Clinical Psychology Review Materials (Arranged Edition)

Clinical psychology (term explanation, short answer questions, question and answer questions) arrangement

Glossary.

1. Clinical psychology: Clinical psychology is regarded as one of the branches of psychology that not only provides psychological knowledge, but also uses this knowledge to understand and promote the mental health, physical health and social adaptation of individuals or groups. It focuses on the scientific research of individual and group psychological problems and the treatment of serious psychological disorders.

1. Psychosomatic medicine: It takes the psychosomatic relationship in human diseases as the core, and takes psychosomatic diseases as the main research objects. Focus on exploring the psychological factors in physical diseases and their pathogenic mechanisms and conditions.
2. Behavioral medicine : Behavioral medicine involves the development and integration of behavioral science (related to health and disease) and biomedical knowledge and technology, and the use of these integrated knowledge and technology for disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. Psychiatry—Psychiatry—a multidisciplinary interdisciplinary field—a branch of medicine used to explore the causes and mechanisms of mental illness, as well as the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illness.
3. Health psychology: Health psychology emphasizes the prevention of physical diseases, and advocates the use of psychological methods to change or correct people's lifestyles, behaviors and habits that are harmful to health.
4. Mental Hygiene: It is a sub-discipline of preventive medicine, focusing on how to maintain and improve the mental health of people of different ages, different occupations and different environments, and prevent the occurrence of mental diseases.
5. Attributional style: the attribution style that an individual usually uses, which reflects the personality of the individual.
6. Defense mechanism: People's unconscious psychological means to deal with various stress stimuli inside and outside the body and maintain well-being.
7. Rationalization mechanism: finding acceptable reasons for one's behavior or situation.
8. Moderating factor: Refers to the factors that affect the direction and magnitude of the connection between two related things.
9. Intermediary factor: refers to the factor between two related things that can explain the mechanism by which the two things are related to each other.
10. Stressors: Various environmental stimuli that impose demands on the group to adapt and cope, and thus lead to stressful psychological and physiological responses, are called stressors.
11. Catastrophizing: Thinking over and over about the possible adverse consequences of a negative event.
12. Psychological stress: Psychological stress is a tendency to manifest through a variety of psychological and physiological reactions when a person perceives or recognizes that he is facing critical and difficult environmental demands. state of mind-body tension.
13. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): The body's physiological response to various stressors is "non-specific", that is, various stressors can cause the same physiological response in individuals
14. Fixation: Stopping at a certain stage in the process of psychological and sexual development due to frustration or trauma.
15. save. Withdrawal response: Inger's preservation-withdrawal response model believes that individuals in a state of stress are accompanied by emotional reactions such as hesitation, sadness, disappointment, and helplessness.
16. Reliability: Reliability is the reproducibility of the results obtained by the study.
17. Validity: Validity is the authenticity of the research results or inferences, that is, the degree to which the research results are consistent with reality.
18. Manipulation research strategy: The researcher manipulates some factors in the subject's environment or plans to change the subject's own condition. Changes in their behavior were observed and recorded.
19. Pre-experimental design: "pretest-manipulation-posttest" design.
20. Quasi-experimental design: Quasi-experimental studies are those in which the experimental conditions are controlled. Manipulation studies that fail to meet the stringent requirements of a true experimental design.
21. True experimental design: A true experimental design requires random selection of subjects from a single population. Then they were randomly assigned to receive different experimental manipulations or treatments under different experimental conditions.
22. Simulation experiment research: by designing an experimental situation similar to real life to investigate how psychopathology occurs and eliminates. This research strategy is called simulation experiment research.
23. Epidemiological research: A type of research that explores the etiology, formulates preventive strategies, and tests the effectiveness of prevention and treatment by examining the prevalence of a certain mental illness in the population.
24. Incidence: The frequency with which new cases of a disease or disorder occur in a population within a certain period of time. Morbidity can reflect the strength of the etiology and the effectiveness of prevention.
25. Prevalence: The percentage of the number of people with a disease in a given period of time. Prevalence rates can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic interventions.
26. Clinical Significance: Refers to the extent to which an experimental manipulation satisfies the effect criteria set by researchers, clinical experts, and patients; secondly, it reflects that the effect of experimental manipulation is small from a clinical point of view.
27. Descriptive research: - Descriptive research refers to the study of observing, measuring and recording the behavioral phenomena of subjects in the real world. This is the basic way to acquire scientific knowledge.
28. Internal validity: the extent to which the findings of a study are confirmed under the specific conditions in which the study was conducted
29. External validity: The degree to which the research conclusions can be extrapolated to other people, other conditions, and other occasions or situations.
30. Narrow definition of psychophysiological illness: A physical illness that is at least partially, if not entirely, caused by psychological factors.

    Broad definition of psychophysiological disease: It is a general term for physical diseases and physical dysfunctions in which psychological factors play an important role in the pathogenesis.

1. A personality-specific theory of illness: Personality types are specifically related to mental illness. That is, people with certain personality types are prone to psychophysiological diseases, and patients with the same psychophysiological disease often have similar personality characteristics.
2. Clinical psychological assessment: Clinical psychologists use the visitor information obtained by observation, interviews and psychological tests to make a comprehensive, systematic and in-depth objective description of the visitor's psychological phenomena. This process is called clinical psychological assessment.
3. Psychological test: Psychological test refers to the method and technique of measuring the psychological individual differences between individuals.
4. Projective test: It is to provide some vague and unstructured stimulus situations to the subjects, so that they can respond freely under unrestricted conditions.
5. Behavioral assessment: The process of evaluating an individual's thinking, perception, and behavior in a given situation.
6. Psychological diagnosis: it is based on the results of clinical psychological examination and evaluation, and according to the classification criteria of clinical diagnosis, to make a judgment on the cause, nature and degree of the psychological problems of the visitors, to classify their psychological problems into a specific category, and to give a diagnostic name process
7. Situational test: use the actual situation as the test situation, or purposefully create a situation, and observe the behavioral responses of the subjects in this situation.
8. Resistance: It is the patient's resistance to the various forces of the treatment process, including: complacency with the status quo, fear of causing excessive condemnation in the resistance of conscience, and refusal to give up the childish impulse that caused the disease.
9. Empathy: It refers to a strong emotion that the patient has towards the therapist in the process of psychoanalysis, and it is the process in which the empathic patient transfers his past emotions towards some important people in his life to the therapist.
10. Psychological intervention:

   Psychological intervention in a broad sense refers to various professional activities that lead to changes in people's psychology and behavior. According to different intervention methods in the broad sense, psychological intervention can be divided into psychotherapy, including individual psychotherapy and group psychotherapy. (Biological approaches, including drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery, among others.)

According to different goals, forms and processes of intervention, psychological intervention can be divided into health promotion, psychological prevention and psychological treatment.

