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Matter: Matter is a philosophical category that marks objective reality. This objective reality is perceived by people through their senses. It exists independent of our senses, and is not copied, photographed, or reflected by our senses.
Consciousness: Consciousness is a product of matter, but not matter itself. Consciousness is a special matter—the function and attribute of the human brain, which is objective in content and subjective in form.
Movement: Movement is a philosophical category that marks the change and process of all things and phenomena.
Practice: Practice is a material activity in which human beings actively transform the objective world.
Connection: Connection refers to the relationship of mutual influence, mutual restriction and interaction between various elements inside a thing and between things.
Development: Development is an upward and upward movement, and the essence of development is the emergence of new things and the destruction of old things.
Law: The essential, inevitable and stable connection inherent in the connection and development process of things.
Contradiction: Contradiction is a philosophical category that reflects the unity of opposites within things.
The identity of contradictions: refers to the nature and tendency of the two sides of a contradiction being interdependent and interpenetrating.
The struggle of contradictions: it is the nature and tendency of contradictory opposites to repel and separate from each other.
Quantity: It is the scale, degree, speed, etc. of things that can be expressed by quantitative relations.
Degree: The quantitative limit to maintain the stability of things is the limit range of things.
Quantitative change: Quantitative change refers to the increase or decrease of things and the change of order. It is an insignificant change that keeps the quality of things relatively stable, and reflects the continuity of the gradual process of things.
Qualitative change: Qualitative change is a fundamental change in the nature of things, a leap from one qualitative state to another, and reflects the gradual process and interruption of continuity of things.
Practice: It is an objective material activity in which human beings actively transform the world.
Cognition: Cognition is the active reflection of the object on the basis of the practice of the subject.
Perceptual cognition: It is the cognition about the phenomenon of things, the external connections of things and all aspects of things that people directly feel through sensory organs on the basis of practice, including the three forms of sensation, perception and representation.
Rational cognition: It is the understanding of the essence, totality, internal connections and laws of things that people use abstract thinking to achieve on the basis of a general understanding of a large number of perceptual materials. Rational cognition includes three forms of conceptual judgment and reasoning.
Truth: It is a category that marks the conformity between subjectivity and objectiveness, and it is people's correct understanding of things and their laws.
Active function of consciousness: It is the unique ability and activity of human consciousness to actively reflect and transform the world.
Subject and object: The subject refers to a person who has the ability to think and engage in social practice and cognitive activities. The object refers to the object of practice and cognitive activities.
Social awareness: the spiritual aspect of social life and the reflection of social existence.
Productivity: Productivity is the material force formed by human beings in production practice to transform and influence nature to meet social needs.
Production relationship: refers to the economic relationship formed by people in the process of material production that is not transferred by people's will.
Economic basis: The economic basis refers to the sum of production relations determined by the productivity of a certain stage of social development.
Superstructure: The superstructure refers to the ideology and the corresponding institutional organization and facilities built on a certain economic basis.
Commodity: It is a product of labor that can be exchanged to satisfy people's needs.
Use value: the usefulness of a commodity to satisfy a certain need of people.
Value: It is the indiscriminate general human labor condensed in commodities, that is, the consumption of human mental and physical power.
Surplus value: That part of value that exceeds the value of labor created by hired workers and appropriated by capitalists without compensation.
Capital: Value capable of generating surplus value.
Constant capital: Capital that exists in the form of means of production.
Variable capital: That part of capital that is used to buy labor power.
Relative surplus value: It is the surplus price generated by shortening the necessary labor time and prolonging the surplus labor time under the condition that the length of the working day remains unchanged.
Absolute surplus value: refers to the surplus value produced due to the extension of the length of the working day and the increase of labor intensity under the condition that the necessary labor time remains unchanged.
Socially necessary labor time: Under the existing normal social production conditions, the labor time required to produce a certain use value under the social average labor proficiency and labor intensity.
Capital circulation: Capital starts from one form, undergoes a series of changes in form, and then returns to the original starting point.
Social existence: also known as social material living conditions, is the material aspects of social life, mainly including natural geographical environment, population factors and material production methods.
Question 3.1 What are the fundamental questions of philosophy? What two aspects does it include? (P26)
Answer: The basic question of philosophy is the relationship between thinking and being.
