General Biology Test Question Set with Answers
Part I: Explanation of Terms
1 Biomembrane: The membranes and nuclear membranes of various organelles, and the molecular structure of the plasma membrane are the same, and they are collectively referred to as biomembranes. 2 Interferon 3 Homeostasis: The ability of an organism to maintain the properties of its internal environment unchanged. 4 Photoperiod induction 5 Photosynthetic phosphorylation: the process in which energy generated during the light reaction stage of photosynthesis is stored in ATP through phosphorylation. 6 phytochrome 7 anaerobic respiration 8 cellular respiration: the process by which cells oxidize glucose, fatty acids or other organic matter for energy and produce carbon dioxide. 9 Mycorrhizae: The mycelium of the fungus enters the cortex of the root and forms a specific structure with the root, that is, mycorrhizae. 10 Double fertilization: specifically refers to the fertilization phenomenon of angiosperms, which refers to the fusion of two sperms with the egg cell and the central cell respectively. 11 Biological rhythm 12 Alleles 13 Cell differentiation: refers to the process of life activities in which the stability differences in morphological structure and function are produced between cells through cell division during the individual development of organisms. 14 Gene Pool 15 Endocortex: The innermost layer of the cortex of tightly connected cells. 15 Regeneration 16 Adaptation: P3 17 Prokaryotic cells 18 Oxidative phosphorylation: A process in which the oxidation of metabolites is coupled with the phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP. 19 Phosphorylation at the substrate level: without the participation of oxygen, the oxidation of metabolites and the internal energy rearrangement of the molecules generate high-energy phosphate bonds. 20 Humoral immunity: the way to achieve immunity by B cells producing antibodies 21 cambium 22 cloning 23 symplast pathway: cells in plant tissue are connected to each other by plasmodesmata to form a whole, and water and inorganic salts are cis-ionic in this whole Mode of concentration transport across the plasmodesmata to the root midsection. 24 Cell cycle: The whole process that a cell goes through from the beginning of one division to the beginning of the second division. 25 Tricarboxylic acid cycle 26 Alternation of generations: For example, the life history of bryophytes includes two generations: the gametophyte that produces gametes and the sporophyte that produces spores. This phenomenon is called alternation of generations. 27 dormant 28 Stress 29 The primary structure of a protein: the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein. 30 Gastrula: The blastocoel shrinks or disappears, and a new cavity is formed by the folded cell layer. 31 Central dogma 32 Co-evolution: For closely related organisms, one side becomes the selection force of the other, and thus develops the characteristics of mutual adaptation in evolution. This phenomenon of mutual adaptation is called co-evolution. 33 Light-energy bacteria 34 Virus particles 35 Feedback regulation: The effect produced by a system itself enters this system as information in turn, guiding the work of this system. 36 Gene Mutation 37 Extracellular Digestion 38 Protein Secondary Structure 39 Photorespiration: Plant absorbs oxygen and emits carbon dioxide during photosynthesis when it is illuminated 40 Chemodynamic Bacteria 41 Endocytosis 42 Gene Library: Refers to A complete DNA clone of a single genome, ideally containing the complete DNA sequence of that genome. 43 Ecological niche: refers to the lifestyle of biological populations in the community and their position in time and space. 44 photosystem: a special functional unit with regular composition of photosynthetic pigments in chloroplasts. 45 Food chain: the direct or indirect food connection between the organisms in the community, forming a complex food chain. 46 Biodiversity: diversity among organisms, variability and complexity of species growth environment
Miscellaneous. 47 Environmental capacity: also known as environmental load energy, refers to the stable period when the population grows to the highest density, which means that the population density is the highest density that the environment can bear, that is, the environmental capacity. 48 Community: In a certain geographical area, populations of various animals, plants, microorganisms, etc. living in the same environment, they interact with each other to form an aggregate with unique composition, structure, and function. 49 Populations: All the individuals of each organism in the same area constitute a reproductive unit, and all their genes form a gene pool, that is, the population 50 ecosystem; the community and its non-biological environmental components, through the circulation of materials and the flow of energy and interact to form a complex system. 51 Plasmoplasmic wall separation: When the concentration of the external solution is greater than that of the cell solution, water seeps out from the cell, and the protoplast shrinks and separates from the cell wall. This phenomenon is called plasmolysis. 52 Antigen 53 Systemic Circulation 54 Photosynthesis 55 Light Response 56 Dark Reaction 57 Territory 58 Behavior 59 Cell Clonal Selection Theory: P195 60 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection 70 Pressure Flow Hypothesis: Theory about Plant Organic Matter Transport 71 Aggregate Theory: How Many Molecules System Generated theory P484 72 Cohesion theory: The theory about water transport in plants 73 Atmosphere 74 Learning: It is to use management to adjust behavior to better adapt to the environment. 75 blood circulation 76 peripheral nervous system 77 scavenging nutrition 78 karyotype 79 cytoskeleton: the cytoskeleton composed of 3 kinds of protein fibers (microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments). 80 meiosis 81 vital capacity 92 mitosis 93 metamorphosis: that is, the fertilized egg first develops into a larva with independent living ability, and then develops from the larva into an adult. 94 Ecological Pyramids: including energy, biomass, and biomass pyramids. 95 Genetic Drift: In small populations, gene frequencies can change by chance rather than by selection. This phenomenon is called genetic drift. 95Genetic engineering: Refers to a genetic operation that introduces a specific gene into a recipient cell through a carrier or other means, making them proliferate and express in the recipient cell. 96 Biorhythm 97 Microsphere theory: the theory of how multi-molecules are generated P484 97 Polyploidy 98 Mimicry 99 Gradual evolution and jump evolution An evolutionary theory. 100 Spontaneous generation theory 101 Five realms system: The theory of biological division proposed by Wei Taike. 102 Viruses and anti-viruses: the latter refers to viruses with reverse transcriptase that can complete the reverse transcription from RNA to DNA. 103 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 104 Protostomes Deuterostomes: Classification of animals according to the source of the mouth. 105 Ecosystem: A complex system in which a community and its abiotic environmental components interact through material cycles and energy flows. 106 Ecological width: Each organism has a tolerance range for each factor, which is called the ecological width. 107 The Law of Minimum Quantity: It means that the growth rate of various organisms is limited by the minimum quantity factor in the environmental factors it needs. 108 Parasitism and Symbiosis P575 109 Chemical Mutualism and Antagonism P577 110 Climax Communities: The Final Stage of Ecological Succession. 111 Biogeochemical cycle: The cycle of inorganic substances in the ecosystem involves organisms at various trophic levels, as well as the atmosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere. All are called biogeochemical cycles. 112 Dissipative structure: A structure that relies on a continuous supply of free energy to maintain its order. 113 Telomere: A nucleotide sequence at both ends of the chromosome. Only when it remains intact can the chromosome replicate normally. 114 Internal Environment P106 115 Stem Cells 116 Reflex Arc: It is the entire nerve conduction pathway from receiving stimulation to responding, and is the basic working unit of the nervous system. 117 Photoperiod: A plant's response to lengths of light and darkness. 118-deleted repeat inversion translocations: several types of aberrations resulting from chromosomal breaks. 119 Epistasis: A type of allelic interaction. 120 Suppressing Genes Complementary Genes 121 Transformation: Foreign DNA enters the bacteria, causing changes in the genetic properties of the bacteria.
Part Two: Fill in the Blank Questions
1. The whole process of cellular respiration can be divided into glycolysis, pyruvate oxidative decarboxylation , citric acid cycle and electron transport chain.
2. The nucleus includes nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm , chromatin and nucleolus.
⒊The digestive system consists of two parts: the alimentary canal and the digestive organs .
4. There is reproductive isolation between populations of different species, and geographical isolation between populations of the same species.
5. The cell cycle includes two periods : mitosis and interphase .
6. Nerve tissue is composed of nerve cells and glial cells.
7. Heterotrophic nutrition can be divided into phagocytic nutrition and scavenging nutrition
8. The structural monomers of DNA and RNA are nucleotides
9. The structure of the digestive tract wall is divided into 4 layers from the inside to the outside , namely the mucosal layer, submucosa , muscle layer and serosa.
10. The whole process of single muscle contraction can be divided into three periods, namely the latent period , systolic period and diastolic period.
11. The breathing action caused by the lifting and lowering of the diaphragm is called abdominal breathing.
12. The cambium cells divide tangentially, producing phloem outward and xylem inward .
13. Blood is divided into blood cells and plasma .
14. The sinoatrial node is the pacemaker of the heart, and the atrioventricular node is another pacemaker of the heart.
15. The thymus and the supraluminal bursa are the places where lymphocytes grow and differentiate, and are the central lymphoid organs.
16. Most ancient reptiles became extinct at the end of the Mesozoic Cretaceous .
17. The main ways of asexual reproduction of invertebrates are fission , budding and regeneration.
18. Animal social communication forms include , , , tactile communication and electrical communication.
19. Annelids form a chain nervous system consisting of cranial ganglion, pharyngeal ganglion and ventral nerve cord, which is divided into central and peripheral nervous systems.