   Psychological intervention in a narrow sense is psychotherapy, that is, on the basis of a good therapeutic relationship, professionally trained therapists use relevant theories and techniques of psychotherapy to help visitors, so as to eliminate or alleviate their problems or obstacles , to promote the development of their personality in a healthy and harmonious direction.

42. Meta-analysis method: It is a method of re-researching previous research, combining existing research results on a special topic for statistical analysis, and judging the efficacy of psychotherapy.

43. Reinforcement: The process of increasing the intensity, probability, or frequency of a response by using appropriate things. In reinforced classical conditioning, reinforcement occurs before the response to be reinforced; in operant conditioning, reinforcement occurs after the response to be reinforced. Reinforcement is divided into positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.

44. Punishment: The process of suppressing, reducing or eliminating a certain behavior by appropriate methods.

45. Regression: The process of eliminating the response caused by conditioning by terminating it.

46. ​​Generalization: Conditioning naturally shifts from conditioned stimuli to similar stimuli.

47. Differentiation: A phenomenon in which a response is limited to a specific stimulus.

48. Habituation: The process of reducing the frequency and intensity of responses to a stimulus through repeated exposure to it.

49. Depression: It is a common disease that endangers the physical and mental health of all human beings. It is a group of clinical syndromes characterized by depression.

50. Post-traumatic stress disorder: Refers to the delayed emergence and long-term persistence of mental disorders caused by unusually threatening or catastrophic psychological trauma.

51. Neurosis: It is a group of mental disorders mainly manifested as anxiety, depression, fear, obsession, hypochondriac symptoms, or neurasthenia symptoms.

52. Reactive depression: It is a response to the many "losses" suffered during the illness, and it is a response to co-reactive depression in various patients.

1. Preparatory depression: Appears in the process of preparing patients to separate themselves from the world. It is a preparatory depression before death and is only seen in terminal or dying patients. Reactive depression can be eliminated through encouragement and support, persuasion and reassurance, but it is difficult to eliminate preparatory depression.
2. Primary benefit: Refers to the alleviation of the inner conflicts that caused the disease due to the appearance of disease symptoms.
3. Secondary benefits: Refers to the privileges enjoyed by the patient due to the illness.

Questions and Answers

Chapter One

1. Similarities and differences between clinical psychology and counseling psychology.

Answer: (1) Different levels of problems: Counseling psychology is biased towards normal people and everyday problems, while clinical psychology is biased towards more serious psychological disorders.

        2. Different training places: Most of the training in counseling psychology is carried out in the colleges and departments of education, while the training in clinical psychology is carried out in the psychology departments of universities.

        Ⅲ. The emphases of the training are different. Although they all include psychological assessment and psychotherapy, clinical psychology emphasizes research methods and personality theory.

    (iv) The theoretical basis is different. Counseling psychology is more influenced by the career guidance movement and humanistic psychology, while clinical psychology is mainly based on the principles of genetics, psychodynamics, psychobiology and psychosociology.

2. The tasks of the clinical psychologist.

Answer: (1) Evaluate and diagnose mental health problems by using techniques such as psychological measurement, interview, behavioral observation and laboratory examination:

        (2) Addressing mental health issues through various forms of psychotherapy:

    (3) Participate in the prevention and treatment of physical diseases related to psychological factors:

    (4) Formulate prevention programs for mental health problems and psychosomatic problems, and strive to help people improve their mental health and physical health. Improve social function:

    (5) Conduct research to better understand the nature, causes, and pathogenesis of mental and physical health problems, improve methods of psychological assessment and diagnosis, and evaluate the effectiveness of new therapeutic and preventive approaches.

3. The interdisciplinary subject of clinical psychology.

Answer: The first category: Applied psychology that focuses on health and disease issues, such as abnormal psychology and counseling psychology.

    The second category: medical disciplines, such as psychiatry, neurology, etc.

4. Master training program for clinical and counseling psychology.

Answer: First. Coursework: Studies in basic psychology, courses in the field of clinical or counseling psychology:

    Second, clinical or counseling psychology practice: no less than 100 hours of psychological counseling or treatment under normal conditions, no less than 100 hours of case supervision;

      Third, graduation and post-graduation standards: proof of clinical practice ability; within 2 years of obtaining a degree, no less than 150 hours of practice: supervision time regulations.

5. Doctoral training program for clinical and counseling psychology.

A: First, course learning: ethics courses, psychological diagnosis, psychological assessment courses, research design and methodology courses, advanced statistics courses, advanced courses in the field of psychotherapy;

      Second, clinical or counseling psychology internship:

      Third, graduation standard: to demonstrate clinical practice ability.

1. Opportunities for the future development of clinical psychology in my country.

Answer: (1) The psychological pressure caused by social change has contributed to the future development opportunities of clinical psychology in my country.

   (2) Increased demand for mental health care.

7. The main content of the Chinese Code of Ethics for Clinical and Consulting Work.

Answer: (1) Professional relationship

   (2) Privacy and Confidentiality

   (3) Professional responsibility

   (4) Psychometric measurement and evaluation

   (5) Teaching, training and supervision

   (6) Research and publication

   (7) Handling of ethical issues

1. The training model of American clinical psychologists.

Answer: (1) Doctor of Philosophy training mode  

1. Doctoral training model in psychology.
2. Training model of clinical practitioners. Focus on the development of clinical practice skills.

Chapter two

l. The basic purpose of clinical psychology research.

Answer: First. Describe the behavior.

    Second, estimate the overall parameters over the sky.

    Third, test hypotheses about relationships between variables.

    Fourth, infer developmental changes in abnormal behavior.

1. The difference and connection between internal validity and external validity.

Answer: Internal validity: the extent to which the findings of a study are validated under the specific conditions in which the study was conducted.

    External validity: The degree to which the research conclusions can be extrapolated to other people, other conditions, and other settings or situations. Internal validity is a necessary but not sufficient condition for external validity.

1. Sources of research questions and hypotheses in clinical psychology.

Answer: (1) Clinical practice: observe and think about clinical cases, and raise questions and hypotheses that need further research.

   (2) Theory: Research questions can be formulated based on controversial theories.

   (3) The results of previous research: put forward new research questions and hypotheses on the basis of the original research results.

4. Clinical psychology uses the basic assumptions on which physiological measurements are based.

Answer: 1) Stimulus response specificity

    2) Specificity of physiological responses to behavioral patterns

    3) Specificity of symptoms

    4) The general level of activation or arousal affects the strength of a person's physiological response to a stimulus

1. Several kinds of validity should be examined when selecting psychological scales in clinical psychology research.

A. Construct validity: The degree to which a test reflects the theoretical findings or properties under consideration.

   Concurrent validity: The degree to which scores on a concurrent test are associated with scores on a criterion test.

   Predictive validity: How well a test score predicts the criterion variable.

   Convergent validity: Supposed to measure the degree of correlation between scores on two tests of the same construct.

   Discriminant validity: The degree of correlation between two tests that are assumed to measure different constructs.

