Python爬虫学习笔记（五）————JsonPath解析

其他 2023-07-18 17:14:35 阅读次数: 0

目录

1.JSONPath —— xpath在json的应用

2.JSONPath 表达式

3.jsonpath的安装及使用方式

4.jsonpath的使用

5.JSONPath语法元素和对应XPath元素的对比

6.实例 

（1）商店案例

（2） 解析淘票票的“城市选择”数据

1.JSONPath —— xpath在json的应用

xml最大的优点就有大量的工具可以分析，转换，和选择性的提取文档中的数据。XPath是这些最强大的工具之一。

如果可以使用xpath来解析json，以下的问题可以被解决：

1，数据不使用特殊的脚本，可以在客户端交互的发现并取并获取。

2，客户机请求的JSON数据可以减少到服务器上的相关部分，这样可以最大限度地减少服务器响应的带宽使用率。

如果我们愿意，这个可以解析json数据的工具会变得有意义。随之而来的问题是它如何工作，jsonpath的表达式看起来怎么样。

事实上，json是由c系统编程语言表示自然数据，有特定语言的特定语法来访问json数据。

xpath的表达式：

/store/book[1]/title

我们可以看作是：

x.store.book[0].title

或

x['store']['book'][0]['title']

在Javascript, Python 和 PHP 中一个变量x表示json数据。经过观察，特定的语言里有内置xpath来解析数据。

JSONPath工具的问题

-依赖某种特定的语言

- 需要依赖XPath 1.0

- 减少代码量和内存的消耗

- 在运行时

2.JSONPath 表达式

JSONPath 是参照，xpath表达式来解析xml文档的方式，json数据结构通常是匿名的并且不一定需要有根元素。JSONPaht 用一个抽象的名字$来表示最外层对象。

JOSNPath 表达式可以使用.  符号如下：

$.store.book[0].title

或者使用[] 符号

$['store']['book'][0]['title']

从输入路径来看。内部或者输出的路径都会转化成-符号。

JSONPath 允许使用通配符 * 表示所以的子元素名和数组索引。还允许使用 '..' 从E4X参照过来的和数组切分语法 [start:end:step]是从ECMASCRIPT 4 参照过来的。

表达式在下面的脚本语言中可以使用显示的名称或者索引：

$.store.book[(@.length-1)].title

使用'@'符号表示当前的对象，?(<判断表达式>) 使用逻辑表达式来过滤。

$.store.book[?(@.price < 10)].title

3.jsonpath的安装及使用方式

        pip安装： pip install jsonpath

4.jsonpath的使用

        obj = json.load(open('json文件', 'r', encoding='utf‐8'))  

        ret = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj, 'jsonpath语法') 

5.JSONPath语法元素和对应XPath元素的对比

XPath JSONPath Description
/ $ 表示根元素
. @  当前元素
/ . or [] 子元素
.. n/a 父元素
// .. 递归下降，JSONPath是从E4X借鉴的。
* * 通配符，表示所有的元素
@ n/a  属性访问字符
[] []

子元素操作符
| [,]

连接操作符在XPath 结果合并其它结点集合。JSONP允许name或者数组索引。
n/a [start:end:step]

数组分割操作从ES4借鉴。
[] ?()

应用过滤表示式
n/a ()

脚本表达式，使用在脚本引擎下面。
() n/a Xpath分组

XPath还有很多的语法（本地路径，操作符，和函数）没有列在这里。只要知道xpath和jsonpath脚本之中的不同点就行了。

  • []在xpath表达式总是从前面的路径来操作数组，索引是从1开始。
  • 使用JOSNPath的[]操作符操作一个对象或者数组，索引是从0开始。

资料参考：JSONPath - XPath for JSON

6.实例 

（1）商店案例

下面是一个简单的json数据结构代表一个商店，里面有书和自行车

json文件

{ "store": {
    "book": [
      { "category": "修真",
        "author": "六道",
        "title": "坏蛋是怎样练成的",
        "price": 8.95
      },
      { "category": "修真",
        "author": "天蚕土豆",
        "title": "斗破苍穹",
        "price": 12.99
      },
      { "category": "修真",
        "author": "唐家三少",
        "title": "斗罗大陆",
        "isbn": "0-553-21311-3",
        "price": 8.99
      },
      { "category": "修真",
        "author": "我吃西红柿",
        "title": "星辰变",
        "isbn": "0-395-19395-8",
        "price": 22.99
      }
    ],
    "bicycle": {
      "author": "老马",
      "color": "黑色",
      "price": 19.95
    }
  }
}