20. There are three types of cone cells in the retina of humans and monkeys, they are: cone cells, cone cells and cone cells.
21. The three pairs of salivary glands in humans are sublingual, submandibular and parotid .
22. In the Calvinson cycle, 6 molecules of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde can be produced every 3 cycles. Among them, 5 molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate are used for recycling, and 1 molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is used for the synthesis of glucose.
23. The shoot apical meristem is not only the source of cells for the growth of the stem itself, but leaves, flowers and other organs
It happened from here.
24. There are generally three ways for the ovary to grow on the receptacle, namely upper , middle and lower .
25. Elements that exist in living organisms but do not exist in nature do not exist .
The hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla are epinephrine and norepinephrine .
26. Eukaryotic multicellular organisms can be divided into the plant kingdom -animal kingdom and the fungal kingdom according to the mode of nutrition .
27. The internal environment of cell life mainly refers to body fluids .
28. Nervous tissue is composed of nerve cells and glial cells.
29. Animals cannot synthesize vitamins by themselves and must be ingested from food or provided by symbiotic microorganisms in their bodies .
30. One way in which the structure and matter of living organisms evolve is that the original organs or matter are transformed and endowed with new functions, such as the nasal cavity; matter evolved in this way, eg .
31. Annelids have a closed circulatory system, that is, there are microvascular connections between arterioles and venules . The degree of evolution of the blood circulatory system is closely related to that of the respiratory system
32. The cascade reaction is a multi-stage reaction, which is characterized by step-by-step initiation and step-by-step amplification .
33. The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is smaller greater and stronger in fetuses than in mothers .
According to the differentiation level of gamete morphology and function, gametogenesis can be divided into isogamous, heterogamous and ovogamy .
34. Pathogens are treated to reduce their pathogenicity . This process is called attenuation .
35. Biological autotrophy can be divided into two types, namely photoautotrophy and chemoautotrophy .
36. Substances without antigenicity will become antigenic after being combined with carrier protein. Such substances are called haptens
37. The periderm of the roots and stems of perennial plants is composed of cork, and together.
In terrestrial vertebrates, there are four membranes outside the embryo: amnion , chorion , yolk sac, and allantoic membrane.
38. Certain chemical groups of antigenic molecules, whose molecular structure is complementary to antibodies or receptors on the surface of lymphocytes, can trigger immune responses. These groups are called antigenic determinants .
39. Phytochrome exists in two forms, Pr and Pfr .
40. When a certain substance contained in an antigen is very similar to a certain substance contained in the body itself, lymphocytes lose their ability to recognize , causing antibodies to attack both at the same time, which is called an autoimmune disease.
41. Immunity, as a defense mechanism, is characterized by recognition of self and foreign objects , memory , and specificity .
42. Cellular immunity is caused by cellular antigens. Virus-infected cells (such as cancer cells) have special molecular markers on the surface, that is, the combination of MHC I and antigen, so that cytotoxic T cells can recognize and attack it.
43. The patient lacks lymphocytes, called immunodeficiency , which is a congenital and hereditary disease. AIDS, namely
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, the English abbreviation is AIDS , and the English abbreviation of its pathogen is HIV . The main cause of disease is that the virus attacks helper T cells, macrophages and B cells. The route of transmission is blood, sexual life and mother-to-child transmission .
44. According to the five-kingdom system, organisms can be divided into five kingdoms: prokaryotes, plants, animals, protists , and fungi .
45. Chromosome number variation includes euploid and aneuploid variation.
46. The totipotency of cell development means that any specialized cell in an organism, more precisely, any nucleus , has full developmental potential. Dolly the sheep is cloned by transplanting the nucleus of a ewe's mammary gland into an anucleated recipient egg.
47. The blastopore of the gastrula of deuterostomes develops into the anus of the animal body .
48. The excitatory and inhibitory properties of synapses depend on the properties of neurotransmitters and the properties of receptors on the post-synaptic membrane .
49. Plastids are organelles of plant cells, which are divided into two types : white plastids and colored plastids.
50. The side effects of drugs such as morphine and heroin can inhibit the production of endorphins, which is a
Negative feedback, resulting in drug dependence.
51. The calyx is composed of different numbers of sepals , and the corolla is composed of different numbers of petals .
52. The higher the level of the animal, the greater .
The hormones secreted by the endocrine glands reach the target cells or organs through the blood .
53. The number of somatic cells in C. elegans is constant , so it is a good experimental material for studying cell development.
54. Muscle tissue is divided into three types: smooth muscle, striated muscle and cardiac muscle .
55. The molecules of steroid hormones can directly enter the target cells and even play a role in the nucleus, and there is a process of gene activation . Molecules containing nitrogenous hormones act indirectly by activating second messengers .
56. The adaptability of behavior refers to the principle of gain and loss of behavior, that is, the benefit of behavior is greater than the cost of behavior .
57. Vascular plants can be divided into two categories : ferns and seed plants.
58. During fertilization, the sperm undergoes acrosome reaction to pass through the yolk membrane; after the sperm enters the egg, the plasma membrane of the egg undergoes depolarization, and at the same time, the egg undergoes a cortical reaction to form a fertilization membrane to prevent other sperm from entering the egg.
59. Vascular tissue is divided into two parts : xylem and phloem .
60. The even -finned fishes have well-developed muscles and bones similar to the five- toed limbs of terrestrial animals .
61. The chemical essence of a gene is DNA , and in some viruses it is RNA .
62. Fish can be divided into cartilaginous fishes and bony fishes .
63. Chinese research on ancient bird fossils shows that Archeopteryx is not the earliest bird fossil; birds probably originated from small dinosaurs ; the view that "feathers are birds" is wrong ; the original driving force for the origin of bird feathers is not heat preservation, but fly .
64. The breathing action caused by the contraction and contraction of the intercostal muscles is chest breathing .
65. Birds are even advanced in some aspects of evolution of mammals, such as: double respiration, and the eyes of some raptors have dual adjustment capabilities, etc.; but not as advanced as the latter, mainly because the nervous system is not as developed as the latter, especially the brain No cerebral cortex .
66. Alternation of generations refers to the phenomenon that sporophytes and gametophytes regularly interact in the life history of plants .
67. According to the different ways that nerve impulses pass through synapses, synapses can be divided into electrical and chemical .
68. Multicellular animals with three germ layers can only support body weight , land respiration , water retention and land reproduction
After waiting for problems, they can completely transition from aquatic to terrestrial life.
69. Common fermentation processes include alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation .
70. The membrane potential when the nerve is not stimulated is called resting membrane potential , and the membrane potential when stimulated is called action potential .
Part Three: Multiple Choice Questions
1. The structure belonging to the middle ear is ( ).
A, cochlea B, vestibule C, auditory ossicles D, auricle
2. It belongs to lymphoid organs (C).
A. liver B. kidney C. spleen D. pancreas
3. The most abundant tissue in the plant is (D).
A. Epidermal tissue B. Parenchyma tissue C. Mechanical tissue D. Vascular tissue
4. Invertebrate blood is characterized by the presence of respiratory pigments in (B).
A. Blood cells B. Plasma C. Blood cells or plasma D. Blood cells and plasma
5. The structure formed by the regular overlapping of thylakoids in the chloroplast is called (C ).
A , stroma B , stroma thylakoid C , grana D , grana thylakoid
6. The ability to solve a new problem at hand by using experience gained from stimuli of other natures existing in the brain is called (D).
A. Habituation B. Imprint learning C. Contact learning D. Insight learning
7. The phytohormone that can promote fruit ripening is (C).
A, gibberellin B, cytokinin C, ethylene D, auxin
8. The factors that are not conducive to the opening of stomata are (A).
A. CO2 concentration rises B. Starch is hydrolyzed into glucose
C. Increased K + concentration D. Increased water content in guard cells
9. The combination of human egg and sperm to become a fertilized egg occurs in (B).
A. vagina B. fallopian tubes C. uterus D. ovaries
10. The composition of RNA is ( C ).
A , deoxyribose, nucleic acid and phosphate B , deoxyribose, base and phosphate
C , ribose, base and phosphate D , ribose, nucleic acid and phosphate
11. The organelle that plays an important role in energy conversion is ( B ) .
A , mitochondria and lysosomes B , chloroplasts and mitochondria
C. Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum D. Chloroplasts and peroxisomes
12. The centromeres on each pair of chromatids are separated from each other, and the chromatids move to the two poles of the cell respectively, which is the characteristic of (C).
A, the early stage B, the middle stage C, the late stage D, the final stage
13. A large amount of information can be transmitted in a short time, and the communication method that is only effective within a short, unobstructed distance is ( ).
A. Visual communication B. Auditory communication C. Chemical communication D. Tactile communication
14. Thyroid-stimulating hormone is secreted by (D).
A, thyroid B, hypothalamus C, neurohypophysis D, adenohypophysis
15. Two atria and one ventricle are the characteristics of ( A ) the heart.
- Amphibians B , Reptiles C , Birds D , Mammals
16. Chrysanthemums usually bloom in autumn. If you plan to make chrysanthemums bloom early, the measures you should take are (D).