6. The difference between related research and experimental research, the limitations and value of related research.

Answer: Correlation studies look at the relationship between two naturally occurring variables, whereas in experimental research, the researcher systematically changes one of the variables (the independent variable), controls all other factors (the irrelevant variables), and simultaneously observes the relationship between the independent variables. The effect of this change in a variable on other variables (the dependent variable).

Limitations of related research

1. It is difficult to determine whether there is a causal relationship between variables:
2. It is not possible to distinguish between independent and dependent variables.

The value of relevant research

1. It can examine the degree and direction of the correlation between variables, and can predict the changes of variables.
2. Without controlling variables and randomly assigning subjects, the researcher's research scope is expanded.
3. A preliminary understanding of variables that may contribute to psychological barriers can be made, and hypotheses can be developed.
4. It can lay the foundation for the evaluation of psychological assessment methods.

1. Steps involved in hypothesis testing in clinical psychology research.

Answer: Step 1: Determine the statistical significance of the research results;

    Step 2: Determine the effect and size of the effect;

Step 3: Determine the clinical significance of the study findings

third chapter

l. Briefly describe the ABC theory of emotion proposed by Ellis.

Answer: People are born with a tendency to think irrationally. Psychological problems are not directly caused by external events, but are caused by people's judgment and interpretation of these external events based on irrational beliefs. If the individual's cognitive system produces unreasonable and unrealistic beliefs, it will produce emotional disorders and neuroses. Therefore, the determinant of psychological disorders is irrational belief.

1. Briefly describe the relationship between the id, ego and superego in the personality structure proposed by Freud.

Answer: People are born with a tendency to think irrationally, and psychological problems are not directly caused by external events. It is caused by people's judgment and interpretation of these external events based on irrational beliefs. If the individual's cognitive system produces irrational and unrealistic beliefs, it will lead to emotional disorders and neurosis. The determinants of psychological disorders are therefore irrational beliefs.

3. Briefly describe the relationship between attribution style and mental health.

Answer: Attribution style refers to how individuals habitually explain the causes of events. The relationship between attribution style and mental health focuses on four attribution dimensions: internal and external; stable and unstable; holistic and partial; controllable and uncontrollable. After the attribution style is formed, it will affect the individual's self-cognition, self-evaluation, and interpersonal relationship, thereby affecting the individual's mental health.

1. Briefly describe the parent-child relationship that has adverse effects on children's mental health.

Answer: (1) Rejecting parent-child relationship: Parents are indifferent to their children.

   (2) Doting parent-child relationship: parents love their children too much,

   (3) Dominance: parent-child relationship: parents are in an authoritative position.

5. List the types of erroneous logical inferences made by patients with depression to objective events induced by Baker.

Answer: (1) Arbitrary inference

   (2) Selective abstraction

   (3) Super generalization

   (4) Zoom in and out

1. Briefly describe the quality - stress theory.

A: Predisposition - Stress theory holds that certain genes or combinations of genes can create a predisposition, which is a predisposition to suffer from certain psychological disorders. Both quality and stress are necessary but not sufficient conditions for psychological disorders. Abnormal behavior is the result of a combination of vulnerability to a disease (diathesis) and life events (stress).

7. Briefly describe the theory of mind-body interaction.

Answer: l. Heart and body:

1. The somatization of psychological problems:

(2) Physical conditions affected by factors   

   2. Body and mind:

(1) Psychological accompanying symptoms of physical illness:

(2) The psychological impact left over after the end of the physical illness or injury process

8. Briefly describe system theory.

Answer: System view, trying to use a person's social group. A person's behavior is explained in the context of a couple, family, or larger social system. The family systems model assumes that any individual symptom is actually a dysfunction of the family. The discussion of psychological disorders should follow the principles of system theory. It is analyzed from many different perspectives (cognitive, emotional, behavioral, physiological and biochemical), and at many different levels (biological, personal, sociocultural and economic).

Chapter Four 

l, the characteristics of stress phenomenon.

Answer: (1) Stress is a state of tension involving both the mind and body.

   (2) There is a wide range of stimuli that cause stress responses.

   (3) Stress is an internal state.

   (4) There are individual differences in stress response.

   (5) Stress is the result of an individual's interaction with a stimulating situation.

1. Influencing factors of the client's own psychosomatic characteristics on cognitive evaluation.

Answer: (1) Cognitive and Attributional Style Thinking Style, Attributional Style

    (2) Personality traits: extroversion, anxiety traits, tenacity, feeling seeking.

    (3) Emotional state.

    (4) Coping ability and coping style.

    (5) Personality dynamic characteristics: beliefs, values ​​and world outlook.

    (6) Self-concept: self-evaluation, self-efficacy

3. Factors affecting the type and intensity of physiological stress response.

Answer: (1) The nature and intensity of the stressor itself.

   (2) The psychosomatic characteristics of the parties themselves,

   (3) Environmental factors.

   (4) The situation to deal with.

4. Trait theory.

Answer: This theory holds that the above two theories should not be mutually exclusive but should complement each other. Personality causes different people to adopt different coping styles in the same stressful situation, and stressful situations cause the same person to adopt different coping styles at different times and situations.

1. Coping process theory.

Answer: This theory holds that coping is a constantly changing process in which individuals manage psychological stress both cognitively and behaviorally. Including cognitive evaluation process and coping behavior process. Cognitive evaluation is divided into primary process and secondary process. Individual coping strategies are not consistent across situations.

6. Classification of stressors.

Answer: In terms of nature, human stressors can be roughly divided into two categories: physical and physiological and social. The former can also be called material, including various biological and physical and chemical stimuli; the latter belongs to "spiritual" or "symbolic" stimuli.

Among them, psychosocial stressors can be further divided into:

1. social stressors;
2. Life stressors: life events and daily life trifles.
3. Work stressors; divided into stressors inherent in the work itself and problems in management, policy and its implementation.
4. cultural stressor

(5) Psychosexual stressors

7. Some views on the defense mechanism.

Answer: The defense mechanism is an unconscious psychological means for people to deal with various stress stimuli inside and outside the body and maintain well-being.

1. Anxiety and fear responses under stressful conditions.

Answer: Anxiety has both subjective experience and objective manifestation. Anxiety is the most common emotional reaction under psychological stress conditions. Moderate anxiety is beneficial, excessive anxiety is harmful. It is a normal reaction for individuals to have moderate anxiety under stress conditions, but excessive anxiety disorders. Fear mostly occurs when physical safety and personal beliefs and beliefs are threatened. Threats to physical safety mostly come from physical stressors, while threats to personal values ​​and beliefs mostly come from psychosocial stressors.

1. Stress can be the cause of decreased self-evaluation.

Answer: First of all, the psychological imbalance caused by the stressor and stress can lead to the decline of self-evaluation. Can damage people's sense of autonomy and self-esteem.

