Common tools and techniques are summarized in the sixth edition of PMP® Exam
The sixth edition PMBOK knowledge test sites common technical tools:
1, PMP certification in the Delphi technique : used to "gather requirements" process, belonging to the group of innovative technology. The steps of this method are:
(1) According to the characteristics of the problem, select and invite experts have done research or relevant experience.
(2) the information-related issues were provided to a specialist, ask them to independently express their views, and a written material.
(3) managers to collect and synthesize the views of experts, the comprehensive feedback to the experts, asking them to express their views again. If the difference is large, you can meet to focus on; otherwise, the managers separately liaison with the experts.
(4) so repeatedly, and finally the formation program on behalf of the Group of Experts opinion.
A typical feature of Delphi Method
(1) involving experts predict that take full advantage of the experience and expert knowledge;
(2) the use of anonymous way or back to back, every expert make independent and free to make their own judgment;
(3) the prediction several rounds of feedback process, the gradual convergence of the opinions of experts.
Advantages: can give full play to the role of the experts, brainstorming, high accuracy . Can you expert advice on points of disagreement expressed, taking around the world and avoid various short.
Disadvantages: The main disadvantage of Delphi method is a more complex process, it takes a long time. 2, brainstorming : commonly used in the "gathering requirements" process, belonging to the group of innovative technology. Lenovo is a fundamental process of generating new ideas. In the process of collective discussion questions, each put forward a new concept, can inspire it in others. Have produced a series of new ideas, have a ripple effect, the formation of new concepts heap, offers more possibilities for creative problem solving.
In the case without any restrictions, brainstorm problem can stimulate people's enthusiasm. Everyone is free to speak, interact and infection, can form a boom, break the shackles inherent in the concept of maximizing the creative thinking ability.
In case there is a sense of competition, everyone is scrambling, competing to speak, continue to start thinking machine, and strive insights, new ideas. Principles of psychology tells us that human beings have feisty psychological, in a competitive sense, the psychology of human activity can increase efficiency by 50% or more.
3 , SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis : commonly used in "identifying risks" process, where, S represents the strength (advantage), W represents the weakness (weak), O represents the opportunity (chance), T represents the threat ( threats). Wherein, S, W is internal factors, O, T external factors. This analysis commonly used in internal company analysis method, which is analyzed according to their own established internal conditions, find out where the business advantages, disadvantages and core competitiveness. Recently, SWOT analysis has been widely used in many fields, such as the school's self-analysis, the individual's ability to self-analysis and so on. For example, in the conduct of their own career development analysis using the SWOT, you can follow these five steps: The first step, assess their strengths and weaknesses each has their own unique skills, talents and abilities. In today's environment division of very fine, everyone specializes in a particular area, rather than swordsmen. (Unless of course, genius). For example, some people do not like to sit in an office all day, while others thought the time had to deal with strangers, I found myself numb, nervous. Please make a list, a list of your own favorite thing to do and your strengths
Lies. Similarly, the list, you can find out that they are not very fond of doing things and your weaknesses. Find out what your weaknesses and your strengths as important discovery, because you can based on their own strengths and weaknesses, as two options; or try to change the normal error, improve your skills, or you do not give up those good Department of skill requirements. Do you think it is important to list the strengths of their own and you have the choice to learn the impact of the weak, and then mark the ones you think are important to you Inferior.
The second step, to find out your career opportunities and threats. We know that different industries (including those industries in different companies) are facing different external opportunities and threats, so, to identify these external factors will help you successfully find a suitable job, your job is very important because these opportunities and threats affect your first job and future career development. If the company is in a sector often subject to the impact of adverse external factors, the natural, the company can provide career opportunities will be rare, and no opportunities for career advancement. In contrast, full of many industries will job seekers positive external factors provide a broad career prospects. Please list one or two industries you are interested in, then carefully assess the opportunities and threats faced by these industries.
The third step is to outline-style list next 3 - 5 years of your career goals. Carefully make a SWOT analysis of their assessment, listing four to five career goals that you most want to achieve in five years. These goals may include: what kind of career you want to do, how many people you manage, or if you want to get to belong own salary levels. Always remember: You must do everything we can to play to their strengths, and make the industry work opportunities offered perfect match with.
The fourth step, the outline of a type listed next 3 - 5 years of professional action plan. This step is mainly related to some specific content. Please draw up action plans for each goal to achieve a third step listed above, and described in detail in order to achieve every goal, every thing you need to do, when to do them. If you feel you need some outside help, please explain what help you need and how you can get this kind of help. For example, your personal SWOT analysis might suggest that in order to achieve your ideal career goals, you need more management training course, then your career action plan should indicate which courses to attend, what level of training courses and when these courses and so on. You formulate detailed action plan will help you make decisions, just like the previous pre-established travel plan will be the same as your guide to action.
The fifth step, seek professional help. Be able to analyze the shortcomings of their own career development and behavior is not difficult, but they are going to change in a suitable manner is difficult. I believe your friend, supervisors, career counseling expert can give you some help, especially a lot of time to help with professional advice will give you great power to cut corners. There assistance and supervision of external forces also let you get a better effect.
4, Pareto (sorted histogram, the PMBOK sixth edition but did not write the exam relevant House in June 2019) : commonly used in the "quality control" process.