A. Increase irrigation B. Spray auxin C. Increase temperature D. Reduce sunshine by covering
17. Which of the following statements about the transport route of vascular tissue is correct (D).
A. The transport pathways of xylem and phloem are unidirectional
B. The transport pathways of xylem and phloem are bidirectional
C. The transport pathway of xylem is bidirectional, while the transport pathway of phloem is unidirectional
D. The transport pathway of xylem is unidirectional, while the transport pathway of phloem is bidirectional
18. The following are physical receptors ( ).
A. Ring bodies, taste buds, muscle spindles B. Nerve endings, olfactory epithelium, joint receptors
C. Nerve endings, annular bodies, lateral line organs D. Muscle spindles, balance sacs, taste buds
19. The hemoglobin of vertebrate blood is present in (A).
A. Blood cells B. Plasma C. Blood cells or plasma D. Blood cells and plasma
20. Cells undergoing continuous mitosis are characterized by interphase (D).
A. The cell remains unchanged B. The nuclear membrane disintegrates, and the nucleolus gradually disappears
C. Staining is faintly visible D. DNA replication and histone synthesis are going on in the cell
21. In general, animals that breathe with lungs refer to (B).
A. Vertebrates other than fish B. Vertebrates other than fish and amphibians
C. vertebrates D. vertebrates and higher invertebrates
22. In the brain structure of vertebrates, what is collectively called the brainstem is (A).
A, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata B, pons, medulla oblongata
C, cerebellum, midbrain D, midbrain, pons, cerebellum
23. When the human eye sees near objects, the adjustment process of the lens is ( ).
A. The smooth muscles of the ciliary body contract, the suspensory ligaments relax, and the curvature of the lens increases
B. The smooth muscle of the ciliary body relaxes, the suspensory ligaments tighten, and the curvature of the lens becomes smaller
C. The smooth muscle of the ciliary body contracts, the suspensory ligaments tighten, and the curvature of the lens increases
D. The smooth muscle of the ciliary body is relaxed, the suspensory ligament is relaxed, and the curvature of the lens becomes smaller
24. In the C3 pathway, the receptor for CO2 is ( C ).
A , 3-phosphoglycerate B , oxaloacetate
C , ribulose diphosphate D , phosphoenolpyruvate
25. The important sensory integration center in the brain is (A).
A, thalamus B, hypothalamus C, reticular activating system D, pons
26. The chorion forms together with the mother's uterine wall (A).
A, blastoderm B, placenta C, placenta D, fetus
27. It belongs to specific immunity (C).
- Filtration of pathogenic bacteria by lymph nodes
- Barrier function of skin against pathogenic bacteria of dysentery
- People who have had smallpox are not infectious to the virus
- Lysozyme in human saliva kills E. coli
28. The digestion method of earthworms, insects, and other higher animals is (C).
A. Digest food inside the cell B. Digestion inside the cell dominates, but also digests outside the cell
C. Food is digested in the digestive tract D. Extracellular digestion is the main method, but intracellular digestion is also performed
29. The earliest animal to have extracellular digestion is (D).
A. Protozoa B. Sponges C. Flatworms D. Coelenterates
30. Leek leaves can continue to grow after cutting off the upper part, which is the result of (B) activity.
A. Apical meristem B. Lateral meristem
C. Intermediary meristem D. Parenchyma
31. The main respiratory organ of terrestrial arthropods is (D).
A. respiratory tree B. book lung C. lung D. trachea
32. Assuming that in a relatively closed ecosystem composed of grasslands, deer and wolves, if wolves are exterminated, the number of deer herds will be (D).
A. Rising rapidly B. Slowly falling C. Remaining relatively stable D. Rising and then falling
33. Generally speaking, excretion (A) is a characteristic of oviparous animals.
A, uric acid B, amino acid C, ammonia D, urea
34. Treatment with appropriate concentration (B) can accelerate the rooting of sweet potato cuttings.
A, gibberellin B, auxin C, cytokinin D, ethylene
35. Regarding the description of the distribution of biological fossils in the strata, the wrong one is (D).
A. Fossils of lower organisms can be found in ancient strata
B. Fossils of higher organisms can be found in recent strata
C. Fossils of lower organisms can be found in recent strata
D. Fossils of higher organisms can sometimes be found in extremely ancient strata
36. Variations in various chromosomes are origins (D).
A. Chromosome deletion B. Chromosome duplication C. Chromosome inversion D. Chromosome breakage
37. The seed coat of a plant seed is derived from the pistil (C).
A. Ovary wall B. Ovary wall and other parts of flower C. Integument D. Endosperm
38. Wolves and deer have a relationship of predation and prey (A).
A. Convergent evolution B. Mutual selection C. Mutual competition D. Energy exchange
39. It is (AB ) that belongs to the condition of Hardy-Weinberg law.
A. The number of individuals is large B. The mating among individuals is random
C. Frequent mutations occur D. Extensive migration
40. In photosynthesis, the acceptor of CO2 is ( B ).
A、PGA B、RuBP C、RuMP D、PGAL
Part IV: True or False: T stands for True, F stands for False
1. After the water in the soil enters the root, it can directly enter the vascular tissue through the apoplast pathway and the symplast pathway. (F )
⒉ Type A blood plasma contains A agglutinin, red blood cells with B agglutinogen. (F)
⒊T lymphocytes are cells of cellular immunity, B lymphocytes are cells of humoral immunity. (T)
4. Phagocytosis is the nutritional mode of animals, that is, swallowing solid organic food, digesting and absorbing these foods in the body. (T)
5. All mature eukaryotic cells have a complete nucleus. ( F )
6. Connective tissue is characterized by well-developed interstitial cells, and cells are scattered in the interstitial cells. (T)
7. Biological oxidation is a reaction under mild conditions catalyzed by enzymes, which is different from the chemical nature of combustion. (F)
8. The surface of old branches of perennial plants is corky periderm, which comes from cortical parenchyma cells. (T)
9. DNA is composed of phosphate, ribose and bases ( A , G , U , C ). ( F )
10. Chemoosmosis includes both the process of protons passing through the selectively permeable cell membrane and the process of chemically synthesizing ATP. (F)
11. In the early stage of cell division, nuclear lamin is highly phosphorylated and disassembled; at the end of cell division, nuclear lamin is dephosphorylated and repolymerized (T )
12. Viviparous types of animals produce a special embryonic organ - the blastodisc, which absorbs nutrients from the mother. (T)
13. Crossover refers to the mutual exchange of genetic elements between paired chromatids. (F)
14. The sieve tube molecule is a living cell, but the nucleus degenerates, and the end walls at both ends of the cell are specialized into sieve plates. (F)
15. Cardiac cycle refers to the process of atrial contraction, ventricular contraction, then atrial relaxation, and ventricular relaxation. (F)
16. The pathway by which water runs in the cell wall and cytoplasm of adjacent cells is the symplast pathway. (F)
17. Gas exchange in the human lung involves both pure diffusion and active transport. ( F )
18. The gas exchange in the human lung has only simple diffusion, but no active transport. ( T )
19. The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity and do not communicate with the thoracic cavity. They passively inhale and exhale as the thoracic cavity expands or shrinks. (T )
20 Antigen determinant is the specific site on the antigen molecule that can bind with antibody or with lymphocyte surface receptor. (F)
21. The cause of gas poisoning is that CO and plasma protein have a strong binding force and are not easy to separate. (T)
22. The nervous system of Hydra is a chain nervous system. (F)
23. The phenomenon that the destruction of specific spatial conformation of protein is accompanied by the loss of biological activity is called allostery. (F)
24. Most of the hormones of invertebrates come from the nervous system, but also from the endocrine glands. (T)
25. Fish are vertebrates not chordates. (T)
26. When higher plants form embryo sacs, one megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to form 4 haploid megaspores, and the megaspores undergo three consecutive cleavages to form 8-nucleated embryo sacs. (F)
27. The sum of all genes (including all alleles) carried by all individuals in a community is a gene pool. (F)
28. The neutral theory of molecular evolution holds that the evolution of organisms is mainly the result of random genetic drift of neutral mutations in natural populations. (T)
29. The S-type growth theory holds that when the population density reaches the carrying capacity of the habitat, the population will fluctuate around the carrying capacity of its habitat. (T)
30. Structurally, the afferent nerve of the autonomic nervous system contains 2 neurons. (T)
31. The fertilization of angiosperms is the fusion of two sperm with the egg cell and the synergist, which is called double fertilization. (F)
32. All kinds of organisms with the same functional organs do not mean that they have close relatives in evolution. (T)
33. The sporophytes of seed plants are developed, but the gametophytes are not developed, which is the characteristic of the life history of seed plants. (T)
34. The late Paleozoic Era, the Carboniferous and Permian periods, was a time when gymnosperms and reptiles flourished. (F)
35. The phenomenon that genetic elements on homologous chromosomes are linked together and inherited together is called linkage. (F)
36. A trait can be affected by multiple genes, and a gene can also affect multiple traits. (T)
37. The body shape of echinoderm larvae is bilaterally symmetrical, and the body shape of adults is radially symmetrical. (T)
38. A population with high mortality, short lifespan, and high fecundity has a greater adaptive capacity than a long-lived population. (T)
39. There is geographical isolation first, and then reproductive isolation. This way of forming new species is called allosite speciation. (T)
40 Animals have specialized hormone-producing organs—endocrine glands, and animal hormones are produced by specialized endocrine glands. (F)
Part V: Questions and answers essay questions (the answers in the book are relatively complete)
1. What are the characteristics of water? Describe the biological significance of these properties.
2. What are the ways of cell transmembrane movement? Briefly explain it.
3. Describe the structure and function of the spinal cord.
4. What is the structure of biofilm? What are the characteristics of biofilms?
5. Explain the mechanism of action of two types of animal hormones.
6. How many stages can the whole process of chemical evolution be divided into? Briefly explain it.
7. What are the parts of the whole process of cellular respiration? Briefly explain it.
8. Compare the development process of human sperm and egg.
9. Explain the evolution of the blood circulation system of all classes of vertebrates by the changes of heart structure.