   Second, stress is often associated with the threat or loss of major life events.

   Again, stress lowers self-confidence.

chapter Five

 l. Biological theory of psychophysiological disease.

Answer: Psychophysiological diseases are caused by the fragility of individual body organs or systems, or excessive responses to psychological stress stimuli. Genetic factors, previous diseases, and inappropriate diet can all disrupt the functional activity of a particular body organ or system, making it vulnerable or susceptible to stress.

1. A psychodynamic theory of psychophysiological illness.

Answer: A) Conflict Specific Theory emphasizes the role of psychological conflict in psychophysiological diseases. There are three elements in the pathogenesis of psychophysical diseases: First, unresolved psychological conflicts:

Second, the fragile and susceptible tendency of body organs;

Third, the hyperactivity of the autonomic nervous system.

According to the nature of an individual's psychological conflict, it can be predicted what kind of psychophysiological disease he suffers from.

    B) The personality specificity of the disease The rational personality type has a specific relationship with mental illness.

1. Criteria for judging psychophysiological disorders.

Answer: a) have physical symptoms caused by psychological factors;

    b) Judgment criteria for psychophysiological diseases. The somatic symptoms either have obvious organic pathological changes or are based on known pathophysiological changes;

c) is not neurotic or psychotic.

1. Essentials of psychotherapy for essential hypertension.

Answer (1) Relaxation therapy.

  (2) Biofeedback therapy.

  (3) Behavior modification.

  (4) Music, environment, exercise and other psychotherapy.

1. Psychological measures for the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease.

Answer: (1) General psychological support therapy

    (2) Correction of type A behavior, psychological measures for prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease.

    (3) Correction of smoking, obesity and other bad behaviors

1. Essentials of Psychological Intervention for Diabetes .

Answer: (1) Supportive psychotherapy

    (2) Cognitive therapy

    (3) Behavioral therapy

1. Typical of Type A behavior.

Answer: a) Sense of time urgency;

    b) impatient, impatient;

    c) obsessed with work;

    d) competitive;

    e) the desire to dominate;

    f) cannot relax;

1. Psychological and social measures of psychophysiological disease prevention.

Answer: In the prevention of psychophysiological diseases, psychological factors and psychological methods play a key role. Because prevention is basically an act of getting people to do something, not to do something, or they might get sick. Mental hygiene and health psychology should become an important theoretical basis and source of methods for the prevention of psychophysiological diseases.

1. Psychological effects of obesity on people.

Answer: (1) It is easy to cause physical diseases

    (2) Being negatively evaluated by others and the psychological impact of obesity on people.

    (3) Negative self-evaluation

1. Psychological stress-induced effects of diabetes.

Answer: (1) Overall impact on body functions and tissues

    (2) Psychological pressure caused by long-term treatment.

    (3) Changes in living habits.

(4) susceptible to fluctuations.

Chapter Six

l. Briefly describe the main methods of personality tests.

Answer: 1. Situational test; Situational test is to use the actual situation as the test situation, or purposefully create a situation, and observe the behavioral response of the subjects in this situation.

        2. Questionnaire-type personality test; questionnaire-type personality test is a self-report scale in the form of self-report. (1) Minnesota Multiple Personality Questionnaire (2) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (3) 16 Personality Factors Questionnaire.

        3. Projection test: Projection test is to provide some vague and unstructured stimulus situations to the subjects, allowing them to respond freely under unrestricted conditions. (1) Rorschach inkblot test (2) Thematic apperception test

1. Briefly describe which aspects of personality are evaluated by the four subscales of N, E, P and L in the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.

Answer: Scale E points: A high score indicates an extroverted personality, may be sociable, eager for excitement and adventure, and prone to impulsive emotions. A low score indicates an introverted personality, such as being quiet, full of introspection, dislikes stimulation, prefers an orderly lifestyle, and has a relatively stable mood. Scale N: High scores indicate anxiety, worry, depression, strong emotional reactions, and even irrational behaviors. A low score indicates emotional stability. Scale P score: A high score may be lonely, uncaring for others, difficult to adapt to the external environment, impersonal, unfriendly to others, likes to provoke and disturb, likes to do strange things, and does not care about danger. L scale score: A high score indicates that the subject has a tendency to conceal, and the test result may be distorted.

1. General steps in psychological assessment.

Answer: 1. Determine the content of the assessment

    2. Determine the objectives of the assessment

    3. Choose the criteria for decision-making

    4. Collect evaluation data

    5. Judgment and decision-making

    6. Exchange information

1. Contents of Mental Status Examination in Clinical Psychological Assessment.

Answer: 1. Appearance and behavior

    2. Thought process and speech

    3. Mood and emotion

    4. Perceptual experience

    5. Cognitive function

1. List commonly used clinical evaluation scales.

(1) 90-item symptom self-rating scale.

1. Depression self-rating scale.
2. Commonly used rating scale Anxiety Self-Rating Scale.
3. Adolescent Life Events Scale.
4. Coping Style Questionnaire.
5. Comprehending the Social Support Scale.
6. Cornell Medical Index.
7. Achenbach Child Behavior Scale.
8. Ru~ei Children's Behavior Questionnaire.
9. Universal Well-Being Scale.
10. Hamilton depression scale.
11. Hamilton Anxiety Scale.

Chapter VII

1. Briefly describe the significance of psychotherapy outcome assessment.

    l. Understand the most effective targeted methods

1. Demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment method.
2. Promote the development of clinical psychology.
3. Provide information for basic theory

2. Briefly describe the technique of free association in psychoanalysis.

Answer: The therapist encourages the patient to give full play without restriction and speak out what is on his mind. Its ultimate purpose is to discover the pathogenic complexes or conflicts suppressed in the subconscious of the patient, bring them to the realm of consciousness, enable the patient to understand this, and rebuild a realistic healthy psychology.

3. The concept and classification of psychological intervention.

Answer: Refers to various professional activities that lead to changes in people's psychology and behavior. According to different intervention methods, psychological intervention can be divided into psychotherapy, including individual psychotherapy and group psychotherapy, and biological methods, including drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery. According to different goals, forms and processes of intervention, psychological intervention can be divided into health promotion, psychological prevention and psychological treatment.

4. Briefly describe the evaluation content of psychotherapy outcome evaluation.

1. Effectiveness

1. Persistence of Treatment Results
2. efficiency of treatment
3. bad result
4. Summarize the common basic theories of humanistic-existential therapy.

Some basic theories in common

1. phenomenological approach
2. Emphasize the uniqueness of the individual
3. Emphasis on human potential
4. Emphasis on freedom and responsibility

1. Rational emotional therapy views on human nature.

(1) People can be rational and reasonable, or irrational and irrational. Rational thinking guides a healthy life

1. Emotions are produced with thinking, and irrational thinking leads to bad emotions
2. Irrational thinking and beliefs are inevitable for anyone
3. Emotional distress persists as a result of those internalized language persisting

chapter eight

1. A brief introduction to cognitive processing therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder

1. The main content of the three stages of interpersonal psychotherapy for depression.

A: Early stages: Establishing partnerships, assessing symptoms, understanding interpersonal situations, accepting patient roles, identifying interpersonal issues to be addressed - focus.

