General Biology Review Materials
1. Explanation of terms
1. Biology: Biology, also known as life science, is one of the basic disciplines in the sciences that study the life phenomena and laws of life activities of organisms. It is the study of the origin, evolution, growth and development, and genetic variation of all organisms in nature, such as the laws of life activities and the essence of life phenomena.
2. Tissue: refers to a group of cells with similar morphological structure and function.
3. Vascular bundle: It is the most important part of the stele, often exists in bundles and arranged in a ring. Each vascular bundle consists of primary phloem, cambium in the bundle, and primary xylem.
4. Organs: composed of several different types of tissues organically combined in a certain arrangement in the body, with certain morphological characteristics and structures that perform specific physiological functions.
5. Asexual reproduction: only through the combination of reproductive cells, the vegetative cells of the individual organisms or a part of the vegetative body directly generate or produce daughter bodies that can live independently through spores.
6. Sexual reproduction: the reproductive mode in which sex cells are produced by the parents, and the two sex cells combine to form a zygote, and then develop into a new individual.
7. Double fertilization: the fusion of two spermatozoa with the egg cell and the polar nucleus.
8. Alternation of generations: diploid sporophyte stage (asexual generation) and haploid gametophyte stage (sexual generation) regularly alternate in life history.
9. Species: It is a breeding group composed of natural populations that can mate with each other (produce normal fertile offspring). It is reproductively isolated from other groups, occupies a certain ecological space, and has certain genotypes and phenotypes. It is the product of supernatural evolution and natural selection.
10. Fungus: It is a unique organism that is different from other eukaryotic organisms in terms of nutrition, organizational structure, growth and reproduction.
11. Lichen: It is a symbiosis formed by fungi (Ascomycetes) and algae (Syncoccus, orange algae) or cyanobacteria (Nostoc).
12. Direct development: refers to the development of larvae into adults with unchanged body structure and living habits.
13. Indirect development: refers to the development of larvae into adults through metamorphosis.
14. Digestive cycle cavity: The cavity surrounded by the ectoderm can be digested intracellularly or extracellularly. The digestive cavity also has the function of circulation and transports the digested nutrients to all parts of the body, so it is also called digestion cycle cavity.
15. Dermatomyosac: The body wall of animals with lower three germ layers is a sac-shaped body wall composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue and muscle tissue, called the dermatomusus .
16. True coelom: It is a cavity produced by mesoderm, with a coelom membrane of epithelial tissue, and a muscle layer formed by mesoderm development on the intestinal wall and body wall, also known as secondary coelom.
17. False coelom: Also known as primary coelom - it is the body coelom formed by the remaining part of the blastocoel during the embryonic period and retained in the adult.
18. Proto-nephric duct: It is the main excretory organ of many bilaterally symmetrical invertebrates (flatworms, nematodes, nematodes, endoranal bryozoans), and they appear in pairs. It is a dead tube with only one open end, usually has many branches, spreads all over the organism, collects waste fluid, and is formed by the invagination of the ectoderm of the embryo.
19. Synthetic segment: In annelids, except for the front two segments and the last segment, the rest of the body segments are basically the same in shape, which is called synchronous segment .
20. Irregular segmentation: the body segments are further differentiated, and the morphological structure of each segment is obviously different. The somites in different parts of the body perform different functions, and the internal organs are also concentrated in a certain segment, which is called allometric segmentation .
21. Closed-tube circulatory system: each blood vessel is connected by a microvascular network, and blood always flows in the blood vessel and does not flow into the space between tissues.
22. Open-tube circulatory system: Arteries and veins are connected by spaces between tissues, and the cavities are filled with blood (called sinusoids), that is, blood flows into the spaces between tissues.
23. Holometamorphosis: Insects of the subclass Pteroptera go through four different stages in their life cycle: egg, larva, pupa and adult.
24. Semimetamorphosis: It only goes through three developmental stages: egg stage, juvenile stage (nymph) and adult stage; the juvenile stage lives in water, and the wings develop outside the body. And behavioral habits and other aspects are obviously differentiated from adults, so their juveniles are also called nymphs.