10. Try to compare and discuss the evolutionary trend of vertebrates from aquatic to terrestrial from the perspectives of respiration, circulatory system, appendage structure, reproductive mode, and skin.
11. What are the types of permanent tissues in plants? What are the features and functions of each?
12. Outline the process of cellular immunity.
13. What are the functions of antibodies? Briefly explain it.
14. What is the difference between the division of cytoplasm in animal cells and plant cells?
15. Describe the breathing motion of human lungs.
16. Please describe the mechanism of the stomata switch
17. Please describe the changes of the genetic material DNA in each stage of the cell cycle.
18. Please take one of the respiratory, circulatory or nervous systems as an example, and describe how the morphological structure of animals adapts to their living environment during the evolution process
19. Please describe how the morphological structure of plant roots adapts to its physiological functions
20. Please describe the process by which the beef protein you eat is transformed into your own protein
21. Please describe the structure and function of biofilm
22. How is the stem structure of monocots different from that of dicots?
23. Discuss the distribution and function of auxin in plants
24. Describe the possible absorption and elimination pathways of the human body for environmental chemical pollutants
25. Take the conversion cycle of carbon and nitrogen as an example to illustrate the status and role of microorganisms in nature
26. Taking the nervous system of animals as an example, explain how the structure and function of organisms adapt to the environment during the process of biological evolution.
27. How does the morphological structure of a leaf adapt to its physiological function?
28. How are the resting potential and action potential of the nervous system generated?
29. Why can the previous climate and environmental conditions be inferred based on the annual rings of old trees.
30. Describe the possible absorption and elimination pathways of the human body for environmental chemical pollutants
31. Take the conversion cycle of carbon and nitrogen as an example to illustrate the status and function of microorganisms in nature.
32. Give an example to illustrate the metabolic process of cellular anaerobic respiration, and explain its biological significance.
33. Please describe the role of enzymes in the process of food digestion.
34. Homeostasis is one of the basic characteristics of life. Please analyze the ways that biological organisms maintain their homeostasis.
35. Why can reptiles become real terrestrial vertebrates?
36. From a genetic point of view, what is the significance of mitosis and meiosis.
37. Please describe the evolutionary history of animal transportation system and its relationship with the environment.
38. Compare the primary structures of dicotyledonous plant roots and stems
39. Briefly describe the main points of Darwin's theory of natural selection.
40. Please describe the whole process of sexual reproduction of angiosperms
41. Based on your biological knowledge, what environmental problems can be solved
42. What is the difference between light reaction and dark reaction of photosynthesis?
43. Please describe the main events that occur during cell mitosis.
44. Please take humoral immunity as an example to discuss the characteristics of the body's immune response.
45. Take auxin as an example to illustrate the mechanism of action of plant hormones.
46. Please describe the main form and process of substance transmembrane transport.
47. Please discuss the role and mechanism of terrestrial plants in ecological restoration.
48. Discuss the structure and function of urban ecological system;
49. To illustrate, in the process of biological evolution, it is not necessary to produce new organs or new substances to meet the needs of new functions.
50. How does the nervous system and endocrine system cooperate closely?
51. The significance of mesoderm (three germ layers) and bilateral symmetrical body shape.
52. Explain the process of double fertilization in angiosperms.
53. Discuss the possible long-term effects of certain environmental mutagenic pollutants on individual organisms, populations, communities and ecosystems and their mechanisms of action.
54. According to the principles of ecology, briefly describe the characteristics of the ecological farm, and design a cycle model of the ecological farm;
55. What is the trend of environmental issues in China? How about explaining your views on the future environment of mankind?
56. A certain river has been polluted by organic matter, and the river water has turned black and smelly. Please use biological knowledge to design a treatment plan for the river.
Part VI: Sample Answers
Requirements: 1. Concise and complete. 2. Highlight the key points. 3. Be organized. 4. Handwriting is neat.
- For example, in the process of biological evolution, it is not necessary to produce new organs or new substances to meet the needs of new functions.
(Main points include the following)
Answer: Fat-soluble vitamins
In invertebrates - present, but without vitamin function;
In vertebrates - endowed with new functions - vitamins;
Respiratory organs
nasal cavity
No internal nostrils in aquatic animals (fish)
Smell, but no respiratory function;
Inner nasal cavity in terrestrial vertebrates
Respiratory channel - this life function;
swim bladder
In fish, it is a sac-like protrusion of the digestive tract-controlling ups and downs;
Terrestrial animals: evolved into lungs - respiratory organs;
Advantages: fast and economical;
Disadvantages: imperfect, sequelae
For example, the contradiction between swallowing and breathing
Example 2. How are the resting potential and action potential of the nervous system generated?
(Main points include the following)
Answer: Resting potential: The Na-K pump maintains the unequal distribution of ions inside and outside the membrane, the outside is positive and the inside is negative; the permeability of the membrane to Na ions and K ions is different, which strengthens the positive charge outside the membrane; there are many in the cell Negatively charged macromolecules strengthen the negative charge in the membrane, resulting in a resting potential that is positive on the outside and negative on the inside;
Action potential: When the nerve fiber is stimulated, the permeability of the cell membrane changes sharply, the Na ion channel opens, the nerve impulse is accompanied by a large inflow of Na ions and a large outflow of K ions, and a short reversible periodic change occurs, that is, the action potential.
Example 3. Comparing the development of human sperm and ova.
(The main points include the following)
Answer: Seminal epithelium—spermatogonia—primary spermatocytes—(minus 1)—secondary spermatocytes—(minus 2)—sperm cells—sperm cells—sperm;
Ovarian cortex - oogonia - primary oocyte - (minus 1) - secondary oocyte, first polar body - (minus 2) - egg cell, second polar body.
Difference: A spermatogonia can produce 4 sperm; an oogonia can only produce 1 egg.
Example 4. How are the nervous system and the endocrine system closely coordinated?
(Main points include the following)
Answer: The connection in form and structure
Posterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and hypothalamus
The two are homologous and communicate through the pituitary stalk;
adrenal medulla
Derived from ectoderm, homologous to nerve cells;
functional connection
Hypothalamus: neurosecretory cells - secrete hormones (oxytocin, vasopressin);
Other nerve cells also secrete neurotransmitters;
Some neurotransmitters, neuromodulators are hormones
(interleukin; norepinephrine, etc.);
Neurotransmitters have the same function and mechanism of action as hormones;
Hormone activity is regulated by the nervous system
Hypothalamus (the supreme commander of the endocrine system)
Controls the headquarters and center of the endocrine system (pituitary gland)
control the endocrine system;
Hormones also have an effect on the activity of the nervous system;
Example 5. Outline the process of cellular immunity.
(Main points include the following)
Answer: Cytotoxic T cells: bind to virus-infected cells, secrete perforin, lyse target cells and die, intracellular viruses enter body fluids and are eliminated by antibodies;
Helper T cells: Stimulate the activation of cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, and white blood cells, and eliminate antigen cells;
Suppressor T cells: Terminate immunity.
Example 6. The evolution of the blood circulatory system in various classes of vertebrates is illustrated by the change of heart structure.
(Main points include the following)
Answer: Fish class: one atrium, one ventricle, single cycle:
Amphibians: two atria, one ventricle, incomplete double circulation:
Reptiles: two atria, one ventricle, ventricle with mediastinum, incomplete double circulation:
Aves, Mammals: two atria, two ventricles, complete double circulation.
Example 7. What are the types of permanent tissues in plants? What are the features and functions of each?
(Main points include the following)
Answer: epidermis: mostly flat, closely mosaic, with cuticle, pores, protective;
Parenchyma: a basic tissue with thin walls, large intercellular space, and various physiological functions;
Mechanical organization: secondary thickening of cell wall, supporting role;
Vascular tissue: composite tissue, conduction.
