Cobbler安装部署指南(Centos 7.2)

1. Cobbler介绍

Cobbler是一个Linux服务器安装的服务，可以通过网络启动(PXE)的方式来快速安装、重装物理服务器和虚拟机，同时还可以管理DHCP，DNS等。

Cobbler可以使用命令行方式管理，也提供了基于Web的界面管理工具(cobbler-web)，还提供了API接口，可以方便二次开发使用。

Cobbler是较早前的kickstart的升级版，优点是比较容易配置，还自带web界面比较易于管理。

Cobbler内置了一个轻量级配置管理系统，但它也支持和其它配置管理系统集成，如Puppet，暂时不支持SaltStack。

1.1 Cobbler集成的服务

PXE服务支持
DHCP服务管理
DNS服务管理(可选bind,dnsmasq)
电源管理
Kickstart服务支持
YUM仓库管理
TFTP(PXE启动时需要)
Apache(提供kickstart的安装源，并提供定制化的kickstart配置)

1.2 系统环境准备

[root@cobbler1 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release     //系统版本
CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core) 
[root@cobbler1 ~]# uname -r                    //内核版本
3.10.0-327.18.2.el7.x86_64
[root@cobbler1 ~]# getenforce                  //检测selinux是否关闭(必须关闭)
Disabled
[root@cobbler1 ~]# systemctl status firewalld    //检测防火墙是否关闭(必须关闭)
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
     Active: inactive (dead)
[root@cobbler1 ~]# ifconfig eno16777736 | awk -F '[ :]+' 'NR==2{print $3}'
192.168.145.200
[root@cobbler1 ~]# hostname
cobbler1

配置阿里云的epel源

[root@cobbler1 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo

注意：虚拟机网卡采用NAT模式，不要使用桥接模式，因为稍后我们会搭建DHCP服务器，在同一局域网多个DHCP服务会有冲突。 VMware的NAT模式的dhcp服务也关闭，避免干扰。

##2. Cobbler安装配置

2.1 安装Cobbler

[root@cobbler1 ~]# yum -y install cobbler cobbler-web dhcp pykickstart httpd tftp-server xinetd

2.2 配置Cobbler

[root@cobbler1 ~]# cobbler check

检查cobbler配置存在的问题,逐一解决

The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:

1 : The 'server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than localhost, or kickstarting features will not work.  This should be a resolvable hostname or IP for the boot server as reachable by all machines that will use it.
2 : For PXE to be functional, the 'next_server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than 127.0.0.1, and should match the IP of the boot server on the PXE network.
3 : change 'disable' to 'no' in /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
4 : Some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely.  Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is the easiest way to resolve these requirements.
5 : enable and start rsyncd.service with systemctl
6 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories
7 : The default password used by the sample templates for newly installed machines (default_password_crypted in /etc/cobbler/settings) is still set to 'cobbler' and should be changed, try: "openssl passwd -1 -salt 'random-phrase-here' 'your-password-here'" to generate new one

Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.

第1、2、6问题的处理

首先备份cobbler的配置文件
[root@cobbler1 ~]# cp /etc/cobbler/settings{,.ori} # 备份
server，Cobbler服务器的IP。
next_server，如果用Cobbler管理DHCP，修改本项，作用不解释，看kickstart。
用Cobbler管理DHCP
防止循环装系统，适用于服务器第一启动项是PXE启动。
[root@cobbler1 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/settings 编辑配置文件
272 next_server:192.168.145.200
384 server: 192.168.145.200
242:manage_dhcp: 1
292:pxe_just_once: 1

[root@cobbler1 ~]# vim /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
disable = no

[root@cobbler1 ~]# systemctl start rsyncd
[root@cobbler1 ~]# cobbler get-loaders
设置新装系统的默认root密码cobbler。下面的命令来源于提示6。random-phrase-here为干扰码，可以自行设定。

[root@cobbler1 ~]# openssl passwd -1 -salt 'cobbler' 'cobbler'
$1$cobbler$M6SE55xZodWc9.vAKLJs6.