25. Gradual metamorphosis: It belongs to the category of incomplete metamorphosis. The main feature is that the juvenile form is similar to that of adults, and they are all terrestrial.
26. Mantle: Molluscs, brachiopods, and urochordates cover the outside of the membrane. Extends downward from the skin on the dorsal side of the body, enclosing the entire visceral mass and gills.
27. Lung-skin respiration: Amphibians have a relatively simple lung structure and need auxiliary respiratory organs such as the skin to compensate for the lack of oxygen uptake by the lungs. This breathing method using the lungs and skin as respiratory organs is called lung-skin respiration .
28. Double breathing: A breathing method in which gas exchange occurs in the lungs during both inhalation and exhalation.
29. Endothermic animals: Animals whose body temperature does not change due to the external environment and remains relatively stable are also called warm-blooded animals.
30. Temperature-changing animals: Animals whose body temperature changes with the change of external temperature are also called cold-blooded animals.
31. Malpighian tube: a slender busy tube in the insect body, the blind end is free in the blood cavity, and the other end opens at the beginning of the hindgut, which is the excretory organ of the insect.
2. Questions and answers
1. The basic characteristics of life: ① It has a flat structure and a cell structure (except viruses); ② It can perform metabolism (the most basic feature is the basis for judging whether it is a living thing); ③ It can respond to stimuli (ie stress); ④ can reproduce, grow, develop, inherit, and mutate; ⑤ can adapt to and influence the environment.
2. The functions of mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts, plastids and other organelles.
Answer: Mitochondria are the center of cellular respiration and energy metabolism, containing various enzymes and electron transfer carriers for cellular respiration; ribosomes: are important bases for protein synthesis, and their function is to synthesize proteins; chloroplasts: carry out photosynthesis; plastids: yes The most important organelle in plant cell anabolism .
3. The main difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
Answer: a. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane, but have a nucleoid; eukaryotic cells have a nuclear membrane, a nucleolus, and a formed nucleus; b. Prokaryotic cells have no other organelles except ribosomes, and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes besides ribosomes There are various organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus; c. Prokaryotic cells do not form chromosomes and DNA floats in the cells, while eukaryotic cells have chromosomes.
4. Types and functions of plant tissues. (Read page 71)
5. The structure of dicotyledonous leaves, the composition of flowers, the classification of fruits and the types of common fruits.
Answer: a, epidermis, mesophyll and leaf veins; b, flower stalk, receptacle, calyx, corolla, stamen group and pistil group; c, true fruit, false fruit or single fruit, aggregate fruit, compound fruit (polyflower fruit);
6. The concept and type of metamorphic organs of plants, representing species.
Answer: The significant changes in the structure and shape of the vegetative organs caused by the changes in the functions of plants are called metamorphosis.
⑴Metamorphic root: ①Storage root: a , fleshy taproot (radish, carrot, turnip, beet) b , tuberous root (sweet potato, cassava, Jerusalem artichoke); ②aerial root: a, supporting root (sugar cane, corn, sorghum)b , climbing roots (ivy, stellite, Lingxiao) c, breathing with (mangrove, water dragon); ③ parasitic roots (dodder).
⑵ Metamorphic stems: ① Metamorphosis of underground stems: potato, onion, garlic) ② Metamorphosis of aboveground stems (citrus, hawthorn, white buds). ⑶ Metamorphic leaves: ① Leaf tendrils (pea), ② Leaf thorns (Acacia), ③ Scale leaves (onions) , ④ Insect-catching leaves (Nepenthes).
7. The structure of embryo and seed of angiosperm.
Answer: The embryo is divided into cotyledon, germ, hypocotyl, and radicle. Seeds are divided into seed coat, embryo and endosperm.
8. The basic level of biological classification and the meaning of scientific names of species.
Answer: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. A species is a breeding group composed of natural populations that can mate with each other (produce normal offspring that can be compared with each other). It is reproductively isolated from other groups, occupies a certain ecological space, and has a certain genotype and phenotype. It is a biological A product of evolution and natural selection.