- What are the properties of water? Describe the biological significance of these properties.
(Main points include the following)
Answer: The characteristics of water meet the needs of biological survival:
Polar molecules: have strong cohesive properties and high surface capacity;
High specific heat and high evaporation heat are beneficial to maintain body temperature and keep metabolic rate stable;
Solid water has a lower density than liquid water, forming an insulating layer on the water surface, which is conducive to the life of aquatic organisms;
Water is the best solvent and an ideal medium for various chemical reactions in living systems.
- Discuss the significance of the emergence of mesoderm (three germ layers) and bilateral symmetrical body shape
(Main points include the following)
Answer: The significance of the emergence of mesoderm
The prerequisite for the appearance of the body cavity;
Prerequisites for further development of organ systems;
Interstitial tissue emerges - fights starvation, drought
Aquatic → Terrestrial necessary conditions;
The significance of the appearance of symmetrical body shape on both sides
●
Body differentiation: back, abdomen, left and right;
Lifestyle: Active and active sports such as crawling, swimming, running, flying, etc.;
Heading: foraging for food, finding a mate, avoiding enemies, and expanding the realm of life;
The necessary conditions for aquatic → terrestrial;
- What are the parts of the whole process of cellular respiration? Briefly explain it.
(Main points include the following)
Answer: Glycolysis: In the cytoplasm, 1 molecule of glucose is decomposed into 2 molecules of pyruvate;
Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate: In the mitochondrial matrix, activated acetyl-CoA is produced;
Citric acid cycle: Acetyl-CoA is completely oxidized into CO 2 and water, while producing a large amount of energy;
Electron transport chain: The electron transport process is the synthesis of energy that feeds ATP.
Part VII: Pay special attention to:
- Take the Songhua River pollution as an example, explain the changes in its ecosystem and how we should protect the environment, and use your current knowledge to design a complete treatment plan so that the ecosystem can recover as quickly as possible.
- The Shenzhou-6 spacecraft has successfully completed its space journey. If we want to continue to explore the moon or other planets, how should human beings use biological knowledge to serve this purpose?
- With the rapid development of economic construction, the urban environment and pollution are also increasing. How to effectively deal with environmental and population issues?
- Judging from the prevalence of some new viruses (such as SRAS, HN51) in recent years, how can humans coordinate the development of the environment and humans?
With the advancement of science and technology, there are more and more genetically modified foods or animals. What do you think of this phenomenon?
two. multiple choice
1. At the end of mitosis in human cells, when new nuclei are formed, at most several small nucleoli can be formed, and then merged into one large nucleolus ( )
A．5 B．10 c. 46 D．23
2. The optimum pH for hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes is about ( )
A．1.80 B．4.8 C．7.0 D．8.0
3. The following substance has the opposite action to cytochalasin B ( )
A．Vinblastine B. paclitaxel
C．colchicine d. Phalloidin
4. Which of the following statements related to eukaryotic cells is incorrect ( )
A．Centrioles and centrosomes are homologous organelles
B．Proteins synthesized by ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are directly transported to the Golgi apparatus for processing and packaging
C．Microbodies exist in both animal and plant cells, but the types are different, such as the glyoxylate cycle body, which exists in plant cells but not in animal cells
D．The number and types of proteins on the inner mitochondrial membrane are higher than those on the outer membrane
5. The strong connection between epithelial cells mainly depends on which of the following connection methods ( )
A．desmosome b. tight connection
C．gap junction d. plasmodesmata
6. The mechanism of the bactericidal action of penicillin is ( )
A．Inhibits the activity of the 50S subunit of the ribosome
B．Inhibition of peptide chain elongation
C．Inhibits the activity of bacterial transpeptidase
D．Inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase
7. Reaction 1: A──→B+C, △G=+20.920kJ/mol·L; Reaction 2: C+D──→D, △G=-18.320kJ/mol·L. Ask: The Keq value of these two reactions ( )
A．The Keq value of reaction 1 is greater than that of reaction 2
B．The Keq value of reaction 2 is greater than that of reaction 1
C．Both are equal
D．unconfirmed
8. The color of peroxidase is brown, the reason is ( )
A．Contains hemoglobin b. Contains chlorophyll
C．Contains Cyt D．Contains NAD
9. In the citric acid cycle pathway, which of the following is connected to the electron transport chain on the inner membrane of mitochondria ( )
A．citrate synthase b. isocitrate dehydrogenase
C．succinate dehydrogenase d. malate dehydrogenase
10. In human skeletal muscle cells, when muscle glycogen is used for anaerobic respiration, how many molecules of ATP can be provided to muscle fibers by a liver glycogen fragment containing 10 glucose residues after anaerobic respiration ( )
A．20 B．30 c. 40 D．360
11. Which of the following substances is the product of aspartic acid deamination ( )
A．Alanine b. alpha-ketoglutarate
C．Oxaloacetate d. malic acid
12. In photosynthesis, the amount of ATP and NADPH needed to synthesize a glucose molecule is ( )
A．12、12 B．18、12
C．18、18 D．3、2
13. Which of the following statements related to photosynthesis is incorrect ( )
A．One of the reasons why the photosynthetic efficiency of C4 plants is lower than that of C3 plants is weak photorespiration
B．The limiting effect of CO2 on photosynthesis of C4 plants is much greater than that of C3 plants
C．The mesophyll cells of C3 plants often have obvious palisade tissue and spongy tissue, but C4 plants are usually not obvious
D．Under strong light, C4 plants use much more light energy than C3 plants
14. At the end of plant cell mitosis, the first structure formed at the equatorial plate is ( )
A．cell plate b. film forming body
C．cell membrane d. cell wall
15. In which of the following organisms, the nuclear membrane does not disintegrate during mitosis, and the chromosomes are not pulled by microtubules, but attached to the nuclear membrane and separated with the extension of the nuclear membrane ( )
A．diatom b. Chlorella c. Dinoflagellates D. moss
16. In mammals, which of the following cell division cycles is the shortest ( )
A．Hematopoietic stem cells b. Hepatocyte
C．fertilized egg d. embryonic stem cells
17. Which of the following statements related to telomeres is incorrect ( )
A．Telomeres are special structures at the ends of chromosomes
B．Telomeres are a special sequence of bases at both ends of chromosomes
C．Telomeres are involved in the normal replication of chromosomes
D．The length of telomeres is also related to the lifespan of cells
18. Which of the following mechanical tissues can restore the ability of cells to divide ( )
A．wood fiber b. bast fiber
D．thick horn cells d. stone cells
19. Which of the following groups of cells cannot be found in loose connective tissue ( )
A．Fibroblasts and Lymphocytes
B．mast cells and plasma cells
C．macrophages and mast cells
D．red blood cells and platelets
20. Which of the following is made up of cells ( )
A．Collagen fibers b. elastic fiber
C．muscle fibers d. nerve fiber
twenty one. Which of the following vitamins is the coenzyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase ( )
A．Vitamin C b. Vitamin B1
C．Vitamin A D．Vitamin B2
twenty two. Which of the following statements related to vitamins and health is incorrect ( )
A．Pernicious anemia is not mainly caused by vitamin B12 deficiency in food, but by intestinal absorption dysfunction.
B．Vitamin B2 is the coenzyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase. The lack of vitamin B2 will make pyruvate unable to decarboxylate and cause a series of diseases, such as conjunctivitis, oral ulcers, etc.
C．Vitamin D is a vitamin that can be synthesized in the human body. If there is a lack of vitamin D in the food, it can be satisfied as long as it is exposed to the sun frequently. Vitamin B12 is a vitamin that cannot be synthesized in the human body. If there is no vitamin B12 in the food , will definitely suffer from pernicious anemia
D．Vitamin E not only plays an important role in maintaining fertility, but also has an antioxidant effect and plays an important role in protecting biofilms
twenty three. The hardest substance in the human body is ( )
A．Enamel (enamel) B. dentin (tooth)
C．Cortical bone d. cementum
twenty four. The pharynx is a common channel for gas and food. Which of the following statements related to swallowing food is incorrect ( )
A．When swallowing, lift the tongue up to seal the mouth and prevent backflow of food
B．When swallowing, the soft palate above the pharynx is lifted to seal the internal nostrils
C．Larynx rises, overhangs to cover throat opening
D．Under the synergistic action of A, B, and C, the food is squeezed into the esophagus by means of the contraction of related muscles
25．The camel's stomach has only three chambers, which one of them has turned into a water sac ( )
A．Omasum B．Abomasum C. Net stomach D．Rumen
26．When the germinal layer cells under the human epidermis undergo mitosis, the newly formed nuclei form several small nucleoli when entering the terminal stage, and then aggregate into a large nucleolus ( )
A．4 B．8 C．10 D．1
27．Among the following herbivores, which one is the most inefficient in digesting food ( )
A．cattle B．sheep C．rabbit D．horse
28．Which of the following enzymes does not catalyze ( )
A．pepsin b. Trypsin
C．rennet d. Enterokinase
29．Which of the following induces the gastric gland to secrete the most gastric juice ( )
A．conditioned neural induction
B．Hormonal induction by gastrin
C．Hormonal induction by enterogastrin
D．Hormonal induction by enterin
30．The main source of peptide bond exonuclease is ( )
A．pancreas b. small intestine gland
C．Intestinal epithelial cells d. Gastric glands and gastric mucosal epithelium
31．Within a few hours after a full meal, the blood sugar concentration in the following blood vessels is the lowest ( )
A．inferior vena cava b. superior vena cava
C．Hepatic portal vein d. pulmonary artery
32．Vitamin A can be stored in which of the following organs in the human body ( )
A．skeletal muscle b. retina c. liverD．kidney
33．For organisms that breathe with gills, the direction of water flow in the gills and the direction of blood flow in the gills ( )
A．Same direction B．reverse c. Irregular D. vertical
34．The larvae of dragonflies live in water and exchange gas through gills, and their rectal gills originate from ( ) during development.