[root@cobbler1 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/settings
default_password_crypted: "$1$oldboy$Npg9Pt9k98Mlg0ZeqHAuN1"

第3个问题

[root@cobbler1 ~]# cobbler get-loaders  # 会自动从官网下载
[root@cobbler1 ~]# cd /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/  # 下载的内容
[root@cobbler1 loaders]# ls
COPYING.elilo     COPYING.yaboot  grub-x86_64.efi  menu.c32    README
COPYING.syslinux  elilo-ia64.efi  grub-x86.efi     pxelinux.0  yaboot

第4个问题

[root@cobbler1 ~]# vim /etc/xinetd.d/rsync
disable = no
[root@cobbler1 ~]# systemctl restart xinetd

[root@cobbler1 ~]# systemctl restart cobblerd

[root@cobbler1 ~]# cobbler check
The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:

1 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories  # 和debian系统相关，不需要
2 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them # fence设备相关，不需要
Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.

2.3 配置DHCP

修改cobbler的dhcp模版，不要直接修改dhcp本身的配置文件，因为cobbler会覆盖。

[root@cobbler1 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template

仅列出修改过的字段

subnet 192.168.145.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
 option routers             192.168.145.2;
 option domain-name-servers 192.168.145.2;
 option subnet-mask         255.255.255.0;
 range dynamic-bootp        192.168.145.210 192.168.145.220;
 default-lease-time         21600;
 max-lease-time             43200;
 next-server                $next_server;

2.4 同步cobbler配置

同步最新cobbler配置，它会根据配置自动修改dhcp等服务。
[root@cobbler1 ~]# cobbler sync   // 同步所有配置，可以仔细看一下sync做了什么。
task started: 2018-12-11_133547_sync

task started (id=Sync, time=Tue Dec 11 13:35:47 2018)
running pre-sync triggers
cleaning trees
removing: /var/www/cobbler/images/CentOS-7.1-x86_64
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/images
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86.efi
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86_64.efi
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/efidefault
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/images/CentOS-7.1-x86_64
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/s390x/profile_list
copying bootloaders
trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86.efi -> /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86.efi
trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86_64.efi -> /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86_64.efi
copying distros to tftpboot
copying files for distro: CentOS-7.1-x86_64
trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.1-x86_64/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz -> /var/lib/tftpboot/images/CentOS-7.1-x86_64/vmlinuz
trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.1-x86_64/images/pxeboot/initrd.img -> /var/lib/tftpboot/images/CentOS-7.1-x86_64/initrd.img
copying images
generating PXE configuration files
generating PXE menu structure
copying files for distro: CentOS-7.1-x86_64
trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.1-x86_64/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz -> /var/www/cobbler/images/CentOS-7.1-x86_64/vmlinuz
trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.1-x86_64/images/pxeboot/initrd.img -> /var/www/cobbler/images/CentOS-7.1-x86_64/initrd.img
Writing template files for CentOS-7.1-x86_64
rendering DHCP files
generating /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
rendering TFTPD files
generating /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
processing boot_files for distro: CentOS-7.1-x86_64
cleaning link caches
running post-sync triggers
running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/*
running python trigger cobbler.modules.sync_post_restart_services
running: dhcpd -t -q
received on stdout:
received on stderr:
running: service dhcpd restart
received on stdout:
received on stderr: Redirecting to /bin/systemctl restart dhcpd.service

running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/
running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/
running python trigger cobbler.modules.scm_track
running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/*
TASK COMPLETE

2.5 设置开机启动

设置开机自动启动，避免白辛苦一场
[root@cobbler1 ~]# systemctl enable dhcpd.service
[root@cobbler1 ~]# systemctl enable rsyncd.service
[root@cobbler1 ~]# systemctl enable tftp.service 
[root@cobbler1 ~]# systemctl enable httpd.service 
[root@cobbler1 ~]# systemctl enable cobblerd.service
[root@cobbler1 ~]# systemctl enable xinetd