It includes the following two aspects: one is the question of who is the origin of existence and thinking, matter and consciousness, that is, what is the primary question; different answers to this question form the two concepts of materialism and idealism. fundamentally opposed schools of philosophy. The second is the question of whether existence and thinking, matter and consciousness have the same identity, that is, whether thinking can correctly reflect existence, whether people can understand or thoroughly understand the world; different answers to this question have produced gnosticism and agnosticism theoretical division
Question B 3.2 briefly describe the meaning of the universality and particularity of contradiction and the dialectical relationship between them. (P45-P47)
Answer: The universality of contradiction means that contradiction exists in all things, and exists in the development process of all things. Old contradictions are resolved, and new contradictions arise, and things are always moving in contradiction.
The particularity of contradictions refers to the contradictions of each specific thing, and each aspect of each contradiction has its own characteristics at different stages of development.
The universality and particularity of contradictions are the relationship of dialectical unity. The universality of contradictions is the commonality of contradictions, and the particularity of contradictions is the individuality of contradictions. The commonality of contradictions is unconditional and absolute, while the individuality of contradictions is conditional and relative. The contradiction of any real thing is the organic unity of commonality and individuality, commonality resides in individuality, there is no commonality without individuality, and there is no individuality without commonality. The commonality and individuality of contradictions, and the principle of absolute and relative are the essence of the problem of contradiction in things and the key to a correct understanding of the theory of contradiction. Without understanding it, one cannot truly grasp materialist dialectics. The relationship between the commonality of contradictions and the unity of individuality is not only a dialectics inherent in objective things, but also a scientific method of understanding.
Question B 3.3 Briefly describe the meaning and main manifestations of the active role of consciousness. (P34)
Answer: Matter determines consciousness, and consciousness has a reaction to matter, and this reaction is the active function of consciousness
The active function of consciousness is mainly manifested in: First, consciousness has purpose and planning. Second, consciousness is creative. Third, consciousness has the function of guiding practice to transform the objective world. Fourth, consciousness has the function of regulating human behavior and physiological activities.
Question B 3.4 Why is it said that practice is the basis of understanding? (P79-P80)
Answer: Practice is the basis of knowledge, and practice plays a decisive role in knowledge activities.
First, practice is the source of understanding. The content of understanding is produced and developed on the basis of practical activities.
Second, practice is the driving force for cognitive development. The needs of practice promote the emergence and development of cognition, promote human scientific discoveries and technological inventions, and promote human ideological progress and theoretical innovation.
Third, practice is the purpose of knowledge.
Fourth, practice is the only criterion for testing the truth of cognition.
Question B 3.5 Briefly describe the meanings of productivity and production relations and the relationship between them
Answer: Productivity is the material force formed by human beings in the production practice to transform and influence nature to make it suitable for social needs. The production relationship is an economic relationship formed by people in the process of material production that does not depend on human will.
The relationship between productivity and production relations is: productivity determines production relations, and production relations react to productivity.
First, productivity determines production relations. First, the state of productivity determines the nature of production relations. Second, the development of productive forces determines the changes of production relations.
Second, production relations have a dynamic reaction to productivity. When the production relations meet the objective requirements of the development of productive forces, they will promote the development of productive forces; when the production relations do not meet the objective requirements of the development of productive forces, they will hinder the development of productive forces
B Question 3.6 What is the law of value? What are the main functions of the law of value?
Answer: The law of value is that the value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time required to produce the commodity, and commodity exchange is based on the value of the commodity and is carried out in accordance with the principle of equivalent exchange.
First, spontaneously adjust the distribution ratio of means of production and labor among various production sectors of society. Second, spontaneously stimulate the development of social productivity.
Third, adjust the distribution of social income spontaneously.
Question B 3.7 briefly describe the meaning of qualitative change and quantitative change and the dialectical relationship between them. (P48)
Answer: Quantitative change refers to the increase or decrease of the quantity of things and the change of the arrangement order of the constituent elements. It is an insignificant change that maintains the relative stability of the quality of things, and reflects the continuity of the gradual process of the development of things.
Qualitative change is a fundamental change in the nature of things, a leap from one qualitative state to another, and reflects the gradual process and interruption of continuity in the development of things.