A．Ectoderm b. endoderm
C．mesoderm d. unconfirmed
35．Which of the following statements about respiratory organs and animal body size is correct ( )
A．Any animal that breathes with gills is a small animal
B．Any animal that breathes with gills is a large animal
C．Any animal that breathes through a trachea is a small animal
D．Any animal that breathes with lungs is a large animal
36．Which of the following animals has positive pressure breathing ( )
A．birds b. Mammals c. Amphibians d. reptiles
37．Which of the following is not an adaptation characteristic of deep-diving mammals to long-dive diving environments ( )
A．The blood volume is larger than that of ordinary beasts
B．Smaller lungs, less oxygen, more oxygen in the blood
C．High myoglobin content in muscle
D．The lungs are particularly large and store large amounts of air for long dives
38．The respiration of aquatic multicellular animals is closely related to the creation of water flow around itself. Spirogyra is the lowest multicellular animal, and its self-made water flow is through ( )
A．collar cells
B．ciliated cells
C．movement of pseudopodia
D．Enlargement and narrowing of body cavities
39．The lowest animal capable of directional flow in blood vessels is ( )
A．Nematodes B．earthworm c. locust d. fish
40．The heart of an earthworm is actually a pulsating blood vessel, and the cells in the wall of the vessel adapt to its function ( )
A．Has a well-developed microfilament system
B．Has a well-developed microtubule system
C．Has a well-developed intermediate fiber system
D．Has a well-developed muscle fiber system
41．The heart of which of the following animals is divided into four compartments in the same circulation path ( )
A．whale b. fish C．frog D．snake
42．The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle is called ( )
A．AV valve B．tricuspid valve
C．semilunar valve d. mitral valve
43．In the heart, the most self-regulated structure is ( )
A．Atrioventricular node B. sinus node
C．Atrioventricular bundle D. Purkinje fiber
44．In the electrocardiogram of normal people, there are 5 waves in one cardiac cycle, which are represented by PQRST, where QRS represents ( )
A．Atrial contraction b. Ventricular contraction
C．Ventricular diastole D. Ventricles begin to contract
45．The vessel with the highest pulse pressure is ( )
A．aorta b. arteriole
C．capillaries d. brachial artery
46．In vertebrates, cells that promote blood clotting are called coagulation cells, and in mammals they are called platelets. Which of the following animals has agglutinated cells ( )
A．camel b. wolf C．sparrow D．elephant
47．Which of the following statements about blood coagulation reactions is incorrect ( )
A．is a cascade amplification reaction
B．Heparin inhibits the coagulation reaction
C．The end result is the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
D．is a positive feedback regulation response
48．Which of the following statements about immunoglobulin is incorrect ( )
A．Immunoglobulins are composed of 4 peptide chains
B．There are two identical antigen-binding sites on each immunoglobulin molecule
C．The H and L chains of the five immunoglobulins are all different
D．Between the H chain and the H chain of the immunoglobulin, between the L chain and the L chain, and between the H chain and the L chain are all connected by disulfide bonds
49．In mice that lose their cellular immune function after thymus removal, their humoral immune function is also often reduced, the main reason being ( )
A．Lack of K cells (killer cells)
B．lack of helper T cells
C．lack of cytotoxic T cells
D．lack of suppressor T cells
50．Which of the following immunoglobulins is associated with allergic reactions ( )
A．IgA B．IgG C．IgE D． IgD
51．Which of the following antibodies easily attaches to the surface of mast cells or basophils ( )
A．IgA B．IgG C．IgE D． IgD
52．HIV main attack ( )
A．Cytotoxic T cells b. Helper T cells
C．Suppressor T cells d. K cells
53．The nitrogenous waste excreted by spiders is ( )
A．uric acid b. NH3 C．Uric acidD．Guanine
54．The ancestors of marine bony fish lived in ( )
A．in seawater b. fresh water
C．The brackish water area of the estuary D. unconfirmed
55．Which of the following is not an adaptive characteristic of freshwater fish to maintain a stable body fluid osmotic pressure ( )
A．freshwater fish never drink
B．Freshwater Fish Fillets Highly Diluted Urine
C．freshwater fish have salt glands
D．Freshwater fish have salt-sucking cells in their gills
56．The function of which of the following excretory organs is mainly to regulate the balance of water and salt, but not to excrete metabolic waste ( )
A．Stretch bubble b. pronephric tube
C．Metanephric duct D. Malpighian tubules
57．Which of the following statements about the characteristics of renal blood circulation is incorrect ( )
A．Blood needs to flow through two sets of capillary networks
B．Blood flows through arterioles twice
C．Blood changes from arterial to venous as it passes through the glomerular capillary network
D．Blood changes from arterial to venous as it passes through the network of capillaries around the renal tubules
58．In the kidney, the part with the highest osmotic pressure is ( )
A．proximal convoluted tubule
B．distal convoluted tubule of renal tubule
C．kidney cortex
D．The junction of the descending and ascending branches of the renal tubule
59．The neurons in the spinal ganglion of vertebrates belong to ( )
A．Bipolar neurons b. multipolar neuron
C．unipolar neurons d. pseudounipolar neurons
60．The receptors in the knee jerk reflex are ( )
A．tendon b. muscle rib
C．Nissl bodies d. tactile body
61．The reduction of which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with Parkin's disease ( )
A．serotonin b. Acetylcholine
C．dopamine d. 5-HT
62．Which of the following statements related to neurotransmitters is correct ( )
A．After the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, it can cause the depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
B．Excitatory transmitters can cause post-synaptic membrane depolarization, and inhibitory transmitters can increase the polarity of the postsynaptic membrane
C．The effects of neurotransmitters on the postsynaptic membrane depend on the nature of the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
D．Binding of neurotransmitters to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane can only change the switching of ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane
63．Which of the following statements about the vertebrate nervous system is correct ( )
A．The brains of all vertebrates are homologous organs
B．Amniotes have 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
C．The development direction of the highest-level centers of vertebrates is in the direction of primitive cortex → neocortex → cerebral cortex
D．From an evolutionary point of view, the most primitive function of the brain is to coordinate the movement of the body
64．Stimulating which part of the patient's cerebral cortex will cause the patient to recall the past events ( )
A．frontal lobe b. occipital lobe C. temporal lobe d. olfactory lobe
65．Which of the following statements related to the peripheral nervous system is incorrect ( )
A．The peripheral nervous system includes the autonomic nervous system and the somatomotor nervous system
B．The autonomic nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system, distributed around the organs
C．The somatic motor nerve contains two neurons while the autonomic nervous system contains only one neuron
D．The motor nerves of the body are directly innervated by the cerebral cortex, while the autonomic nervous system is not directly innervated by the brain
66．The role of lamellar bodies in the skin is ( )
A．feel temperature changes on the skin
B．Feel various mechanical stimuli to the skin
C．Feel various pressures on the skin
D．Sensitive to a variety of damaging stimuli
67．Which of the following animals has the most developed and sensitive thermoreceptors ( )
A．insect b. snake C．bird D．frog
68．The part of the inner ear that connects to the stapes in the auditory ossicles is ( )
A．Oval window b. round window c. vestibule d. semicircular canal
69．In the human ear, the part that really feels the vibration of sound waves and generates nerve impulses is ( )
A．vestibule b. semicircular canal
C．cochlea pubicum D．Organ of Corti