将所有的服务重启一遍,避免有服务忘了开启
[root@cobbler1 ~]# systemctl restart dhcpd.service
[root@cobbler1 ~]# systemctl restart rsyncd.service
[root@cobbler1 ~]# systemctl restart tftp.service 
[root@cobbler1 ~]# systemctl restart httpd.service 
[root@cobbler1 ~]# systemctl restart cobblerd.service
[root@cobbler1 ~]# systemctl start xinetd

3. Cobbler的命令行管理

3.1 查看命令帮助

    [root@cobbler1 ~]# cobbler
    usage
    ======
        cobbler <distro|profile|system|repo|image|mgmtclass|package|file> ... 
            [add|edit|copy|getks*|list|remove|rename|report] [options|--help]
    cobbler <aclsetup|buildiso|import|list|replicate|report|reposync|sync|validateks|version|signature|get-loaders|hardlink> [options|--help]
    [root@cobbler1 ~]# cobbler import --help  // 导入镜像
    Usage: cobbler [options]

    Options:
      -h, --help            show this help message and exit
      --arch=ARCH           OS architecture being imported
      --breed=BREED         the breed being imported
      --os-version=OS_VERSION
                            the version being imported
      --path=PATH           local path or rsync location
      --name=NAME           name, ex 'RHEL-5'
      --available-as=AVAILABLE_AS
                            tree is here, don't mirror
      --kickstart=KICKSTART_FILE
                            assign this kickstart file
      --rsync-flags=RSYNC_FLAGS
                            pass additional flags to rsync

    cobbler check    //核对当前设置是否有问题
    cobbler list     //列出所有的cobbler元素
    cobbler report  // 列出元素的详细信息
    cobbler sync     //同步配置到数据目录,更改配置最好都要执行下
    cobbler reposync //同步yum仓库
    cobbler distro   //查看导入的发行版系统信息
    cobbler system   //查看添加的系统信息
    cobbler profile  //查看配置信息

3.2 导入镜像

[root@cobbler1 ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/  # 挂载CentOS7的系统镜像。
// 导入系统镜像
[root@cobbler1 ~]# cobbler import --path=/mnt/ --name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64 --arch=x86_64
// --path 镜像路径
// --name 为安装源定义一个名字
// --arch 指定安装源是32位、64位、ia64, 目前支持的选项有: x86│x86_64│ia64
// 安装源的唯一标示就是根据name参数来定义，本例导入成功后，安装源的唯一标示就是：CentOS-7.1-x86_64，如果重复，系统会提示导入失败。

[root@cobbler1 ~]# cobbler distro list # 查看镜像列表
CentOS-7.1-x86_64

镜像存放目录，cobbler会将镜像中的所有安装文件拷贝到本地一份，放在/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror下的CentOS-7.1-x86_64目录下。因此/var/www/cobbler目录必须具有足够容纳安装文件的空间。

[root@cobbler1 ~]# cd /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/
[root@cobbler1 ks_mirror]# ll
total 4
dr-xr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Dec 10  2015 CentOS-7.1-x86_64

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 35 Dec 11 09:40 config

[root@cobbler1 ks_mirror]# ll CentOS-7.1-x86_64/
total 296
-r--r--r-- 1 root root     14 Dec 10  2015 CentOS_BuildTag
dr-xr-xr-x 3 root root     33 Dec 10  2015 EFI
-r--r--r-- 1 root root    215 Dec 10  2015 EULA
-r--r--r-- 1 root root  18009 Dec 10  2015 GPL
dr-xr-xr-x 3 root root     54 Dec 10  2015 images
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root   4096 Dec 10  2015 isolinux
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root     41 Dec 10  2015 LiveOS
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 204800 Dec 10  2015 Packages
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root   4096 Dec 10  2015 repodata
-r--r--r-- 1 root root   1690 Dec 10  2015 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
-r--r--r-- 1 root root   1690 Dec 10  2015 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7
-r--r--r-- 1 root root   2883 Dec 10  2015 TRANS.TBL

