直观理解
- 假设一群蚂蚁从起点往终点走
- 起点到终点存在多条路径（如上图）
- 蚂蚁面临路径选择时，在最初会随机选择。因此刚开始蚂蚁们有很大可能把所有的路径都走一遍
- 蚁群的特性是，走路过程里会留下信息素。因此一定时间内，几乎所有路径都会留下信息素
- 那么在单位时间内，所有路径中，那条最短的路径，留下的信息素会更多，即信息素浓度更高
- 蚂蚁再次面临选择时，会优先考虑信息素浓度高的路径走。这也就是起点到终点的最优(最短)路径
核心公式
1 路径选择公式(转移公式)
表示t时刻，第k只蚂蚁，从i点走向j点的概率
是k能访问的所有点
是t时刻，i点到j点路径上的信息素浓度
是t时刻，i点到j点路径的长度的倒数
分别是参数，可人为调整
2 信息素浓度更新公式
信息挥发因子， 表示信息素残留因子
信息素的更新量
第k只蚂蚁在i到j路径上信息素的更新量
3 单只蚂蚁释放信息素的增量公式
是蚂蚁自身完成从起点到终点走过的全部距离
Q蚂蚁身上的总的信息素
算法框架
- 初始化蚂蚁的出生位置
- 蚂蚁行走，遇到选择时，根据选择策略（如轮盘赌）进行选择路径，直到走到终点。全部走完后，看最优蚂蚁走的路径是否满足条件，满足退出，否则进入第三步
- 更新每个路径的信息素
- 蚁群重新选择起点，开始新一轮探索
代码
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import random
import copy
import time
import sys
import math
import tkinter #//GUI模块
import threading
from functools import reduce
# 参数
'''
ALPHA:信息启发因子，值越大，则蚂蚁选择之前走过的路径可能性就越大
，值越小，则蚁群搜索范围就会减少，容易陷入局部最优
BETA:Beta值越大，蚁群越就容易选择局部较短路径，这时算法收敛速度会
加快，但是随机性不高，容易得到局部的相对最优
'''
(ALPHA, BETA, RHO, Q) = (1.0,2.0,0.5,100.0)
# 城市数，蚁群
(city_num, ant_num) = (50,50)
distance_x = [
178,272,176,171,650,499,267,703,408,437,491,74,532,
416,626,42,271,359,163,508,229,576,147,560,35,714,
757,517,64,314,675,690,391,628,87,240,705,699,258,
428,614,36,360,482,666,597,209,201,492,294]
distance_y = [
170,395,198,151,242,556,57,401,305,421,267,105,525,
381,244,330,395,169,141,380,153,442,528,329,232,48,
498,265,343,120,165,50,433,63,491,275,348,222,288,
490,213,524,244,114,104,552,70,425,227,331]
#城市距离和信息素
distance_graph = [ [0.0 for col in range(city_num)] for raw in range(city_num)] # 全0 numpy赋值更方便
pheromone_graph = [ [1.0 for col in range(city_num)] for raw in range(city_num)] # 全1
print(distance_graph)
print(pheromone_graph)
#----------- 蚂蚁 -----------
class Ant(object):
# 初始化
def __init__(self,ID):
self.ID = ID # ID
self.__clean_data() # 随机初始化出生点
# 初始数据
def __clean_data(self):
self.path = [] # 当前蚂蚁的路径
self.total_distance = 0.0 # 当前路径的总距离
self.move_count = 0 # 移动次数
self.current_city = -1 # 当前停留的城市
self.open_table_city = [True for i in range(city_num)] # 探索城市的状态
city_index = random.randint(0,city_num-1) # 随机初始出生点
self.current_city = city_index
self.path.append(city_index)
self.open_table_city[city_index] = False
self.move_count = 1
# 选择下一个城市
def __choice_next_city(self):
next_city = -1
select_citys_prob = [0.0 for i in range(city_num)] #存储去下个城市的概率
total_prob = 0.0
# 获取去下一个城市的概率
for i in range(city_num):
if self.open_table_city[i]: # 能否被访问
try :
# 计算概率：与信息素浓度成正比，与距离成反比
select_citys_prob[i] = pow(pheromone_graph[self.current_city][i], ALPHA) * pow((1.0/distance_graph[self.current_city][i]), BETA)
total_prob += select_citys_prob[i]
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
print ('Ant ID: {ID}, current city: {current}, target city: {target}'.format(ID = self.ID, current = self.current_city, target = i))
sys.exit(1)
# 轮盘选择城市
if total_prob > 0.0:
# 产生一个随机概率,0.0-total_prob
temp_prob = random.uniform(0.0, total_prob)
for i in range(city_num):
if self.open_table_city[i]:
# 轮次相减
temp_prob -= select_citys_prob[i]
if temp_prob < 0.0:
next_city = i
break
# 未从概率产生，顺序选择一个未访问城市
# if next_city == -1:
# for i in range(city_num):
# if self.open_table_city[i]:
# next_city = i
# break
if (next_city == -1):
next_city = random.randint(0, city_num - 1)
while ((self.open_table_city[next_city]) == False): # if==False,说明已经遍历过了
next_city = random.randint(0, city_num - 1)
# 返回下一个城市序号
return next_city
# 计算路径总距离
def __cal_total_distance(self):
temp_distance = 0.0
for i in range(1, city_num):
start, end = self.path[i], self.path[i-1]
temp_distance += distance_graph[start][end]
# 回路
end = self.path[0]
temp_distance += distance_graph[start][end]
self.total_distance = temp_distance
# 移动操作
def __move(self, next_city):
self.path.append(next_city)
self.open_table_city[next_city] = False
self.total_distance += distance_graph[self.current_city][next_city]
self.current_city = next_city
self.move_count += 1
# 搜索路径
def search_path(self):
# 初始化数据
self.__clean_data()
# 搜素路径，遍历完所有城市为止
while self.move_count < city_num:
# 移动到下一个城市
next_city = self.__choice_next_city()
self.__move(next_city)
# 计算路径总长度
self.__cal_total_distance()
#----------- TSP问题 -----------
class TSP(object):
def __init__(self, root, width = 800, height = 600, n = city_num):
# 创建画布
self.root = root
self.width = width
self.height = height
# 城市数目初始化为city_num
self.n = n
# tkinter.Canvas
self.canvas = tkinter.Canvas(
root,
width = self.width,
height = self.height,
bg = "#EBEBEB", # 背景白色
xscrollincrement = 1,
yscrollincrement = 1
)
self.canvas.pack(expand = tkinter.YES, fill = tkinter.BOTH)
self.title("TSP蚁群算法(n:初始化 e:开始搜索 s:停止搜索 q:退出程序)")
self.__r = 5
self.__lock = threading.RLock() # 线程锁
self.__bindEvents()
self.new()
# 计算城市之间的距离 这也可以用numpy计算
for i in range(city_num):
for j in range(city_num):
temp_distance = pow((distance_x[i] - distance_x[j]), 2) + pow((distance_y[i] - distance_y[j]), 2)
temp_distance = pow(temp_distance, 0.5)
distance_graph[i][j] =float(int(temp_distance + 0.5))
# 按键响应程序
def __bindEvents(self):
self.root.bind("q", self.quite) # 退出程序
self.root.bind("n", self.new) # 初始化
self.root.bind("e", self.search_path) # 开始搜索
self.root.bind("s", self.stop) # 停止搜索
# 更改标题
def title(self, s):
self.root.title(s)
# 初始化
def new(self, evt = None):
# 停止线程
self.__lock.acquire()
self.__running = False
self.__lock.release()
self.clear() # 清除信息
self.nodes = [] # 节点坐标
self.nodes2 = [] # 节点对象
# 初始化城市节点
for i in range(len(distance_x)):
# 在画布上随机初始坐标
x = distance_x[i]
y = distance_y[i]
self.nodes.append((x, y))
# 生成节点椭圆，半径为self.__r
node = self.canvas.create_oval(x - self.__r,
y - self.__r, x + self.__r, y + self.__r,
fill = "#ff0000", # 填充红色
outline = "#000000", # 轮廓白色
tags = "node",
)
self.nodes2.append(node)
# 显示坐标
self.canvas.create_text(x,y-10, # 使用create_text方法在坐标（302，77）处绘制文字
text = '('+str(x)+','+str(y)+')', # 所绘制文字的内容
fill = 'black' # 所绘制文字的颜色为灰色
)
# 顺序连接城市
#self.line(range(city_num))
# 初始城市之间的距离和信息素
for i in range(city_num):
for j in range(city_num):
pheromone_graph[i][j] = 1.0
self.ants = [Ant(ID) for ID in range(ant_num)] # 初始蚁群
self.best_ant = Ant(-1) # 初始最优解
self.best_ant.total_distance = 1 << 31 # 初始最大距离
self.iter = 1 # 初始化迭代次数
# 将节点按order顺序连线
def line(self, order):
# 删除原线
self.canvas.delete("line")
def line2(i1, i2):
p1, p2 = self.nodes[i1], self.nodes[i2]
self.canvas.create_line(p1, p2, fill = "#000000", tags = "line")
return i2
# order[-1]为初始值
reduce(line2, order, order[-1])
# 清除画布
def clear(self):
for item in self.canvas.find_all():
self.canvas.delete(item)
# 退出程序
def quite(self, evt):
self.__lock.acquire()
self.__running = False
self.__lock.release()
self.root.destroy()
print (u"\n程序已退出...")
sys.exit()
# 停止搜索
def stop(self, evt):
self.__lock.acquire()
self.__running = False
self.__lock.release()
# 开始搜索
def search_path(self, evt = None):
# 开启线程
self.__lock.acquire()
self.__running = True
self.__lock.release()
while self.__running:
# 遍历每一只蚂蚁
for ant in self.ants:
# 搜索一条路径
ant.search_path()
# 与当前最优蚂蚁比较
if ant.total_distance < self.best_ant.total_distance:
# 更新最优解
self.best_ant = copy.deepcopy(ant)
# 更新信息素
self.__update_pheromone_gragh()
print (u"迭代次数：",self.iter,u"最佳路径总距离：",int(self.best_ant.total_distance))
# 连线
self.line(self.best_ant.path)
# 设置标题
self.title("TSP蚁群算法(n:随机初始 e:开始搜索 s:停止搜索 q:退出程序) 迭代次数: %d" % self.iter)
# 更新画布
self.canvas.update()
self.iter += 1
# 更新信息素
def __update_pheromone_gragh(self):
# 获取每只蚂蚁在其路径上留下的信息素
temp_pheromone = [[0.0 for col in range(city_num)] for raw in range(city_num)]
for ant in self.ants:
for i in range(1,city_num):
start, end = ant.path[i-1], ant.path[i]
# 在路径上的每两个相邻城市间留下信息素，与路径总距离反比
temp_pheromone[start][end] += Q / ant.total_distance
temp_pheromone[end][start] = temp_pheromone[start][end]
# 更新所有城市之间的信息素，旧信息素衰减加上新迭代信息素
for i in range(city_num):
for j in range(city_num):
pheromone_graph[i][j] = pheromone_graph[i][j] * RHO + temp_pheromone[i][j]
# 主循环
def mainloop(self):
self.root.mainloop()
#----------- 程序的入口处 -----------
if __name__ == '__main__':
TSP(tkinter.Tk()).mainloop()