9. Types and meanings of viruses and subviruses.
Answer: Types of viruses: animal viruses, plant viruses, insect viruses, bacterial viruses (phages), and fungal viruses. Meaning: A pathogenic agent that can pass through a bacterial filter. Types of subviruses: viroids, prions, and mimics. Implications: Simpler causative agent of rhinoviruses.
10. The meanings and types of prokaryotes, protists, archegonia, higher plants, and lichens.
Answer: ⑴ Prokaryotes are a type of cell organisms with the simplest structure known so far and the ability to live independently. Type: a. Bacteria, also known as eubacteria (including bacteria, actinomycetes, rickettsia, mycoplasma, chlamydia, spirochetes, etc.) b. Archaebacteria (including methanogenic bacteria, extreme halophilic bacteria, extreme halophilic bacteria thermoacid bacteria, etc.); c, prokaryotic algae (including prochlorophyta, cyanobacteria);
(2) Protists are eukaryotic single-celled organisms, and the main unit of life activity is a single cell. It has the structural characteristics of eukaryotic cells, with nuclear membrane nucleolus, plasma membrane endoplasmic reticulum composed of obvious membrane system and organelles (mitochondria, some with chloroplasts and vacuoles) formed by membrane structure. Included types: a, animal-like protists (protozoa) b, plant-like protists (unicellular eukaryotic algae) c, fungal-like protists (slime molds, oomycetes);
(3) Archegonia plants: The female reproductive organs of bryophytes and ferns all appear in the form of archegonia. In gymnosperms, there are also traces of archegonia degeneration. Therefore, bryophytes, ferns, and gymnosperms are collectively referred to as archegonia. Types: bryophytes and ferns, gymnosperms;
(4) Higher plants: collectively referred to as bryophytes, ferns and seed plants. There are roots, stems, and leaves differentiated in form, also known as stem and leaf plants. The structure has tissue differentiation, multicellular reproductive organs, and the zygote develops into an embryo in the mother's body, so it is also called an embryonic plant. Higher plants are divided into bryophyta, ferns and seed plants;
⑸Lichen is a symbiosis formed by fungi (Ascomycetes) and algae (Synococcus, Orange Algae) or cyanobacteria (Nostoc). Types: shell lichen, leaf lichen, branch lichen.
11. Comparison of the characteristics of ferns and bryophytes.
Answer: The sporophytes and gametophytes of ferns can live independently. The sporophytes have true differentiation of rhizomes and leaves, with vascular tissues inside, and are self-supporting; they are leafy or massive, and they are photosynthetic or mycelial nutrition; genitals The structure of spermatozoa and archegonia tends to be simplified, and the sperm have flagella. Bryophyte sporophytes have no roots, stems and leaves, and parasitize on gametophytes; gametophytes have rhizoids and differentiations similar to stems and leaves, and are self-supporting; reproductive organs have protective parietal cell layers, and sperm have flagella.
12. The general law of the development of the plant kingdom.
Answer: a. Morphological structure. Plants vary from simple to complex and gradually differentiate to form various tissues and organs; b. Ecological habits. Plants range from aquatic to terrestrial. C. Mode of reproduction: from asexual vegetative reproduction, spore reproduction to sexual gametogenesis.
13. Common families of monocots and dicots.
Answer: Dicotyledons: Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Compositae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae. (Chinese cabbage, rose, sunflower, soybean, potato, cucumber) Monocots: Poaceae, Liliaceae, Orchidaceae. (corn, onion, spring orchid)
14. Representative species of various higher plants.
Answer: Bryophyta (cucurbit moss, moss, sphagnum moss); fern (selaginella, Shiwei, maidenhair fern, dog ridge); seed plant (rice, corn, etc.)
15. What are the main characteristics of the coelenterate phylum? How to understand the important position of coelenterates in the animal kingdom?
Answer: The system of coelenterates has a fixed symmetrical form, which is generally radially symmetrical. There is a supporting mesogel layer between the inner and outer germ layers, and there is obvious tissue differentiation. Coelenterate is a real multicellular animal with two germ layers, and other metazoans are developed from the double germ layer stage, so they occupy an important position in animal evolution.