3.3 指定ks.cfg文件及调整内核参数

Cobbler的ks.cfg文件存放位置
[root@cobbler1 ks_mirror]# cd /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/
[root@cobbler1 kickstarts]# ll
total 56
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  115 May  4  2018 default.ks
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   22 May  4  2018 esxi4-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   22 May  4  2018 esxi5-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   54 Dec 10 21:41 install_profiles
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1424 May  4  2018 legacy.ks
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  292 May  4  2018 pxerescue.ks
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2825 May  4  2018 sample_autoyast.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1856 May  4  2018 sample_end.ks
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 May  4  2018 sample_esx4.ks
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  324 May  4  2018 sample_esxi4.ks
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  386 May  4  2018 sample_esxi5.ks
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  386 May  4  2018 sample_esxi6.ks
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1913 May  4  2018 sample.ks
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3419 May  4  2018 sample_old.seed
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6658 May  4  2018 sample.seed

在第一次导入系统镜像后，Cobbler会给镜像指定一个默认的kickstart自动安装文件在/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts下的sample_end.ks。
[root@cobbler1 ~]# cobbler list
distros:
CentOS-7.1-x86_64

profiles:
   CentOS-7.1-x86_64

systems:

repos:

images:

mgmtclasses:

packages:

files:

3.4 ks.cfg文件内容（参考）

[root@cobbler1 kickstarts]# vim CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg

[root@cobbler1 kickstarts]# cat CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg 
# kickstart template for Fedora 8 and later.
# (includes %end blocks)
# do not use with earlier distros

#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T
# System authorization information
#auth  --useshadow  --enablemd5
authconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512
# System bootloader configuration
bootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=sda --append="nomodeset crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet"
# Partition clearing information
clearpart --all --initlabel
# Use text mode install
text
# Firewall configuration
firewall --disabled
# Run the Setup Agent on first boot
firstboot --disable
# System keyboard
keyboard us
# System language
lang en_US
# Use network installation
url --url=$tree
# If any cobbler repo definitions were referenced in the kickstart profile, include them here.
$yum_repo_stanza
# Network information
$SNIPPET('network_config')
# Reboot after installation
reboot
logging --level=info

#Root password
rootpw --iscrypted $default_password_crypted
# SELinux configuration
selinux --disabled
# Do not configure the X Window System
skipx
# System timezone
timezone  Asia/Shanghai
# Install OS instead of upgrade
install
# Clear the Master Boot Record
zerombr
# Allow anaconda to partition the system as needed
#autopart
part /boot --fstype=ext4 --asprimary --size=200
part swap --asprimary --size=1024
part / --fstype=ext4 --grow --asprimary --size=200

%pre
$SNIPPET('log_ks_pre')
$SNIPPET('kickstart_start')
$SNIPPET('pre_install_network_config')
# Enable installation monitoring
$SNIPPET('pre_anamon')
%end

%packages
@base
@compat-libraries
@core
@debugging
@development
@dial-up
@hardware-monitoring
@performance
@server-policy
sgpio
device-mapper-persistent-data
systemtap-client
tree
lrzsz
telnet
nmap
dos2unix
%end

%post --nochroot
$SNIPPET('log_ks_post_nochroot')
%end

%post
$SNIPPET('log_ks_post')
# Start yum configuration
$yum_config_stanza
# End yum configuration
$SNIPPET('post_install_kernel_options')
$SNIPPET('post_install_network_config')
$SNIPPET('func_register_if_enabled')
$SNIPPET('download_config_files')
$SNIPPET('koan_environment')
$SNIPPET('redhat_register')
$SNIPPET('cobbler_register')
# Enable post-install boot notification
$SNIPPET('post_anamon')
# Start final steps
$SNIPPET('kickstart_done')
# End final steps
%end