The dialectical relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change is: first, quantitative change is a necessary preparation for qualitative change. The change of anything has a process of accumulation of quantitative change. Without the accumulation of quantitative change, qualitative change will not happen. Second, qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change and opens the way for new quantitative change. Pure quantitative change will not last forever, and quantitative change will inevitably lead to qualitative change when it reaches a certain level. Third, quantitative change and qualitative change are interpenetrating. On the one hand, there are staged and local partial qualitative changes in the overall quantitative change process; on the other hand, there are also quantitative shrinkage of the old quality and quantitative expansion of the new quality in the qualitative change process.
Question B 3.8 briefly describe the meaning of perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge and the dialectical relationship between them. (P84, P85)
Answer: Perceptual knowledge refers to the knowledge about the phenomenon of things, the external connections of things, and all aspects of things that people directly feel through sensory organs on the basis of practice.
Rational cognition refers to the understanding of the essence, wholeness, internal connection and regularity of things on the basis of summarizing and arranging a large number of perceptual materials by means of abstract thinking.
Although perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge are different in nature, their relationship is dialectically unified. First, rational knowledge depends on perceptual knowledge; second, perceptual knowledge needs to be developed and deepened into rational knowledge; third, perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge interpenetrate and contain each other.
B. Question 3.9 Briefly describe the meaning of the masses and their decisive role in the process of creating history. (P172)
Answer: From a qualitative point of view, the masses of the people refer to all those who play a role in promoting social and historical development; from a quantitative point of view, the masses of the people refer to the vast majority of the social population.
In the process of social and historical development, the masses of the people play a decisive role. The people are the creators of social material wealth; the people are the creators of social spiritual wealth; the people are the decisive force for social change
Question B 3.10 Briefly describe the material view of dialectical materialism and its significance
Answer: Matter is an objective reality that exists independently of human consciousness and can be reflected by human consciousness.
The material category of Marxism has rich and profound theoretical significance. First, it adheres to materialist monism and draws a clear line with idealist monism and dualism. Second, it adheres to active reflection theory and knowability theory, and criticizes agnosticism. Third, it embodies the unity of materialism and dialectics, and overcomes the defects of metaphysical materialism. Fourth, it embodies the unity of the materialist view of nature and history, and lays a theoretical foundation for thorough materialism.
Question B 3.11 Briefly describe the role of the identity of contradictions and the struggle of contradictions in the development of things. (P44)
Answer: The identity of contradiction refers to the nature and tendency of the interdependence and interpenetration of contradictory opposites; the struggle of contradiction refers to the nature and tendency of mutual repulsion and separation of contradictory opposites.
The role of the identity of contradiction in the development of things is manifested in: First, identity is the premise of the existence and development of things. Among the two sides of a contradiction, the development of one side is conditioned by the development of the other side, and development is in the unity of contradictions. develop. Second, the identity enables the two sides of the contradiction to absorb factors that are beneficial to themselves and develop independently in the interaction. Third, identity defines the possibility of transformation and the tendency of development of things.
The role of the struggle of contradictions in the development of things is manifested in: first, the struggle between the two sides of the contradiction promotes the change of the forces of the two sides of the contradiction, causes the development of the two forces to be unbalanced, and creates conditions for the transformation of opposites and the qualitative change of things. Second, the struggle between the two contradictory parties is the decisive force for the transition from one unity of contradictions to another.
Question B 3.12 What are the duality of commodity and labor? What is the relationship between the duality of commodity and labor? (P185, P186)
Answer: Commodities are labor products that are used for exchange and can satisfy certain needs of people. They have two factors: use value and value
Commodities are labor products, and the labor that produces them has a dual nature, that is, concrete labor and abstract labor. Concrete labor refers to specific forms of labor that produce a certain use value. Abstract labor refers to the indiscriminate general human labor that leaves aside all concrete forms, that is, the consumption of human mental and physical energy.
The concrete labor that produces the commodity creates the use value of the commodity, and the abstract labor forms the value of the commodity. It is the duality of labor which determines the duality of commodities.
B. Question 3.13 Briefly describe the theoretical significance of the material view of Marxism. (P28, P29)
Answer: First, it adheres to materialist monism and draws a clear line with idealist monism and dualism. Second, it adheres to active reflection theory and knowability theory, and criticizes agnosticism.
Third, it embodies the unity of materialism and dialectics, and overcomes the defects of metaphysical materialism.
Fourth, it embodies the unity of the materialist view of nature and history, and lays a theoretical foundation for thorough materialism.