16. Which classes are coelenterates divided into? What is its representative animal?
answer:
17. Why are coelenterates higher than sponges?
Answer: Although they have all entered the stage of multicellular organisms, coelenterates have a digestive cycle cavity, which can carry out two forms of intracellular digestion and extracellular digestion, which is more evolved than the intracellular digestion of sponges. And the original muscle tissue and nerves appeared.
18. Which classes are flatworms divided into? Compare its features.
Answer: 1. Planarians: Most planarians live freely and live in sea, fresh water and moist soil. There are cilia on the body surface, with developed digestive system, nervous system and sensory system.
2. Trematodes: Animal parasites in this class, including internal and external parasitic species. The body structure is adapted to parasitic life, the body surface is covered with cuticle, and there are suckers for fixation. The reproductive system is developed, the reproductive ability is strong, and the host has been replaced in the life history. The larvae have a free-swimming stage, and the adults live in the hepatic ducts and gallbladders of humans, dogs, and cats.
3. Taenia: This class parasitizes all animals, and adults parasitize in the intestines of humans, livestock or other vertebrates, and are highly adaptable to parasitic life. The worm body is generally flat and band-shaped, including the head, neck and many nodules, and the reproductive system is particularly developed.
19. Why are flatworms higher than coelenterates?
Answer: The platyhelminthes have a long-standing reproductive system, which is bisymmetrical, with a head phenomenon, eyespots (one eye) and ear protrusions, and a cascade nervous system (the nervous system begins to centralize). Coelenterates do not.
20. How are the characteristics of flatworms (especially body shape, symmetry, germ layer, digestive system, reproductive system, excretory system and nervous system, etc.) different from those of coelenterates? What does that mean evolutionarily?
Answer: a. The back and abdomen of flat animals are flat and symmetrical on both sides, which makes the animal body clearly distinguish between front and back, left and right, and back and abdomen. Coelenterates have a fixed form of symmetry, generally radial symmetry. This kind of system is conducive to a fixed or floating life, and it can go out of the external environment in a balanced manner to obtain food or feel stimulation. b. Mesoderm appears in flatworms, which reduces the burden of endoderm and promotes a series of development of body structure and perfection of functions. Between the inner and outer germ layers of coelenterates is the middle gluing layer, which has a supporting role. C. The digestive system of flat animals is still relatively simple, with five anuses, which belong to the incomplete digestive system. The digestive system of coelenterates is a digestive cavity, which can digest intracellularly and extracellularly. D. The excretory system of platyhelminths is proto-nephric, consisting of flame cells and primordial ducts. The nervous system of flatworms is more concentrated and developed than that of coelenterates, forming a pair of cranial nerves in the head. E. Nerve cells are distributed in the ectoderm base of coelenterates, and they are connected together by neurites, forming a loose network and forming a nervous system.
21. The main characteristics of annelids.
Answer: Annelids have divided bodies, secondary body cavities, and more developed organ systems, starting to have a circulatory system.
22. Why is it said that annelids are the beginning of higher types of invertebrates?
Answer: Annelids have divided bodies with secondary body cavities and well-developed organ systems. The body is composed of many segments, and the circulatory system, excretory system, and nervous system also appear from annelids. The evolution of annelids has the characteristics of invertebrates, resulting in advanced physiological characteristics. so••••••••
23. What are the common molluscs? Which category does it belong to?
Answer: Gastropoda includes abalone, red snail, field snail, snail, snail, snail, and septal snail; clambranch includes mussel, oyster, scallop, pearl oyster; cephalopod includes octopus and squid.
24. Development of invertebrate nervous system, digestive system, circulatory system, excretory system, etc.
Answer: a. The nervous system has evolved from the most primitive nerve cells, to the collection of nerve cells into ganglia, and to the formation of the brain. Its form has gone through a process from simple to complex from diffuse neural network to ordered neural chain, to the emergence of central and ladder-like nervous system. b.
25. Arthropods can widely adapt to the structural characteristics of the environment.
Answer: The body surface of arthropods has a chitin exoskeleton formed by the secretion of the epidermis, which effectively protects the body and increases exercise capacity. The exoskeleton also prevents water evaporation and resists drought, making arthropods move quickly and strengthen The ability to adapt to the environment, especially the high degree of adaptation to the terrestrial environment. Muscular, muscle bundles composed of striated muscles.