   Intermediate stage: Processes the selected focus point.

   Ending phase: Deals with the end of treatment.

1. Basic understanding of depression by contemporary psychodynamicists.

A: The basic understanding of depression by contemporary psychodynamicists:

1. Defects arising from infancy

(2) Certain events may rekindle the lack

(3) Feelings of disappointment and helplessness

(4) Anger internalization is not central to depression, but rather an ambivalence toward internal projections

(5) Loss of self-esteem is the primary feature

1. The Five Stages of PTSD Recovery

Answer: (1) Emergency period or cry period.

   (2) Emotional numbness and negative periods.

   (3) Repeated invasion period.

   (4) Response transition period.

   (5) Integration period.

1. A brief introduction to the psychological point of view of neurosis

Answer: (1) Psychodynamic point of view: Anxiety is the core of neuroses.

   (2) Behavioral psychology point of view: Neurosis is acquired and strengthened in acquired and early life experiences.

   (3) The view of humanistic existentialism: Neurosis is the external expression of suppressed and distorted self-improvement potential.

   (4) Cognitive perspective: Cognitive distortions are primary and emotional disturbances are provocative.

   (5) Morita's theory of neuroticism: Neurosis is a tendency of the nervous system to be oversensitive.

Chapter nine

1. List common emotional reactions of patients.

Answer: (1) Anxiety and fear reactions: the common denominator is nervousness, worry and fear.

   (2) Anger reaction: Anger is more common in frustration situations. From the perspective of psychological adaptation, the aggressive response can relieve the patient's inner tension and pressure.

   (3) Depression response: Depression is often associated with loss.

1. Describe the changes in the characteristics of the patient's emotional activity.

Answer: (1) The intensity of emotional activity

   (2) Stability of emotional activity

   (3) Duration of emotional activity

   (4) Dominant state of mind

1. Explain the stage of psychological changes of cancer patients after learning about their illness.

Answer: Psychological changes after learning about the illness (1) Shock. Fear period (2) denial. Doubt period (3) Anger. Frustration period (4) accepted. Adaptation period

1. Psychological preparation of surgical patients.

Answer: 1. Provide information and correct cognition: Most surgical patients prefer to obtain sensory information rather than procedural information. Providing complete truth to surgical patients does not benefit all patients.

   2. Emotional support and behavioral coping training

   3. Demonstration and desensitization: driving mode, real anxiety mode, coping mode. Among them, the coping mode is the best. Allowing the patient to watch the live operation and video repeatedly can also reduce the patient's fear of the operation.

1. Ways to prevent, alleviate or eliminate ICU syndrome.

Answer: (1) As far as possible, make psychological preparations before the patient enters the ICU to prevent and

   (2) Change the environmental structure and drugs used in the ICU as much as possible

   (3) Guide patients to adopt defense mechanisms appropriately

   (4) Emphasis on psychological communication with patients

   (4) Prevention of ICU dependence

Essay questions

Chapter two

l. Discuss the principle of objectivity in clinical psychology research.

Answer: In clinical psychology research, the researcher cannot directly observe the psychological activities happening inside the subject. It can only be inferred from their explicit behavior, physiological responses and analysis of the stimulating situation, and from their introspective reports. In this way, psychological factors such as the researcher's attitude, tendency, personality, and expectation can not only subtly affect the behavior of the subjects, but also distort the observation, measurement, recording, and analysis of their behavior, so that the research results will be misleading. There are more subjective elements. Therefore, clinical psychology research must adhere to the principle of objectivity.

1. Discuss the holistic view and system theory in clinical psychology research.

Answer: There are three basic functions of human beings: psychological function, physiological function and social function. The three influence each other to form a system. These three functional activities and their relationships are designed in clinical psychology research. In order to ensure the validity of the research, the researcher must adhere to the holistic view. System theory is a universal theory to explain the world put forward by Berta Ramfell in 1948. It is also a scientific method to study everything in the world. A system is a whole that is composed of several interdependent and mutually influencing units and has a certain structure and function. In order to understand the essence of a thing, when studying it, it is necessary not only to examine the interaction among the various units that make it up, but also to explore the relationship between the thing and other things in the same large system.

1. Briefly describe the ethical principles of clinical psychology research.

1. Respect the basic rights of the subjects.
2. the right to informed consent;
3. Duty to explain and clarify:
4. Voluntary principle:
5. Shall not conceal and deceive;
6. Appropriate Disposition After Study:
7. the authenticity of the research report;
8. the principle of confidentiality;
9. Proper use of psychometric and assessment tools.

4. Analyze the advantages of using physiological measurement method in clinical psychology research.

Answer: a) Objectivity of measurement records

    b) Stability of physiological equipment

    c) Persistence of physiological measurements

d) Simultaneity of multiple physiological phenomena

third chapter

l. Try to explain the role of multiple factors in mental health from the perspective of interaction of multiple factors - integration.

Answer: (1) Quality - stress theory

   (2) The theory of mind-body interaction.

   (3) System theory

1. Briefly describe family factors that affect mental health.

Answer: 1. Family atmosphere; family atmosphere refers to a kind of atmosphere and mood around the home as the center. The common ones are family life atmosphere, family culture atmosphere and so on. The family atmosphere is a hidden educational force. It has a subtle influence on all aspects of children, especially psychological aspects. Research has found that family climate is highly correlated with behavioral problems.

    2. Parenting style: Research has found that children's mental health is related to their family's parenting style. Parenting styles are divided into positive parenting styles and negative parenting styles.

    3. Family structure: The detection rate of children's behavior problems in the three-generation joint family living with grandparents and maternal grandparents is the lowest, followed by the nuclear family formed with parents, and the detection rate of children's behavior problems in single-parent families or reorganized families Highest.

1. Discuss the influence of psychodynamic factors on mental health.

Answer: 1. Unconscious contradictions and conflicts; unconscious contradictions and conflicts are the root of various psychological symptoms.

    2. Personality structure: id, ego and superego.

    3. Sexual instinct and psychological development. The development of sexual psychology is not smooth, which will cause abnormal behavior and become the root of various neurosis or mental illness.

4. Discuss the impact of learning factors on mental health.

Answer: 1. Acquisition of classical conditioning and maladaptive behaviors (psychological disorders) According to behaviorist theory, most abnormal behaviors are the result of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is also closely related to some physical diseases and symptoms.

    2. Operant conditioning and psychological disorders. According to Skinner, most behaviors, including mental illness, are learned. Studies on the operant conditioning of visceral organs confirm. Operant conditioning can not only participate in the learning process of psychological disorders and bad behaviors. And can participate in the pathogenesis of some physical diseases.