%post
systemctl disable postfix.service

$yum_config_stanza
%end

查看安装镜像文件信息

[root@cobbler1 ~]# cobbler distro report --name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64
Name                           : CentOS-7.1-x86_64
Architecture                   : x86_64
TFTP Boot Files                : {}
Breed                          : redhat
Comment                        : 
Fetchable Files                : {}
Initrd                         : /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.1-x86_64/images/pxeboot/initrd.img
Kernel                         : /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.1-x86_64/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz
Kernel Options                 : {}
Kernel Options (Post Install)  : {}
Kickstart Metadata             : {'tree': 'http://@@http_server@@/cblr/links/CentOS-7.1-x86_64'}
Management Classes             : []
OS Version                     : rhel7
Owners                         : ['admin']
Red Hat Management Key         : <<inherit>>
Red Hat Management Server      : <<inherit>>
Template Files                 : {}

查看所有的profile设置

[root@cobbler1 ~]# cobbler profile report

查看指定的profile设置

[root@cobbler1 ~]# cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64
Name                           : CentOS-7.1-x86_64
TFTP Boot Files                : {}
Comment                        : 
DHCP Tag                       : default
Distribution                   : CentOS-7.1-x86_64
Enable gPXE?                   : 0
Enable PXE Menu?               : 1
Fetchable Files                : {}
Kernel Options                 : {}
Kernel Options (Post Install)  : {}
Kickstart                      : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks  -->默认ks文件
Kickstart Metadata             : {}
Management Classes             : []
Management Parameters          : <<inherit>>
Name Servers                   : []
Name Servers Search Path       : []
Owners                         : ['admin']
Parent Profile                 : 
Internal proxy                 : 
Red Hat Management Key         : <<inherit>>
Red Hat Management Server      : <<inherit>>
Repos                          : []
Server Override                : <<inherit>>
Template Files                 : {}
Virt Auto Boot                 : 1
Virt Bridge                    : xenbr0
Virt CPUs                      : 1
Virt Disk Driver Type          : raw
Virt File Size(GB)             : 5
Virt Path                      : 
Virt RAM (MB)                  : 512
Virt Type                      : kvm

编辑profile，修改关联的ks文件

[root@cobbler1 ~]# cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg

修改安装系统的内核参数，在CentOS7系统有一个地方变了，就是网卡名变成eno16777736这种形式，但是为了运维标准化，我们需要将它变成我们常用的eth0，因此使用下面的参数。但要注意是CentOS7才需要下面的步骤，CentOS6不需要。

[root@cobbler1 ~]# cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64 --kopts='net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0'

[root@cobbler1 ~]# cobbler profile report CentOS-7.1-x86_64
Name                           : CentOS-7.1-x86_64
TFTP Boot Files                : {}
Comment                        : 
DHCP Tag                       : default
Distribution                   : CentOS-7.1-x86_64
Enable gPXE?                   : 0
Enable PXE Menu?               : 1
Fetchable Files                : {}
Kernel Options                 : {'biosdevname': '0', 'net.ifnames': '0'}
Kernel Options (Post Install)  : {}
Kickstart                      : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg
Kickstart Metadata             : {}
Management Classes             : []
Management Parameters          : <<inherit>>
Name Servers                   : []
Name Servers Search Path       : []
Owners                         : ['admin']
Parent Profile                 : 
Internal proxy                 : 
Red Hat Management Key         : <<inherit>>
Red Hat Management Server      : <<inherit>>
Repos                          : []
Server Override                : <<inherit>>
Template Files                 : {}
Virt Auto Boot                 : 1
Virt Bridge                    : xenbr0
Virt CPUs                      : 1
Virt Disk Driver Type          : raw
Virt File Size(GB)             : 5
Virt Path                      : 
Virt RAM (MB)                  : 512
Virt Type                      : kvm

每次修改完都要同步一次

[root@cobbler1 ~]# cobbler sync

3.4 安装系统

进行到这里就可以安装系统了！

日常笔记-Centos7安装cobbler-2.8

4 Cobbler的Web管理界面的安装与配置

    已经安装cobbler-web软件。
    访问网址：https://192.168.145.200/cobbler_web
    默认用户名：cobbler 默认密码 ：cobbler