Question B 3.14 What are the basic contents of the dialectical view of negation in Marxist philosophy (the view of negation in materialist dialectics reveals the profound connotation of negation) (P49)
Answer: First, negation is the self-denial and self-development of things, and is the result of the movement of internal contradictions in things.
Second, negation is the link in the development of things, the transition from old things to new things, and the leap from old to new. Only through negation can old things be transformed into new things.
Third, negation is the link between old and new things, new things are born from old things, and new and old things are connected through the link of negation.
Fourth, the essence of dialectical negation is "sublation", that is, new things both criticize and inherit old things, overcome their negative factors and retain their positive factors.
Question B 3.15 Why is practice the only criterion for testing truth? (P100)
Answer: The reason why practice can be used as the sole criterion for testing truth is determined by the nature of truth and the characteristics of practice.
First, from the perspective of the nature of truth, truth is the correct reflection of people on objective things and their development laws, and its nature lies in the conformity of the subjective and the objective.
Second, from the perspective of the characteristics of practice, practice has direct reality. The immediate reality of practice is the concrete manifestation of its objective reality.
Question B 3.16 Describe the relative independence of social consciousness and its manifestations (P130)
Answer: The relative independence of social consciousness means that while social consciousness is fundamentally determined by social existence, it also has its own unique development form and law.
The main manifestations are as follows: First, the development of social consciousness and social existence is not completely synchronized and unbalanced; second, there are mutual influences among various forms within social consciousness and each has historical inheritance; third, social consciousness has an impact on social existence. Active reaction, which is a prominent manifestation of the relative independence of social consciousness.
Question B 3.17 Why is it said that basic social contradictions are the fundamental driving force for social development? (P152, P153)
Answer: First of all, productivity is the most basic driving force in the movement of basic social contradictions, and is the ultimate decisive force for the development and progress of human society. develop.
Finally, the basic social contradictions have different manifestations and solutions, and fundamentally affect and promote the change and development of social forms.
B. Question 3.18 Briefly describe the meaning of surplus value and the two basic methods of producing surplus value. (P208, P210)
Answer: Surplus value is the part of the value created by hired workers that exceeds the value of labor force that is captured by capitalists free of charge. It is the condensation of the surplus labor of hired workers and reflects the relationship between capitalists and hired workers who are exploited and exploited.
Absolute surplus value refers to the surplus value produced by prolonging the length of the working day or increasing the intensity of labor under the condition that the necessary labor time remains unchanged.
Relative surplus value refers to the surplus value produced by shortening the necessary labor time and relatively extending the surplus labor time under the condition that the length of the working day remains unchanged.
short answer questions
Question B 3.19 Try to describe the dialectical relationship between the absoluteness and relativity of truth, and use this principle to explain why we should persist in truth and develop truth in practice. Answer: 1. The opposite lies in: they are the duality of the same objective truth, and the absolute truth refers to people's correct understanding of the infinitely developing material world. Relative truth means that people have limitations in their correct understanding of the material world under certain conditions. Only to a certain extent.
Unity lies in: Absolute intuition and relative truth interpenetrate and contain each other. On the one hand, there is absolute in relative. Any relative truth contains particles of absolute truth, and absolute truth exists in relative truth. On the other hand, there is relative in the absolute. Any relative truth is an integral part of the absolute truth, the absolute truth is manifested through the relative truth, and the sum of countless relative truths constitutes the absolute truth. Relative truth and absolute truth are dialectically transformed, and the development process of truth is an endless development process from relative truth to absolute truth.
Truth is the unity of absolute truth and relative truth. Therefore, we must both uphold and develop the Communist Party. Achieve an organic combination of persistence and development.
Question B 3.20 Read the following passage and answer the questions:
"We must insist on taking development as the top priority of the party's governance and rejuvenation of the country. Development is of decisive significance for building a well-off society in an all-round way and accelerating socialist modernization. We must firmly grasp the center of economic construction. Persist in concentrating on construction and single-mindedly seeking development , and constantly liberate and develop social productive forces.”—Excerpt from General Secretary Hu Jintao’s report at the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China
(1) What aspects are included in the dialectical relationship between productivity and production relations?
(2) Use this principle to explain why in the process of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, we must insist on taking development as the first priority of the party's governance and rejuvenation'?