    3. Observe learning and psychological barriers. Both normal and abnormal behaviors of people can be learned through observation. A good example is an effective condition for forming and improving human behavior.

1. Discuss the impact of cognitive factors on mental health.

Answer: 1. Unreasonable beliefs People are born with a tendency to think irrationally, and psychological problems are not directly caused by external events. Rather, it is caused by people's judgments and interpretations of these external events based on irrational beliefs. If the individual's cognitive system produces irrational and unrealistic beliefs, it will lead to emotional disorders and neuroses. The determinants of psychological disorders are therefore irrational beliefs.

   2. Cognitive Distortions An individual's mind determines its inner experiences and reactions. Poor cognitions often lead to emotional disturbances and maladaptive behaviors. Baker summarized the wrong logical inferences of depressive patients to objective events into four types: (1) Arbitrary inferences (2) Selective abstraction (3) Hypergeneralization (4) Zooming in and out

   3. Attribution style The relationship between attribution style and mental health is concentrated in four attribution dimensions: internal, external, stable, unstable, overall, partial, controllable, and uncontrollable. After the attribution style is formed, it will affect the individual's self-cognition, self-evaluation, and interpersonal relationship, thereby affecting the individual's mental health.

6. Discuss the influence of personality factors on mental health.

Answer: 1. Eysenck personality types and mental health

    2. The impact of personality factors on mental health Resilience and mental health

    3. Type A personality and mental health

    4. Perfectionism and mental health

    5. Optimism and mental health.

1. Discuss the influence of biological factors on mental health.

Answer: (1) Genetic factors of psychological disorders Most psychological disorders have a genetic predisposition. The types of psychological disorders are different, and the heredity is also different.

    (2) Brain lesions and psychological disorders The brain is the basis of mental activities, and problems with the brain can lead to physical and psychological symptoms. Psychological disorders caused by partial damage to the brain vary depending on the location.

    (3) Neurobiochemical changes and psychological disorders At present, the central transmitters that are closely related to psychological disorders and have been studied more are: 1, acetylcholine 2, dopamine 3, serotonin 4, norepinephrine 5, γ-aminobutyric acid 6, Enkephalin

    (4) Neuroendocrine and psychological function Mental disorders accompanied by abnormal activity of the neuroendocrine system. For example, schizophrenia, affective disorders, and anxiety disorders are associated with pointers to neuroendocrine abnormalities

    (5) Physical diseases and mental health Psychological disorders caused by physical diseases refer to diseases caused by internal organs, endocrine, connective tissue, nutrient metabolism, blood, etc., as well as other medical diseases that cause physiological dysfunction and affect brain function. obstacle.

Chapter Four

1. Lazarus' evaluation model of psychological stress.

A: Primary Rating: Judgments involving the significance of the encountered problem or situation to the individual. Evaluation conclusion: irrelevant evaluation, "good thing" evaluation and "stressful" evaluation. Stress evaluation is divided into: "loss-injury" evaluation, "threat" evaluation and "challenge" evaluation.

    Secondary Evaluation: Judgments are made about the degree to which an individual's coping resources match the demands of the coping situation.

1. The mediating role of perception in psychological stress.

Answer: Mechanism of the mediating role of physical stressors in psychological stress response

1. The stimulus is perceived to produce a stress response.
2. Perception can "manufacture" the stress response.
3. False perceptions can trigger a stress response.
4. The perceived amount of information triggers a stress response.
5. The function of perception to resist psychological stress.
6. The effect of perceptual selectivity on stress responses.

1. The classification and adaptive significance of coping styles.

Answer: (1) Pay attention to emotional coping

a) Cognitive strategies: Consciously reappraise stressful situations. Unconscious Cognitive Strategies: Employing Defense Mechanisms.

b) Behavioral strategies: including engaging in physical activity, drinking alcohol and sedative drugs, relaxation exercises, and seeking emotional support from friends.

   (2) Problem-focused coping The client focuses on the problem or stressor he is facing, examines and analyzes the stressful situation and tries to change or resolve it.

   (2) Adaptive significance of coping styles

   ①Emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping can reinforce or interfere with each other.

   ②Problem-solving coping strategies are healthy in most cases, but are not suitable for all stressful situations. Positivity in both emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies is relative to the problem.

   ③ Individuals should be targeted when choosing coping strategies.

1. Strategies for the management of psychological stress.

1. Eliminate stressors (stressful environment demands).
2. Changing perceptions of environmental requirements.
3. Improve coping methods and strategies.
4. Do a good job of time management.
5. Seek and use social support.
6. Physical coping strategies.
7. Cultivate resilience.
8. Seek professional psychological help when necessary.

1. Common defense mechanism.

(1) Deny: Do not admit the facts. This reduces anxiety.

1. Repression: The process by which the ego forces painful contents into the subconscious.
2. Distortion: Distortion of facts to suit inner needs.
3. Regression: Shows immaturity due to inability to adapt to stressful situations.
4. Fixation: in psychology. Stopping at a stage in sexual development due to a setback or trauma.
5. Projection: Exaggeratedly attributing what one does not want to accept to others in order to avoid or alleviate inner anxiety and pain.
6. Fantasy: To satisfy the shortcomings of reality with fantasy, so as to get rid of the threat of reality to the self.
7. Isolation: Separating unpleasant and painful emotions from the things that caused them. and repel the former from consciousness.
8. Transference: The individual unconsciously transfers the emotion towards one object to other objects for expression.
9. Transformation: The subconscious mechanism for somaticizing an inner conflict or emotion.
10. Reverse formation: The individual's external performance is contrary to the subconscious mind, so as to avoid or reduce anxiety.
11. Offset: Use symbolic actions, words and behaviors to counteract the unpleasant things that have happened.
12. Idealization: the favorite object, while ignoring the actual defects.
13. Rationalization: Finding acceptable reasons for one's behavior or situation.
14. Compensation: To avoid the anxiety caused by one deficiency and to work toward others.
15. Rationalization: Detach yourself from emotional distress by dealing with stressful situations in a rational way.
16. Humor: Dealing with a dilemma or expressing a desire through humorous words or actions.
17. Sublimation: a psychological mechanism that directs instinctive desires to a reasonable and better level.

1. Negative effects of psychological stress on health.

Answer: (1) Clinical manifestations of acute psychological stress: acute anxiety reaction, vasovagal reaction, and hyperventilation syndrome. Clinical manifestations of chronic psychological stress: The typical symptom is "neurovascular weakness".

(2) The negative impact of psychological stress on existing diseases.

(3) Psychological stress causes new diseases together with other pathogenic factors

1. Discuss three classical models of the physiological response to stress.

Answer: 1. Cannon's emergency response model has the function of "emergency" in the physiological response in dangerous situations, such as fighting or escaping from danger (or fight or flight response). But human behavior is constrained by the social environment.