26. The concept of protostomes and deuterostomes. What types does each include?
Answer: Protostomes: An animal whose mouth is formed from the blastopore of the gastrula during embryonic development . Species: Phyllozoa, Nemerodidae, Lineara, Annelids, Molluscs, and Arthropoda are all protostomes . Deuterostomes: In the gastrula stage of embryonic development, the protostomy forms the anus of the animal, and at the end opposite to the protostomum, another new mouth is formed, which is called the deuterostomum. Species: Echinodermata, chordates.
27. The basic characteristics of chordates.
Answer: a, with notochord; b, with dorsal neural tube; c, with gill slit.
28. The basic characteristics and representative animals of Cylostomia and fish.
Answer: ⑴ Cyclostomia: a. There is no differentiation of upper and lower jaws, so it is called agnathia, and there is a sucker on the ventral surface of the head; b. There are no paired compound limbs, only odd fins; c. The notochord is retained throughout life, and there is no Real spine; d, low brain development; e, with one external nostril, and gills located in special gill sacs on both sides of the pharynx; f, single gonad, no fallopian tube. Representative animals: lamprey, hagfish. (2) Fish: a. The body is mostly spindle-shaped, the skin is rich in mucus glands, and the body surface is generally covered with scales; b. The spine replaces the notochord; c. With upper and lower jaws; Pelvic fin; e, breathe with gills; f, blood circulation is single cycle, heart-ventricle-atrium. Representative animals: cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays); bony fishes (barramundi, hairtail, yellow croaker).
29. The main characteristics of amphibians.
Answer: a. Amphibians have five-toed limbs, which are suitable for movement and supporting the body on land; b. The spine has a large differentiation, divided into cervical vertebrae, trunk vertebrae, sacral vertebrae and caudal vertebrae; c. Larvae breathe through gills, Adults breathe with lungs, but the structure of the lungs is simple, and the skin is used as an auxiliary organ to complete the respiration; d, the skin is bare, covered with glands; e, the heart of the larvae is one atrium and one ventricle, single cycle, and the adult has two atria and one ventricle, and the heart The blood in the room is mixed blood, and the blood circulation is an incomplete double circulation; f, the body temperature is not constant, and it is a temperature-changing animal; g, the sensory organs are suitable for terrestrial environments, and the eyes generally have eyelids and translucent nictitating membranes; h, hearing The organ produces the middle ear and the tympanic membrane in addition to the inner ear.
30. The concept of amniotic egg and the types it contains.
Answer: Amniotic eggs refer to eggs with a trophic membrane structure in which three layers of embryonic membranes surround the embryo during embryonic development. The outer layer is called the chorion, the inner layer is called the amniotic membrane, and the allantoic membrane. Type: Eggs laid by reptiles, birds, oviparous mammals.
31. Compared with amphibians, reptiles are more adapted to the structural characteristics of terrestrial life.
Answer: a. The body of reptiles can be divided into five parts: head, neck, trunk, limbs and tail. The well-developed limbs enhance reptiles' ability to move on land; b. The body surface is covered with horny scales and horny plates, which can Protect the body and prevent the evaporation of water in the body, the bones are strong and ossification is good; c, the spine is differentiated into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccyx; d, the ribs, thoracic and sternum form the thorax, and the connection between the limbs and the axial bone is stronger It is firm, which is of great significance to supporting the body, protecting internal organs, and enhancing breathing.
32. The characteristics of birds adapting to flying and the basic characteristics of mammals.
Answer: Birds: The body shape is streamlined, the body is covered with smooth feathers, which can reduce flight resistance; the forelimbs are specialized wings, on which there are flying feathers, and the flying fish and the tail feathers together constitute the main flying organs. In addition, flight feathers also have multiple functions such as heat preservation, protection and body shape maintenance.
Mammals: a. Viviparous and lactating are the most important features. Internal fertilization; b, high metabolism, constant body temperature, and strong adaptability to the environment; c, body surface coat is unique to mammals, and feathers have functions such as heat preservation and protection; d, highly developed nervous system; e, The sensory organs are well developed.