70．Which of the following functions has nothing to do with cone cells? ( )
A．feel bright light b. Differentiate between different wavelengths of light
C．Feel low light D. generate action potential
71．Which of the following animals has a focusing method similar to that of a camera ( )
A．fish B．snake C．bird D．horse
72．When the human eye moves from looking at distant objects to near objects, the activity of ciliary body smooth muscle and the change of lens curvature are respectively ( )
A．Contraction of the ciliary muscle, enlargement of the curvature of the lens
B．Contraction of ciliary muscle, reduction of curvature of lens
C．Dilation of the ciliary muscle, enlargement of the curvature of the lens
D．Ciliary muscle dilation, lens curvature becomes smaller
73．Cells capable of contraction and relaxation, which produce movement, were first seen in ( )
A．coelenterate b. software movement
C．linear motion d. twisted animal
74．In a myofibril, how many thin filaments can a thick filament contact with? ( )
A．2 B．3 c. 5 roots D．6 sticks
75．During muscle contraction, the change of light band and dark band is ( )
A．Bright bands widen, dark bands narrow
B．Bright band narrows, dark band widens
C．Bright band narrows, dark band remains unchanged
D．The bright band remains unchanged, and the dark band narrows
76．In vertebrates, slow-twitch muscles are mainly involved in the normal maintenance of the body, and the difference between slow-twitch muscles and fast-twitch muscles is mainly ( )
A．The molecular structure of actin is slightly different
B．The degree of development of sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells
C．Motor endplates release different neurotransmitters
D．Different numbers of myofibrils in muscle cells
77．When plant tissue culture, the two plant hormones that must be added are auxin and cytokinin. When the concentration of auxin is equivalent to that of cytokinin, the callus of the plant will ( )
A．Differentiate roots B. Differentiation and budding
C．Undifferentiated D. Simultaneously differentiate roots and shoots
78．Which of the following statements about animal hormones and plant hormones is incorrect ( )
A．There are fewer types of plant hormones than animal hormones
B．Animals have specialized hormone-secreting organs while plants do not
C．Animal hormones are more specific than plant hormones
D．The chemical nature of animal hormones and plant hormones is the same
79．Lobster neurosecretory hormone cells that secrete hormones that inhibit molting are distributed in ( )
A．In the cranial ganglion B. ventral nerve cord
C．Base of antennae or mandible D. in eye stalk
80．The function of diuretic hormone secreted by some neurosecretory cells in migratory locust brain is ( )
A．Promote Malpighian tubules to secrete more fluid and inhibit hindgut reabsorption of water
B．Promote glomerular filtration and inhibit tubular reabsorption
C．Inhibit the secretion of Malpighian tubules and promote the reabsorption of water in the hindgut
D．Inhibits the reabsorption of water by the metanephric duct and inhibits the reabsorption of water by the midgut
81．In fish, calcitonin is produced by ( )
A．secreted by parathyroid glands
B．secreted by parafollicular cells in the thyroid
C．secreted by the postbranchial bodies on the gills
D．secreted by the pituitary gland
82．Which of the following is not a physiological function of parathyroid hormone ( )
A．Promotes calcium reabsorption by renal tubules
B．Inhibits the dissolution and release of calcium salts in bones
C．Activate vitamin D
D．Promotes reabsorption of phosphate by renal tubules
83．Insulin has a hormonal effect on which of the following enzymes in glucose metabolism ( )
A．Glycogen phosphorylase B. Glucokinase
C．Phosphofructokinase d. citrate synthase
84．Which of the following hormone receptors exists only on the membranes of liver cells and fat cells but not on the membranes of muscle cells ( )
A．Insulin b. Glucagon
C．epinephrine d. growth hormone
85．The endocrine gland whose origin is related to the branchial slit is ( )
A．Thyroid b. adrenal gland
C．Parathyroid glands d. none of the above
86．The adrenal cortex and medulla of which of the following animals are independent and unrelated in structure and function ( )
A．fish B．snake C．bird D．ox
87．In addition to having the opposite function to melatonin, melatonin also has ( )
A．Stimulates gonad development b. Inhibition of gonad development
C．Stimulates retinal development D. promote growth and development
88．The receptors for glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids are located in ( )
A．On the cell membrane b. in the cytoplasm
C．inside the nucleus d. on the nuclear envelope
89．Which of the following hormone receptors does not exist in muscle cells?
A．Insulin b. adrenaline
C．Glucagon d. growth hormone
90．Many animals have the behavior of migration. From the perspective of evolution, this belongs to ( )
A．co-evolution b. divergent evolution
C．Convergent evolution d. radiation evolution
91．When a bee finds a nectar source that is far away but rich in nectar and high in sugar content, the action of returning to the nest is ( )
A．Figure 8 dance, the number of dances is more, the intensity of the action is greater
B．Dancing in a circle, the number of dances is more, and the intensity of the movements is greater
C．Figure 8 dance, the number of dances is less, the intensity of the movement is less
D．Dancing in a circle, where the number of dances is less and the intensity of the movements is less
92．During meiotic prophase I, synapsis occurs at ( )
A．Thintene stage B. even line phase
C．Pachytene D. double line period
93．Morphologically observed crossover between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes is in ( )
A．Thintene stage B. even line phase
C．Pachytene D. double line period
94．Random assortment of non-homologous chromosomes occurs in ( ) during meiosis
A．Meiotic prophase I B. meiotic metaphase I
C．meiotic anaphase I D. meiotic anaphase II
95．According to the time when meiosis occurs, the meiosis of Chlamydomonas is called ( )
A．Initiation of meiosis B. terminal meiosis
C．Intermediate meiosis D. gamete meiosis
96．High-frequency recombination strains are referred to as Hfr dwarf, and the characteristics of transferring F factor are ( )
A．F+ bacteria deliver the entire F factor to F-, making F- transform into F+, and transforming itself into F-
B．F+ bacteria transfer one chain of their F factor to F-, and then each replicates its complementary chain, making F- change into F+, without changing itself
C．F+ bacteria can only transfer a piece of DNA on the F factor to F-, but not F-factor, F- is still F-, and it does not change itself
D．F+ bacteria can only transfer a piece of DNA on the F factor to F-, F+ becomes F-, and the original F- turns into F+
97．In males, the main effects of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are ( )
A．LH promotes interstitial cells to secrete androgen, FSH promotes sperm production
B．LH promotes sperm production, FSH promotes interstitial cells to secrete androgen
C．LH promotes Sertoli cells to secrete androgen, FSH promotes sperm production
D．The functions of LH and FSH are basically the same, both of which are to promote the secretion of androgen by interstitial cells and the production of sperm
98．In a menstrual cycle, the time when LH receptors begin to appear on the follicle is ( )
A．After menstruation ends b. before menstrual period
C．After ovulation b. before ovulation
99．In mammals, at the time of fertilization, meiosis of the oocyte has entered ( )
A．meiosis first division metaphase
B．anaphase of the first division of meiosis
C．meiosis second division metaphase
D．anaphase of second division of meiosis
100．In the cleavage stage, there is a large amount of mRNA in the cell, and its main function is ( )
A．Directs the synthesis of a large number of enzymes
B．directs the synthesis of membrane proteins
C．Directs the synthesis of histones on chromosomes
D．Directs the synthesis of enzyme proteins and hormone proteins
101．Which of the following originates from the endoderm ( )
A．sweat glands b. thymus
C．Salivary glands d. lacrimal gland
102．Among the following insects, the metamorphosis type is different from the other three insects ( )
A．locust b. mole cricket c. dragonfly d. stinkbug
103．Which of the following hormones induces metamorphosis in amphibians?