   2. Saili's systemic adaptation syndrome model: systemic adaptation syndrome is divided into three stages: vigilance period, resistance period, and exhaustion period. Saili believes that the body's physiological response to various stressors is "non-specific", that is, all kinds of stressors can cause the same physiological response in individuals - "systemic adaptation syndrome".

  3. Inger's preservation-withdrawal response model: Ingel believes that in addition to the physiological responses included in the emergency response model, individuals can also have a "preservation-withdrawal response". The emergency response is mainly related to the emotions of fear, anxiety, or anger, while the preservation-withdrawal response is accompanied by emotions such as hesitation, sadness, disappointment, and helplessness.

chapter Five

1. Psychophysiological theories about psychophysiological disorders.

Answer: Psychophysiological diseases are caused by the fragility of individual body organs or systems, or excessive responses to psychological stress stimuli. Genetic factors, previous diseases, and inappropriate diet can all disrupt the functional activity of a particular body organ or system, making it vulnerable or susceptible to stress. Specific response theory believes that different people have individual differences in the way they respond to psychological stress. This difference may be genetic. Individuals respond to stress stimuli in a self-specific and stable manner, and the body organs or systems most sensitive to stress stimuli are prone to psychophysiological diseases.

1. General principles and methods of psychophysiological disease diagnosis.

1. Physical diagnosis; physical diagnosis requires judgment on the nature, type, location, and severity of the patient's physical abnormalities. Pay attention to the somatic manifestations of the patient's psychological problems and the acute psychological stress response.
2. Psychological diagnosis; psychological diagnosis depends on psychological examination, and its common methods are interview method and psychological measurement. Psychological diagnosis involves: (1) the patient's personality (2) the current psychological state (3) psychosocial factors affecting the disease
3. Determination of social functioning status

3. General principles and methods of psychophysiological disease treatment.

Answer: 1. Change the environment; as long as the patient is prevented from being hospitalized, the condition can be improved without medication. The reasons are: first, to get rid of the stressor temporarily; second, the body is rested and restored; third, the placebo effect.

   2. Psychotropic drug treatment

   3. Psychotherapy. Behavioral therapy for patients with physiological and psychological diseases mainly uses two types of behavioral techniques, namely self-adjustment techniques and biofeedback techniques.

1. Psychosocial factors associated with the onset of obesity.

Answer: 1. Psychological stress factors

2. Social and cultural evaluation

3. Socioeconomic status

4. Changes brought about by social development

5. Personality factors

1. Psychological theories of the pathogenesis of psychophysiological disorders.

Answer: (1) psychodynamic theory,

1. Conflict-specific theory emphasizes the role of psychological conflict in psychophysiological disease. There are three elements in the pathogenesis of psychophysiological disease: First, unresolved psychological conflict:

Second, the fragile and susceptible tendency of body organs;

Third, the hyperactivity of the autonomic nervous system. According to the nature of an individual's psychological conflict, it can be predicted what kind of psychophysiological disease he suffers from.

b) The personality specificity of the disease The rational personality type has a specific relationship with mental illness. That is, people with certain personality types are prone to psychophysiological diseases, and patients with the same psychophysiological disease often have similar personality characteristics.

  (2) Behavioral Psychology Theory

1. Discuss the relationship between psychosocial factors and bronchial asthma.

Answer: (1) Family relationship and asthma: parent-child relationship in childhood.

   (2) Personality and asthma: eager to get protection and help, worried about being separated from relatives, and afraid of showing hostility.

   (3) Emotions and asthma: Emotional attacks can lead to bronchial asthma even without exposure to realistic stimuli.

   (4) Conditioning and asthma: the role of classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

Chapter Six

A 90-item symptom self-rating scale was used to test a group of subjects.

Answer: Statistical indicators:

(1) Item classification: each item is graded in 5 grades according to none, very light, medium, heavy, and serious.

1. Total score: Add up the individual scores of the 90 items to get the total score. If someone feels no discomfort subjectively in any of the 90 symptom items, his total score will be 90 instead of zero. If the total score is greater than 160 points, it shows that there may be mental and physical health problems.
2. Factor score = (the total score of each item that makes up a certain gang) / the number of items that make up a certain factor. If the score of each of the following factors is greater than 2.2, it shows that there may be symptoms described by this Gangzi.

   Factor definitions, items and their meanings:

1. Somatization: 12 items in total. This factor primarily reflects subjective physical discomfort, including complaints of cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal system complaints, as well as other physical manifestations of headache, spinal pain, muscle aches, and anxiety.
2. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms: 10 items in total. It mainly refers to those meaningless thoughts, impulses and behaviors that you know are unnecessary, but you can’t get rid of them. There are also some more general perceptual obstacles (such as "the brain becomes empty", "memory is not good", etc.) reflected in a factor.
3. Interpersonal sensitivity: 9 items in total. It mainly refers to certain personal feelings of uneasiness and inferiority complex, especially when compared with other people. People with low self-esteem, depression, and people who obviously don't get along well in personal relationships tend to score higher on this factor.
4. Melancholy: 13 items in total. It reflects depressed feelings and mood, including decreased interest in life, lack of desire to move, and loss of mobility. In addition, disappointment, lamentation, and other sensory and physical problems associated with depression are included. Several items in this factor include concepts such as death and suicide.
5. Anxiety: 10 items in total. It includes symptoms and experiences that are often clinically evident in association with anxiety symptoms, generally referring to restlessness, nervousness, nervousness, and the resulting somatic signs (eg, tremors). The wandering anxiety and panic attacks are the main content of this factor, and it also includes an item reflecting "disintegration".
6. Hostility: 6 items in total. Here, the patient's hostile performance is mainly reflected from three aspects: thought, emotion and behavior. Items range from boredom, arguments, and object throwing, to fights and irrepressible outbursts.
7. Horror: 7 items in total. It is basically consistent with the content reflected in the traditional state of terror or agoraphobia. The objects of fear include traveling, open places, crowds or public places and vehicles. In addition, there are items that reflect social horror.
8. Paranoia: 6 items in total. Paranoia is a very complex concept. This factor only includes some of its basic content, the main intellectual thinking aspects, such as projective thinking, hostility, suspicion, relationship delusions, delusion, passive experience and boasting.
9. Psychotic: 10 items in total. Among them are auditory hallucinations, dissemination of thinking, feeling of being controlled, and thought insertion, etc., which reflect items related to schizophrenia.
10. Others: 7 items in total. It reflects sleep and diet.

 Chapter VII

1. Describe the main theoretical basis of rational emotional therapy and the main process of rational emotional therapy for a client.

A: The ABC Theory of Rational Emotive Therapy. In the ABC theory, A is the triggering event, B is the individual's corresponding belief after encountering the triggering event, and C is the emotional and behavioral results in a specific situation. A is the indirect cause of emotion and behavior C, and B is the direct cause.