测试内容如下：

XPath JSONPath 结果
/store/book/author $.store.book[*].author

书点所有书的作者
//author $..author

所有的作者
/store/* $.store.*

store的所有元素。所有的bookst和bicycle
/store//price $.store..price

store里面所有东西的price
//book[3] $..book[2]

第三个书
//book[last()] $..book[(@.length-1)] 最后一本书
//book[position()<3] $..book[0,1]

$..book[:2]

 前面的两本书。
//book[isbn] $..book[?(@.isbn)]  过滤出所有的包含isbn的书。
//book[price<10] $..book[?(@.price<10)] 过滤出价格低于10的书。
//* $..*

所有元素。

 python代码


import json
import jsonpath


obj = json.load(open('073_尚硅谷_爬虫_解析_jsonpath.json','r',encoding='utf-8'))

# 书店所有书的作者
author_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$.store.book[*].author')
print(author_list)

# 所有的作者
author_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$..author')
print(author_list)

# store下面的所有的元素
tag_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$.store.*')
print(tag_list)

# store里面所有东西的price
price_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$.store..price')
print(price_list)

# 第三个书
book = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$..book[2]')
print(book)

# 最后一本书
book = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$..book[(@.length-1)]')
print(book)

# 	前面的两本书
book_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$..book[0,1]')
book_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$..book[:2]')
print(book_list)

# 条件过滤需要在（）的前面添加一个？
# 	 过滤出所有的包含isbn的书。
book_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$..book[?(@.isbn)]')
print(book_list)


# 哪本书超过了10块钱
book_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$..book[?(@.price>10)]')
print(book_list)

（2） 解析淘票票的“城市选择”数据

淘票票网获取的json文件

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Python代码



import urllib.request


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    # 'accept-encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
    'accept-language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9',
    'cookie': 'cna=UkO6F8VULRwCAXTqq7dbS5A8; miid=949542021157939863; sgcookie=E100F01JK9XMmyoZRigjfmZKExNdRHQqPf4v9NIWIC1nnpnxyNgROLshAf0gz7lGnkKvwCnu1umyfirMSAWtubqc4g%3D%3D; tracknick=action_li; _cc_=UIHiLt3xSw%3D%3D; enc=dA18hg7jG1xapfVGPHoQCAkPQ4as1%2FEUqsG4M6AcAjHFFUM54HWpBv4AAm0MbQgqO%2BiZ5qkUeLIxljrHkOW%2BtQ%3D%3D; hng=CN%7Czh-CN%7CCNY%7C156; thw=cn; _m_h5_tk=3ca69de1b9ad7dce614840fcd015dcdb_1629776735568; _m_h5_tk_enc=ab56df54999d1d2cac2f82753ae29f82; t=874e6ce33295bf6b95cfcfaff0af0db6; xlly_s=1; cookie2=13acd8f4dafac4f7bd2177d6710d60fe; v=0; _tb_token_=e65ebbe536158; tfstk=cGhRB7mNpnxkDmUx7YpDAMNM2gTGZbWLxUZN9U4ulewe025didli6j5AFPI8MEC..; l=eBrgmF1cOsMXqSxaBO5aFurza77tzIRb8sPzaNbMiInca6OdtFt_rNCK2Ns9SdtjgtfFBetPVKlOcRCEF3apbgiMW_N-1NKDSxJ6-; isg=BBoas2yXLzHdGp3pCh7XVmpja8A8S54lyLj1RySTHq14l7vRDNufNAjpZ2MLRxa9',
    'referer': 'https://dianying.taobao.com/',
    'sec-ch-ua': '"Chromium";v="92", " Not A;Brand";v="99", "Google Chrome";v="92"',
    'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0',
    'sec-fetch-dest': 'empty',
    'sec-fetch-mode': 'cors',
    'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
    'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/92.0.4515.159 Safari/537.36',
    'x-requested-with': 'XMLHttpRequest',
}

request = urllib.request.Request(url = url, headers = headers)

response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)

content = response.read().decode('utf-8')

# split 切割，去掉获取的json文件中的开头结尾的圆括号及垃圾内容
# 以左括号为分割，取第二块数据，再以右括号为标准切割，取第一块数据
content = content.split('(')[1].split(')')[0]

with open('爬虫_解析_jsonpath解析淘票票.json','w',encoding='utf-8')as fp:
    fp.write(content)

import json
import jsonpath

obj = json.load(open('爬虫_解析_jsonpath解析淘票票.json','r',encoding='utf-8'))

city_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$..regionName')

print(city_list)

运行结果

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