用…阐述了…的数据
The brief history of … is presented. 本文阐述了…的简史
This paper describes the principles and techniques of … 本文描述了…的原则和技术
Performance goals and various approaches to … are briefly described. 简述了运行目标和达到…的各种途径。
This paper addresses the problem of … 本文讨论了… 的问题
This paper deals with … 本文论述了…
This paper is concerned to assessments of … 本文专论如何评估…
This paper is concerned with the analysis of … 本文对…进行了分析
The article looks at … 本文考察了…