【测试】Selenium Webdriver API

其他 2020-05-26 11:54:21 阅读次数: 0

文章目录

Selenium

基本使用

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
try:
    browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
    input = browser.find_element_by_id('kw')
    input.send_keys('Python')
    input.send_keys(Keys.ENTER)
    # 等待，超时时间10秒
    wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 10)
    # 等待元素出现
    wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'content_left')))
    # 输出url
    print(browser.current_url)
    # 输出cookie
    # print(browser.get_cookies())
    # 输出源码
    # print(browser.page_source)
finally:
    browser.close()

https://www.baidu.com/s?ie=utf-8&f=8&rsv_bp=1&rsv_idx=1&tn=baidu&wd=Python&fenlei=256&rsv_pq=f238b0e1001dacf9&rsv_t=7ca2kEiTfz5oa3ao%2BYtkZRJjSv7ZNljxMIH5kM8x%2FZTikcwBAZoh6%2Fsl1Bo&rqlang=cn&rsv_enter=1&rsv_dl=tb&rsv_sug3=6&rsv_sug2=0&rsv_btype=i&inputT=345&rsv_sug4=345

声明浏览器对象

from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser = webdriver.Firefox()
browser = webdriver.Edge()
browser = webdriver.PhantomJS()
browser = webdriver.Safari()

访问页面

from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
print(browser.page_source)
browser.close()

<html lang="zh-CN" class="ks-webkit537 ks-webkit ks-chrome81 ks-chrome"><head><script charset="utf-8" src="https://tce.taobao.com/api/mget.htm?callback=jsonpXctrl107&amp;tce_sid=1947787&amp;tce_vid=0&amp;tid=&amp;tab=&amp;topic=&amp;count=&amp;env=online&amp;cna=undefined" async=""></script><script src="https://ald.taobao.com/recommend2.htm?appId=20140506002%2C20140506001%2C03014&amp;_ksTS=1590051554138_94&amp;callback=jsonp95" async=""></script><script src="https://textlink.simba.taobao.com/?name=tbhs&amp;cna&amp;nn=&amp;count=13&amp;pid=430266_1006&amp;_ksTS=1590051554068_74&amp;callback=jsonp75" async=""></script>
  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">
  <meta name="renderer" content="webkit">
  <title>淘宝网 - 淘！我喜欢</title>
  <meta name="spm-id" content="a21bo">
  <meta name="description" content="淘宝网 - 亚洲较大的网上交易平台，提供各类服饰、美容、家居、数码、话费/点卡充值… 数亿优质商品，同时提供担保交易(先收货后付款)等安全交易保障服务，并由商家提供退货承诺、破损补寄等消费者保障服务，让你安心享受网上购物乐趣！">
  <meta name="aplus-xplug" content="NONE">
  <meta name="keyword" content="淘宝,掏宝,网上购物,C2C,在线交易,交易市场,网上交易,交易市场,网上买,网上卖,购物网站,团购,网上贸易,安全购物,电子商务,放心买,供应,买卖信息,网店,一口价,拍卖,网上开店,网络购物,打折,免费开店,网购,频道,店铺">
  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//g.alicdn.com">
  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//img.alicdn.com">
  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//tce.alicdn.com">
  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//gm.mmstat.com">
  <link ref="dns-prefetch" href="//tce.taobao.com">
  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//log.mmstat.com">
  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//tui.taobao.com">
  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//ald.taobao.com">
  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//gw.alicdn.com">
  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//atanx.alicdn.com">
  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//dfhs.tanx.com">
  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//ecpm.tanx.com">
  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//res.mmstat.com">
  <link href="//img.alicdn.com/tps/i3/T1OjaVFl4dXXa.JOZB-114-114.png" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed">

​
​

查找元素

单个元素

from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
input_first = browser.find_element_by_id('q')
input_second = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#q')
input_third = browser.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="q"]')
print(input_first, input_second, input_third)
browser.close()

<selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="5e53d9e1c8646e44c14c1c2880d424af", element="0.5649563096161541-1")> <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="5e53d9e1c8646e44c14c1c2880d424af", element="0.5649563096161541-1")> <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="5e53d9e1c8646e44c14c1c2880d424af", element="0.5649563096161541-1")>
  • find_element_by_name
  • find_element_by_xpath
  • find_element_by_link_text
  • find_element_by_partial_link_text
  • find_element_by_tag_name
  • find_element_by_class_name
  • find_element_by_css_selector
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
input_first = browser.find_element(By.ID, 'q')
print(input_first)
browser.close()

<selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="1f209c0d11551c40d9d20ad964fef244", element="0.07914603542731591-1")>

多个元素

from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
lis = browser.find_elements_by_css_selector('.service-bd li')
print(lis)
browser.close()

[<selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19", element="0.09221044033125603-1")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19", element="0.09221044033125603-2")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19", element="0.09221044033125603-3")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19", element="0.09221044033125603-4")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19", element="0.09221044033125603-5")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19", element="0.09221044033125603-6")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19", element="0.09221044033125603-7")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19", element="0.09221044033125603-8")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19", element="0.09221044033125603-9")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19", element="0.09221044033125603-10")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19", element="0.09221044033125603-11")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19", element="0.09221044033125603-12")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19", element="0.09221044033125603-13")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19", element="0.09221044033125603-14")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19", element="0.09221044033125603-15")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c26290835d4457ebf7d96bfab3740d19", element="0.09221044033125603-16")>]

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
lis = browser.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.service-bd li')
print(lis)
browser.close()

[<selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="bca1503cd36be550e8dba984b55c5d0e", element="0.7914623408963901-1")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="bca1503cd36be550e8dba984b55c5d0e", element="0.7914623408963901-2")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="bca1503cd36be550e8dba984b55c5d0e", element="0.7914623408963901-3")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="bca1503cd36be550e8dba984b55c5d0e", element="0.7914623408963901-4")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="bca1503cd36be550e8dba984b55c5d0e", element="0.7914623408963901-5")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="bca1503cd36be550e8dba984b55c5d0e", element="0.7914623408963901-6")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="bca1503cd36be550e8dba984b55c5d0e", element="0.7914623408963901-7")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="bca1503cd36be550e8dba984b55c5d0e", element="0.7914623408963901-8")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="bca1503cd36be550e8dba984b55c5d0e", element="0.7914623408963901-9")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="bca1503cd36be550e8dba984b55c5d0e", element="0.7914623408963901-10")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="bca1503cd36be550e8dba984b55c5d0e", element="0.7914623408963901-11")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="bca1503cd36be550e8dba984b55c5d0e", element="0.7914623408963901-12")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="bca1503cd36be550e8dba984b55c5d0e", element="0.7914623408963901-13")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="bca1503cd36be550e8dba984b55c5d0e", element="0.7914623408963901-14")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="bca1503cd36be550e8dba984b55c5d0e", element="0.7914623408963901-15")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="bca1503cd36be550e8dba984b55c5d0e", element="0.7914623408963901-16")>]
  • find_elements_by_name
  • find_elements_by_xpath
  • find_elements_by_link_text
  • find_elements_by_partial_link_text
  • find_elements_by_tag_name
  • find_elements_by_class_name
  • find_elements_by_css_selector

元素交互操作

对获取的元素调用交互方法

from selenium import webdriver
import time

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
input = browser.find_element_by_id('q')
input.send_keys('iPhone')
time.sleep(1)
input.clear()
input.send_keys('iPad')
button = browser.find_element_by_class_name('btn-search')
button.click()

更多操作: http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement

交互动作

将动作附加到动作链中串行执行

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable'
browser.get(url)​http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable
browser.switch_to.frame('iframeResult')
source = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#draggable')
target = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#droppable')
actions = ActionChains(browser)
actions.drag_and_drop(source, target)
actions.perform()

更多操作: http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains

执行JavaScript

from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')
browser.execute_script('window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)')
browser.execute_script('alert("To Bottom")')

获取元素信息

获取属性

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'
browser.get(url)
logo = browser.find_element_by_id('zh-top-link-logo')
print(logo)
print(logo.get_attribute('class'))

<selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="e08c0f28d7f44d75ccd50df6bb676104", element="0.7236390660048155-1")>
zu-top-link-logo

获取文本值

from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'
browser.get(url)
input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')
print(input.text)

提问

获取ID、位置、标签名、大小

from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'
browser.get(url)
input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')
print(input.id)
print(input.location)
print(input.tag_name)
print(input.size)