1. Discovery of irrational beliefs points to relationship between irrational beliefs and emotional distress
2. correct irrational beliefs
3. build rational thinking

2. Techniques of Rational Emotional Therapy

(1) Methods of debating with irrational beliefs a) finding irrational beliefs b) Socratic positive questioning c) specific methods of debate: questioning and exaggeration

(2) Rational Emotional Imagining Technique a) Re-experience the emotion at that time b) Change the discomfort and experience adaptation to the emotion c) Self-reflection and revision of concepts

3. Discuss the therapeutic techniques of psychoanalysis.

1. Free association, the therapist encourages the patient to express what is in his mind without restriction. Its ultimate purpose is to discover the pathogenic complexes or conflicts suppressed in the subconscious of the patient, bring them to the realm of consciousness, enable the patient to understand this, and rebuild a realistic healthy psychology.

2. Dream analysis, explaining the connotation of latent dreams through the analysis of manifest dreams.

3. Resistance, resistance is the various forces of the patient's resistance to the treatment process, including: complacency with the status quo, fear of causing excessive condemnation of conscience, and refusal to give up the childish impulse that caused the disease.

4. Empathy, empathy refers to a strong emotion that the patient has towards the therapist during the process of psychoanalysis, and it is the process in which the patient transfers his past emotions towards some important people in his life to the therapist.

5. Interpretation, the purpose of which is to make the patient aware of what he is not aware of.

Chapter nine

1. Factors that affect people with medical conditions seeking medical care.

Answer: Factors that affect medical-seeking behavior for people with pain include:

1. Awareness and evaluation of symptoms

A. Characteristics of symptoms a) mildness and persistence of symptoms b) location of symptoms c) degree and aspect of interference of symptoms on people's physical and mental functions d) impact of symptoms on normal social activities of people

B. Psychosocial a) Personality traits b) Mental state d) Sociocultural background c) Education and experience about illness

1. Features of medical services

1. Analyze the possible reasons and countermeasures for the patient's reluctance to give up the role of the patient during the recovery period.

reason:

(1) Fear of relapse of old disease due to physical activity after discharge

(2) Fear of returning to an unfavorable life, work environment or social responsibility

(3) Fear of losing the benefits brought about by illness  

  Patients can obtain two types of benefits from illness: primary benefits and secondary benefits.

  Primary benefit: Refers to the alleviation of the inner conflicts that caused the disease due to the appearance of disease symptoms.

  Secondary benefits: Refers to certain privileges enjoyed by patients due to illness.

In this case, the following measures can be taken

(1) Avoid excessive regression of the patient

(2) Appropriate participation in activities

(3) Eliminate doubts about measures

(4) Solve work and family pressure

(5) Reach an agreement to resolve

chapter Ten

1. Give examples of mental health care methods that individuals can use, that is, personal preventive measures, psychological workers can better help and guide people to maintain and promote mental health.

Answer: (1) Know yourself and accept yourself

   (2) Develop good interpersonal relationships

   (3) Develop healthy living habits and behaviors

   (4) Actively put into action

   (5) Give up prejudice and seek professional support.

Application questions

l. A researcher designed a set of psychological intervention techniques to help college students reduce their psychological stress. Reduce symptoms of emotional distress caused by stress. He used before and after the implementation of psychological intervention. The Zung Anxiety Self-Rating Scale and the Depression Self-Rating Scale measured the anxiety and depression levels of the subjects. The study found that the levels of anxiety and depression in this group of subjects after receiving psychological intervention were significantly lower than those before the intervention (p<0.05). Therefore, he concluded that this kind of psychological intervention can effectively help people reduce or even eliminate the symptoms of psychological distress, and should be widely promoted. Please tell me what kind of experimental design was used in this research? Is it possible to draw this research conclusion? Why?

2. If you have developed a psychotherapy method yourself, (please refer to Chapter 7, Section 2) design an experimental study to evaluate the results of this treatment (including effectiveness and possible adverse consequences).

3. Please design a related study. To explore the relationship between psychology (psychological stress), certain personality factors and mental health.

 Answer: 1. Adopt the pre-experimental research, that is, the design of "pre-test manipulation post-test". This design uses the same method to evaluate their related behaviors before and after the experimental intervention. If there is a significant difference between the results of the two tests, the training Attributing this difference to the effects of experimental manipulations, the study fits this design line. However, the pre-experimental research design cannot well control irrelevant variables, and the inference of causality is subject to the test experience of the subjects, the improvement caused by retesting, the change of test motivation, the loss of subjects, and the upward statistical regression (such as The natural recovery of the disease) the selection of subjects, and the interference of other uncontrolled factors. As a result, the causal relationship is confused, and it cannot be logically deduced that the difference in behavior before and after must be caused by the experimental manipulation. In addition, the presence of statistical significance for a treatment effect does not imply clinical significance.

    2. Between-group design experimental treatment (self-grouping variable) Experimental group, control group, treatment, no treatment, good recovery of symptoms, no improvement of symptoms, more severe symptoms, no improvement of symptoms, evaluation of effective results of treatment methods (dependent variable)

4. Research object: senior high school students. Sources of stress: college entrance examination and mock exams. Test tools: College Entrance Exam Stress Scale, Personality Scale, Mental Health Scale. research problem:

Question 1: Whether the mental health status of senior three students exceeds the norm level.

Question 2: Does the pressure feeling of senior three students increase with the approach of the college entrance examination time?

Question 3: Do mock test scores affect senior high school students' stress sensitivity and mental health?

Question 4: Do senior three students with different personality characteristics feel the same pressure of the college entrance examination?

Question 5: Do senior high school students with different stress feelings have the same mental health status?

Research procedure: Select different schools (key middle schools, non-key middle schools), different majors (arts, sciences), different genders (male, female), different family backgrounds (high, medium, low economic income) and different academic performance (good, medium) 100 senior high school students who were poor) and asked them to fill in the "College Entrance Examination Stress Scale", "Personality Scale" and "Mental Health Scale". , Some personality factors and the relationship between mental health.

5. Case analysis A 21-year-old female patient suffered from early awakening, loss of appetite, loss of interest, decreased learning efficiency, depression, and frequent suicidal thoughts due to study pressure in the past 3 months.

1. What do you consider a possible diagnosis?

Answer: The diagnosis is depression. Depression is a group of clinical syndromes characterized by low mood. The diagnostic criteria are:

1. Pessimistic, sad, disappointed, helpless and even indifferent mood.

(2) negative self-concept,

(3) Sleep disturbance, loss of appetite and libido, loss of interest.

(4) Decreased level of interaction.

(2) What is the specific content of the treatment strategy you may adopt? Suggested treatment strategy:

(1) Behavioral therapy: Focus on increasing the patient's reinforcement stimulation.

(2) Humanistic-existential therapy: help patients face the reality and face up to the existence of pain.

(3) Cognitive therapy: the stage of reducing symptoms and the stage of schema focus.