FIG arranged called Pareto diagram, FIG primary and secondary, a histogram is plotted of the order of occurrence frequency, the result indicates how many reasons are caused by the type or category confirmed. Quality and quality improvement projects it will appear in order of priority and adopted a different chart in order of importance. Can be used to analyze quality problems, the main factor determining the quality of produce. Standard Pareto chart ranking of projects according to the guidance on how to take corrective action : project team should first take steps to correct the problems caused by the largest number of defects. Conceptually, the Pareto Principle Pareto chart with the same strain, the law states that a relatively small number of reasons often caused most of the problems or defects.
FIG arrangement represents a double orthogonal coordinate system, the left ordinate represents the frequency, the right ordinate indicates the frequency analysis line represents the cumulative frequency, the abscissa indicates the various factors affecting the quality, by the impact of the size (i.e., the number occurrence frequency) left the right to arrange, through the observation of Pareto analysis of the main factors affecting the quality can be grasped.
Pareto principle is often called twenty-eight principle that eighty percent of the cause of the problem is caused by twenty percent . Pareto chart in project management is mainly used to identify the key cause of most problems, to solve most problems. (Classic Pareto chart) . 5, the PMP entry in control chart : commonly used in the "quality planning, quality control" process, is the key quality characteristics of the production process are measured, recorded, assessment and monitoring of the process is in control a graphical method for state. According to the principle of FIG construct a hypothesis test for monitoring the production process is in control. It is an important means and tools of statistical quality control. It is a controlled FIG limits, due to the reasons to distinguish accident or system, the presence information system may provide a reason, to determine the state of the controlled production too. FIG controlling their use can be divided into two categories, one is a control diagram for the analysis, used to control the quality characteristics related to the change of the production process, to see whether the process is in a steady state controlled; Another class of control Figure, mainly used in the production process is found abnormalities that, in order to prevent the production of defective products.
7:00 rule: If you encounter a discontinuous point data falls 7 mean line on the same side. So, we should consider whether there are special reasons. Because the average probability that a point falls side is 1/2. The continuous probability of falling on the same side of two 1/2 1/2 = 1/4. Three consecutive falling on the same side probability is 1/4 1/2 = 1/8. Under such circumstances, the probability of seven consecutive falls on the same side is (1/2) X (1/2) X (1/2) X (1/2) X (1/2) X (1/2) X ( 1/2) = 1/128 = 0.0078. The probability value is 8 per thousand. This should be talking about is a very small probability. When we produce sampling time, the probability is so small should not be able to get. Now is pumped, the description is not normal, there may occur a special reason.
5, PMP training in the sensitivity analysis : factors commonly used in the sensitive process, the role of sensitivity analysis is to determine the impact of project risks, "the implementation of quantitative risk analysis." Looking for the greatest impact on the most sensitive of the main variable factor, further analysis, forecast or estimate its impact, identify the root causes of uncertainty, to take appropriate and effective measures. Sensitivity analysis helps to determine which risks have the greatest potential impact on the project. It is all the other uncertainties kept at the reference value, for each element of uncertainty to inspect the project's impact on the extent of the Japanese standard. The most common way to display sensitivity analysis is the tornado diagram. A tornado graph useful for comparing the relative importance of having a high degree of uncertainty between variable and relatively stable variables. 7, Monte Carlo method : for quantitative risk analysis, a random sample (Random Sampling) to estimate the statistical calculation result. General Procedure Monte Carlo Simulation project management methods are: 1. For each activity, the input minimum, maximum, and most likely estimated data , and for selecting an appropriate prior distribution model; 2. According to the computer input, given the use of a certain rule, a sufficiently large amount of fast random sample embodiment
3. Random sampling of data necessary mathematical calculations, the results obtained
4. The results obtained were statistically processed to determine the minimum, maximum, and standard deviation of the mathematical expectation and unit
5. The statistical data obtained, so that the computer automatically generate the cumulative probability distribution curve and the probability curve (usually based on cumulative normal probability curve S)
6. Risk analysis project based on the cumulative probability curve.
8, PMP training in the expected monetary value : also known as exposure value, risk expectations, is a technique of quantitative risk analysis, decision trees, and often used together, it is possible consequences of the currency risk under certain circumstances and cause of the occurrence multiplied by the probability that this project includes consideration of risk and cash. A positive value indicates opportunity, a negative value indicates risk. That sum obtained by multiplying the value with the probability of each possible outcome occurs. These are two different schemes that augments a business, the first method is to build a new plant, will invest $ 120 million, there is a 60% chance to bring $ 80 million in revenue, a 40% chance of bringing 90 million US dollar losses. So we use 8000 * 60% + (- 9000) * 40% to calculate the expected monetary value of the construction of the new plant of this program is 36 million, greater than 0, this is feasible Similarly we calculate, in the old plant expansion will take to expected monetary value of 46 million, the same is greater than zero is also feasible. But these two programs, the expansion of the old plant to bring money than building a new plant expected higher value, so we choose Option 2, the economic benefits of the plant expansion will be better, which is equivalent in this way we opened up the economic benefits increase risk opportunity. This is the expected value of the currency EMV analysis