0.6822924344980397-1
{'y': 7, 'x': 774}
button
{'height': 32, 'width': 66}

Frame

import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable'
browser.get(url)
browser.switch_to.frame('iframeResult')
source = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#draggable')
print(source)
try:
    logo = browser.find_element_by_class_name('logo')
except NoSuchElementException:
    print('NO LOGO')
browser.switch_to.parent_frame()
logo = browser.find_element_by_class_name('logo')
print(logo)
print(logo.text)

<selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="4bb8ac03ced4ecbdefef03ffdc0e4ccd", element="0.44746093888932004-1")>
NO LOGO
<selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="4bb8ac03ced4ecbdefef03ffdc0e4ccd", element="0.13792611320464965-2")>
RUNOOB.COM

等待

隐式等待

当使用了隐式等待执行测试的时候，如果 WebDriver没有在 DOM中找到元素，将继续等待，超出设定时间后则抛出找不到元素的异常, 换句话说，当查找元素或元素并没有立即出现的时候，隐式等待将等待一段时间再查找 DOM，默认的时间是0

from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.implicitly_wait(10)
browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')
input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')
print(input)

<selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="b29214772d59e912f1ac52e96ed29abe", element="0.12886805191194894-1")>

显式等待

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com/')
wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 10)
input = wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'q')))
button = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.btn-search')))
print(input, button)

<selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="07dd2fbc2d5b1ce40e82b9754aba8fa8", element="0.5642646294074107-1")> <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="07dd2fbc2d5b1ce40e82b9754aba8fa8", element="0.5642646294074107-2")>
  • title_is 标题是某内容
  • title_contains 标题包含某内容
  • presence_of_element_located 元素加载出，传入定位元组，如(By.ID, ‘p’)
  • visibility_of_element_located 元素可见，传入定位元组
  • visibility_of 可见，传入元素对象
  • presence_of_all_elements_located 所有元素加载出
  • text_to_be_present_in_element 某个元素文本包含某文字
  • text_to_be_present_in_element_value 某个元素值包含某文字
  • frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it frame加载并切换
  • invisibility_of_element_located 元素不可见
  • element_to_be_clickable 元素可点击
  • staleness_of 判断一个元素是否仍在DOM，可判断页面是否已经刷新
  • element_to_be_selected 元素可选择，传元素对象
  • element_located_to_be_selected 元素可选择，传入定位元组
  • element_selection_state_to_be 传入元素对象以及状态，相等返回True，否则返回False
  • element_located_selection_state_to_be 传入定位元组以及状态，相等返回True，否则返回False
  • alert_is_present 是否出现Alert

详细内容：http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions

前进后退

import time
from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com/')
browser.get('https://www.python.org/')
browser.back()
time.sleep(1)
browser.forward()
browser.close()

Cookies

from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')
print(browser.get_cookies())
browser.add_cookie({'name': 'name', 'domain': 'www.zhihu.com', 'value': 'germey'})
print(browser.get_cookies())
browser.delete_all_cookies()
print(browser.get_cookies())

