爬虫学习day2

一、Request对象

  通过构建一个request,服务器响应请求得到应答,这样显得逻辑上清晰明确

from urllib.request import urlopen
from urllib.request import Request

request = Request("http://www.baidu.com")
response = urlopen(requst)
print response.read().decode()

二、GET请求

  大部分被传输到浏览器的html,images,js,css, … 都是通过GET方法发出请求的。它是获取数据的主要方法

from urllib.request import Request,urlopen
from urllib.parse import quote

url = 'https://www.baidu.com/s?wd={}'.format(quote("哔哩哔哩"))
headers = {
    "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:76.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/76.0"
}

requset = Request(url,headers=headers)
response = urlopen(requset)
print(response.read().decode())

  这里没添加绕过机制被ban了,但大致就是这么个流程

三、POST请求

  Request请求对象的里有data参数,它就是用在POST里的,我们要传送的数据就是这个参数data,data是一个字典,里面要匹配键值对,一般地,POST在我们登陆的时候使用

from urllib.request import Request,urlopen
from urllib.parse import urlencode

url = "http://192.168.43.167/DVWA/login.php"
data = {
    "username":"admin",
    "password":"password"
}
headers = {
    "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:76.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/76.0"
}
data = urlencode(data)
request = Request(url,data=data.encode(),headers=headers)
response = urlopen(request)
print(response.read().decode())

四、Ajax的请求获取数据

  有些网页内容使用AJAX加载,而AJAX一般返回的是JSON,直接对AJAX地址进行post或get,就返回JSON数据了

 

from urllib.request import Request, urlopen

base_url = "https://movie.douban.com/j/chart/top_list?type=11&interval_id=100%3A90&action=&start={}&limit=20"
i = 0
while True:
    headers = {
        "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:76.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/76.0"
    }
    url = base_url.format(i * 20)
    request = Request(url, headers=headers)
    response = urlopen(request)
    info = response.read().decode()
    print(info)

    #当读到完时跳出
    if info == "" or info is None:
        break
    i += 1

五、SSL

   https 开头的网站,urllib可以为 HTTPS 请求验证SSL证书,就像web浏览器一样,如果网站的SSL证书是经过CA认证的,则能够正常访问,如:https://www.baidu.com/

  如果SSL证书验证不通过,或者操作系统不信任服务器的安全证书,比如浏览器在访问12306网站如:https://www.12306.cn/mormhweb/的时候,会警告用户证书不受信任。(据说 12306 网站证书是自己做的,没有通过CA认证)

# 忽略SSL安全认证
context = ssl._create_unverified_context()
# 添加到context参数里
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request, context = context)
from urllib.request import Request, urlopen
import ssl

url = 'https://www.12306.cn/mormhweb/'
headers = {
     "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:76.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/76.0"
}
request = Request(url, headers=headers)
# 忽略验证证书
context = ssl._create_unverified_context()
response = urlopen(request, context=context)
info = response.read().decode()
print(info)
 

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转载自www.cnblogs.com/Lee-404/p/12901474.html