[{'secure': False, 'value': '"NGM0ZTM5NDAwMWEyNDQwNDk5ODlkZWY3OTkxY2I0NDY=|1491604091|236e34290a6f407bfbb517888849ea509ac366d0"', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': 'l_cap_id', 'expiry': 1494196091.403418}, {'secure': False, 'value': '"YWEyOGY4MmI1MzQ2NGY5MmFiMjgzZGUzZWJjYTgwYjY=|1491604091|ff946847ddb5881245bdb7a5e6401b70dc61013f"', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': 'cap_id', 'expiry': 1494196091.402855}, {'secure': False, 'value': '1', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': 'l_n_c'}, {'secure': False, 'value': '"MjcxMDE3YzU1YjI4NDljZjljNTQ4ZDIyOWJjZTBhNmY=|1491604091|8da4722b56a1545c2020dba97394a220c0eca8d9"', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': 'r_cap_id', 'expiry': 1494196091.402525}, {'secure': False, 'value': '51854390', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': '__utmc'}, {'secure': False, 'value': '"AADCo7e1kguPTqvEOMieRUzwkA7ZUBhV-VY=|1491604091"', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': 'd_c0', 'expiry': 1586212091.344773}, {'secure': False, 'value': '51854390.1491604091.1.1.utmcsr=(direct)|utmccn=(direct)|utmcmd=(none)', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': '__utmz', 'expiry': 1507372091}, {'secure': False, 'value': '3cc99fc5-8706-43fc-90ac-3ad991bd1a25', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': '_zap', 'expiry': 1554676091}, {'secure': False, 'value': '97cb00128ccb46659728f7c69cc191b0|1491604091000|1491604091000', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': 'q_c1', 'expiry': 1586212091.401644}, {'secure': False, 'value': '51854390.2.10.1491604091', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': '__utmb', 'expiry': 1491605891}, {'secure': False, 'value': '1', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': 'n_c'}, {'secure': False, 'value': '51854390.000--|3=entry_date=20170408=1', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': '__utmv', 'expiry': 1554676091}, {'secure': False, 'value': '51854390.669300758.1491604091.1491604091.1491604091.1', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': '__utma', 'expiry': 1554676091}, {'secure': False, 'value': '1', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': '__utmt', 'expiry': 1491604691}, {'secure': False, 'value': 'AQAAALCZuwh+dgIAeu3PPHA+csDPnXvT', 'domain': 'www.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': True, 'name': 'aliyungf_tc'}]
[{'secure': False, 'value': 'germey', 'domain': '.www.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': 'name'}, {'secure': False, 'value': '"NGM0ZTM5NDAwMWEyNDQwNDk5ODlkZWY3OTkxY2I0NDY=|1491604091|236e34290a6f407bfbb517888849ea509ac366d0"', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': 'l_cap_id', 'expiry': 1494196091.403418}, {'secure': False, 'value': '"YWEyOGY4MmI1MzQ2NGY5MmFiMjgzZGUzZWJjYTgwYjY=|1491604091|ff946847ddb5881245bdb7a5e6401b70dc61013f"', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': 'cap_id', 'expiry': 1494196091.402855}, {'secure': False, 'value': '1', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': 'l_n_c'}, {'secure': False, 'value': '"MjcxMDE3YzU1YjI4NDljZjljNTQ4ZDIyOWJjZTBhNmY=|1491604091|8da4722b56a1545c2020dba97394a220c0eca8d9"', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': 'r_cap_id', 'expiry': 1494196091.402525}, {'secure': False, 'value': '51854390', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': '__utmc'}, {'secure': False, 'value': '"AADCo7e1kguPTqvEOMieRUzwkA7ZUBhV-VY=|1491604091"', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': 'd_c0', 'expiry': 1586212091.344773}, {'secure': False, 'value': '51854390.1491604091.1.1.utmcsr=(direct)|utmccn=(direct)|utmcmd=(none)', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': '__utmz', 'expiry': 1507372091}, {'secure': False, 'value': '3cc99fc5-8706-43fc-90ac-3ad991bd1a25', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': '_zap', 'expiry': 1554676091}, {'secure': False, 'value': '97cb00128ccb46659728f7c69cc191b0|1491604091000|1491604091000', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': 'q_c1', 'expiry': 1586212091.401644}, {'secure': False, 'value': '51854390.2.10.1491604091', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': '__utmb', 'expiry': 1491605891}, {'secure': False, 'value': '1', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': 'n_c'}, {'secure': False, 'value': '51854390.000--|3=entry_date=20170408=1', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': '__utmv', 'expiry': 1554676091}, {'secure': False, 'value': '51854390.669300758.1491604091.1491604091.1491604091.1', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': '__utma', 'expiry': 1554676091}, {'secure': False, 'value': '1', 'domain': '.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': False, 'name': '__utmt', 'expiry': 1491604691}, {'secure': False, 'value': 'AQAAALCZuwh+dgIAeu3PPHA+csDPnXvT', 'domain': 'www.zhihu.com', 'path': '/', 'httpOnly': True, 'name': 'aliyungf_tc'}]
[]

选项卡管理

import time
from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
browser.execute_script('window.open()')
print(browser.window_handles)
browser.switch_to_window(browser.window_handles[1])
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
time.sleep(1)
browser.switch_to_window(browser.window_handles[0])
browser.get('https://python.org')

['CDwindow-4f58e3a7-7167-4587-bedf-9cd8c867f435', 'CDwindow-6e05f076-6d77-453a-a36c-32baacc447df']

异常处理

from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
browser.find_element_by_id('hello')

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

NoSuchElementException                    Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-1-82de8db92b6b> in <module>
      3 browser = webdriver.Chrome()
      4 browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
----> 5 browser.find_element_by_id('hello')


~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\selenium\webdriver\remote\webdriver.py in find_element_by_id(self, id_)
    358             element = driver.find_element_by_id('foo')
    359         """
--> 360         return self.find_element(by=By.ID, value=id_)
    361 
    362     def find_elements_by_id(self, id_):


~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\selenium\webdriver\remote\webdriver.py in find_element(self, by, value)
    976         return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENT, {
    977             'using': by,
--> 978             'value': value})['value']
    979 
    980     def find_elements(self, by=By.ID, value=None):


~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\selenium\webdriver\remote\webdriver.py in execute(self, driver_command, params)
    319         response = self.command_executor.execute(driver_command, params)
    320         if response:
--> 321             self.error_handler.check_response(response)
    322             response['value'] = self._unwrap_value(
    323                 response.get('value', None))


~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\selenium\webdriver\remote\errorhandler.py in check_response(self, response)
    240                 alert_text = value['alert'].get('text')
    241             raise exception_class(message, screen, stacktrace, alert_text)
--> 242         raise exception_class(message, screen, stacktrace)
    243 
    244     def _value_or_default(self, obj, key, default):


NoSuchElementException: Message: no such element: Unable to locate element: {"method":"css selector","selector":"[id="hello"]"}
  (Session info: chrome=81.0.4044.138)

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException, NoSuchElementException

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
try:
    browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
except TimeoutException:
    print('Time Out')
try:
    browser.find_element_by_id('hello')
except NoSuchElementException:
    print('No Element')
finally:
    browser.close()

No Element

详细文档：http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.common.exceptions

# Remote

import selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities
from time import sleep


try:
    browser = selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver(command_executor="http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub",desired_capabilities=DesiredCapabilities.FIREFOX)
    browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
    input = browser.find_element_by_id('kw')
    input.send_keys('hadoop')
    input.send_keys(Keys.ENTER)
    # 等待，超时时间10秒
    wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 10)
    # 等待元素出现
    wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'content_left')))
    # 输出url
    print(browser.current_url)
    # 输出cookie
    # print(browser.get_cookies())
    # 输出源码
    # print(browser.page_source)
finally:
    browser.close()

https://www.baidu.com/s?ie=utf-8&f=8&rsv_bp=1&rsv_idx=1&tn=baidu&wd=Python&fenlei=256&rsv_pq=c7eea5c4001542d9&rsv_t=34fbGX4CyYcrQWxPZwBbbRyC%2Fv6EjxL7X9wKg98fDxJvZSOLq%2BLTq2VHDB4&rqlang=cn&rsv_enter=1&rsv_dl=tb&rsv_sug3=6&rsv_sug2=0&rsv_btype=i&inputT=281&rsv_sug4=281

import selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities
from time import sleep


try:
    browser = selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver(command_executor="http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub",
                                                            desired_capabilities=DesiredCapabilities.CHROME)
    browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
    input = browser.find_element_by_id('kw')
    input.send_keys('hadoop')
    input.send_keys(Keys.ENTER)
    # 等待，超时时间10秒
    wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 10)
    # 等待元素出现
    wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'content_left')))
    # 输出url
    print(browser.current_url)
    # 输出cookie
    # print(browser.get_cookies())
    # 输出源码
    # print(browser.page_source)
finally:
    browser.close()

https://www.baidu.com/s?ie=utf-8&f=8&rsv_bp=1&rsv_idx=1&tn=baidu&wd=hadoop&fenlei=256&rsv_pq=ff69607200163de5&rsv_t=814dtJxU5T1lWzrf4tQYhs7BoXhwscIPfLEweMbL2a3%2BzIPx1oq89Y%2BZ9zw&rqlang=cn&rsv_enter=1&rsv_dl=tb&rsv_sug3=6&rsv_sug2=0&rsv_btype=i&inputT=140&rsv_sug4=140

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