A．growth hormone b. adrenaline
C．Thyroid hormone d. sex hormone
104．Which of the following statements related to the inheritance of quantitative traits is incorrect ( )
A．is controlled by many pairs of genes, each of which has a small effect
B．The phenotypes in the offspring are generally less extreme types, more intermediate types, and a normal distribution
C．The variation of qualitative traits is discontinuous while the inheritance of quantitative traits is continuous
D．Inheritance of traits controlled by multiple pairs of alleles with complementary effects
105．In rabbits, genes C and c determine the formation of melanin, and genes G and g control the distribution of melanin in the hair. Each individual has at least one dominant gene C to synthesize melanin, so that it can show color, and G and g Only at this time can it show its effect, G can make the hair component gray, and gg makes the hair color black. There are two kinds of hybrid combinations of A and B, all of which are homozygous gray rabbits and white rabbits. The second generation of offspring of group A: gray: white = 3: 1; the second generation of offspring of group B: gray: black: white = 9:3:4. Try to speculate that the genotypes of the two hybrid combinations are ( )
A．Group A: CCGG×ccgg; Group B: CCGG×ccGG
B．Group A: CCGG×ccGG; Group B: CCGG×ccgg
C．Group A: CCgg×ccGG; Group B: CCGG×ccGG
D．Group A: ccGG×ccgg; Group B: ccGG×ccGG
106．Which of the following is not a characteristic of tRNA ( )
A．Molecular size is generally around 80bp
B．partially double-stranded region
C．There is a G-cap at the 5' end of the molecule, and a PlayA at the 3' end
D．rare bases in the molecule
107．Which of the following diseases is not related to tyrosine metabolism ( )
A．Phenylketonuria b. black urine
D．Huntington's disease d. Albinism
108．In eukaryotes, regulation at the gene level is complex with many modes. In the following modes, regulation that does not occur at the transcriptional level is ( )
A．Methylation of cytosine on DNA molecules
B．amplification of certain genes
C．hormone induction
D．Activation of latent mRNA
109．Which of the following methods cannot be used to find the target gene from the gene library ( )
A．in situ molecular hybridization
B．Preparation of Specific DNA Probes
C．using immune methods
D．PCR amplification
110．For individuals with genotype Aa, if the selection pressure of the dominant gene is 1, then after two consecutive generations of selfing, the frequency of A gene is ( )
A．1/4 B．3/4 C．1/2 D．3/8
111．In nature, some plants rely exclusively on moth insects for pollination. Which of the following types of flowers do you think are more suitable for moths to pollinate ( )
A．Open during the day, large flowers, red or yellow, no structure for bees to settle
B．The flowers are all open during the day, all are bright blue or yellow, and all have a fragrant scent
C．Open at night, white or light color, with fragrance
D．Open during the day, dark in color, often smelly
112．Cytochrome C is a protein that plays an important role in the respiratory electron transport chain. The number of amino acids that make up cytochrome C in different organisms is the same, but the types are somewhat different. The closer the relationship, the smaller the difference. The farther away, the bigger the difference. The evolutionary drive of this difference in cytochrome c comes from ( )
A．natural selection b. artificial selection
C．genetic drift d. struggle for survival
113．In the process of the origin of life, the most likely to be the first enzyme is ( )
A．DNA B．RNA C．protein d. Lipids
114．Sex determination and sex-linked inheritance were discovered in the study of which of the following organisms ( )
A．peas b. Arabidopsis C. fruit flies d. people
115．In the process of biological evolution, which of the following organisms is most important in the process of evolution from heterotrophic organisms to autotrophic organisms ( )
A．porphyrin b. Chlorophyll
C．Lutein d. cytochrome
116．A large number of stromatolites have been found in Archaean strata, indicating that ( )
A．Eukaryotes have evolved since ancient times
B．Photoautotrophic organisms have evolved in the Archaean
C．A large number of invertebrates have evolved in the Archaean
D．A large number of invertebrates such as trilobites have evolved in the Archaean
117．In which of the following periods did the ancestors of vertebrate landings—the total fin fish first appear? ( )
A．Cambrian b. Devonian
C．Silurian D．Ordovician
118．Archaeopteryx was discovered in the geological age of which of the following formations ( )
A．Permian b. Triassic
C．Jurassic d. Cretaceous
119．The following table shows the antibody-antigen reactions of giant pandas and other animals:
| antiserum |
serum |
|||
| giant panda |
red panda |
black bear |
sun bear |
|
| Anti-Panda |
+ + + |
+ |
+ + |
+ + |
| Anti Red Panda |
+ |
+ + + |
+ |
+ |
| anti black bear |
+ + |
+ |
+ + + |
+ + |
| Anti sun bear |
+ + |
+ |
+ + |
+ + + |
Based on your analysis, which animal is the most distantly related to the giant panda ( )
A．red panda b. black bear
B．Malay bear D．unconfirmed
120．There is a kind of phage whose DNA is spliced into a certain part of the bacterial DNA molecule, and replicated together with the replication of the host DNA, becoming a part of the bacterial DNA. The phage DNA that joins the host DNA is called ( )
A．Prophage b. provirus
C．temperate phage d. virulent phage
121．Which of the following organisms has a cilium or flagella structure that is not a "9+2" structure ( )
A. Grasshopper B. algae
C．spirochetes d. green eye worm
three. True or False
1. The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is a continuation of the endoplasmic reticulum... ( )
2. Tubulin has strong species specificity, if human tubulin is transplanted into Chlamydomonas cells, it cannot participate in the assembly of flagella )
3. The difference between flagella and cilia is not primarily a structural difference, but a difference in number and length. ………………( )
4. The electric energy generated by the electric eel is formed by the direct transmission of high-energy electrons generated during organic oxidation………………………( )
5. In the early stage of cell mitosis, the disintegration of the nuclear membrane begins with the hyper-dephosphorylation of the nuclear lamina, and the disintegration of the nuclear membrane leads to the disintegration of the nuclear membrane and the formation of many membrane vesicles …………………( )
6. When bacteria divide, DNA molecules attach to the cell membrane after replication, and separate from each other as the cell membrane elongates... ( )
6．√
7. In the process of chromosome replication, the centromere heterochromatin part is the last to be replicated………………………( )
8. The retina is essentially a nervous tissue... ( )
9. For a nerve cell, the axon is the afferent stimulus, and the dendrite is the efferent stimulus………………………………( )
10. Plants are autotrophic, animals are heterotrophic...
11. The most economical form of energy storage for animals and plants is to store sugars such as starch……………………………………( )
12. Dipeptidase has no specificity, a dipeptidase can separate a peptide bond in the dipeptide formed by all two amino acids to form two free amino acids……………………………( )
13. In the human body, liver glycogen is a systemic energy source while muscle glycogen is a regional energy source…………………………( )
14. The tracheal system of terrestrial arthropods is highly adapted to the terrestrial environment, and land also limits the development of terrestrial arthropods' body size ( )
15. There are pigment cells in the skin of fish. When the pigment diffuses in the cells, the body color is light, and when it is concentrated in a certain point of the cells, the color is dark…………………………………… ( )
16. The blood vessels that are most likely to deposit cholesterol in the human body are coronary arteries and cerebral arteries; congenital coronary heart disease is caused by the lack of cholesterol receptors on the surface of liver cells, resulting in uncontrolled cholesterol levels in the blood ( )+++
17. The affinity between hemoglobin and O2 is different in different animals. Generally speaking, the affinity between hemoglobin and O2 is inversely proportional to the vigorous degree of metabolism......... ( )
18. Lymph fluid flows centripetal... ( )
19. Immune self-tolerance is established during the embryonic period ( )
20. The process by which higher animals excrete food residues from the body is called excretion
twenty one. The function of the metanephric duct of annelids is very similar to that of the vertebrates, and they belong to homologous organs. …………………………( )
twenty two. A node of Ranvier on a nerve fiber is actually a Schwann cell or a glial cell surrounding an axon... ( )
twenty three. Neurotransmitters released by synaptosomes through the presynaptic membrane can depolarize the postsynaptic membrane
twenty three. A hormone corresponds to only one receptor and produces a physiological effect......................................................................( )
twenty four. A receptor is a transducer that converts the energy of a stimulus into electrical energy……………………………………( )
25．The compound eyes of insects can form a clear image under strong light, but overlapping images can be formed under low light
26．A sarcomere on a myofibril consists of a complete A-band and a complete clear band ………………………( )
27．In tetanic muscle, the presence of striations is sometimes not observed …………………………………………………( )
28．A high concentration of auxin can inhibit plant growth by inducing ethylene production in plant-related tissues……………( )
29．Insulin is only found in vertebrates, not in invertebrates…………………………………( )
30．The amount of melatonin secreted by the pineal gland is greater in the daytime than in the night………………………( )
31．Nutrients required for human fertilized eggs to develop in the mother’s womb are completely from the mother ……………………( )
32．The fundamental driving force of molecular evolution is genetic drift rather than natural selection
33．Every organism requires an appropriate amount for each environmental factor. Too much or not enough may inhibit its life activities or even cause death. Each organism has a tolerance range for each factor, which is called Ecological width……………………………( )
34．In a natural community, if there is too much disturbance and severe or too little disturbance and mild, the diversity of species in the community will decline, conversely, disturbances in between will most lead to developed species diversity... ……………………………………( )
General biology test questions 2 reference answers
one. multiple choice
1．B 2．B
3. D．Vinblastine has a function similar to that of colchicine, which can prevent the assembly of tubulin, destroy the formation of spindles, and has anticancer effects; paclitaxel can prevent the depolymerization of microtubules, and can promote the formation of microtubule monomer molecules. The function of aggregation can make cells stay in the division stage and not continue to develop, so it can be used as an anticancer drug; phalloidin can prevent the depolymerization of actin filaments, and depolymerize actin filaments with cytochalasin The effect is just the opposite. 4. B5．A6．C．P60. 7. B8．A9．C10．B11．C12．B13．B14．B15．C16．C 17．A18．C 19．D 20．C 21．BD 22．C 23．A 24．C 25．A 26．C 27．D (General Biology P131) 28. C 29．B．General Biology P132 30．B 31．B 32．C 33．B 34．A 35．C 36．C 37．D 38．A 39．B 40．A (General Biology P160) 41. B 42．D (also known as the right atrioventricular valve, General Biology P167) 43. B 44．B．General Biology p167. 45．A 46．C 47．no answer 48．C 49．B 50．C 51．C 52．B．There is a layer of glycoprotein on the surface of the AIDS virus, and its conformation is just complementary to a glycoprotein called T4 on the helper T cell, so the two combine and the virus can enter the helper T cell. But other immune cells, such as macrophages and some B cells, and even cells of other tissues, such as brain cells, can also be invaded by HIV, which makes some AIDS patients have severe dementia, loss of movement, memory loss and other symptoms. Helper T cells are the cells that both types of immune systems rely on. If a large number of helper T cells are eliminated, the patient will lose all immune functions, and various infectious diseases will take advantage of it. Patients often die of heart failure in the end.
53．D 54．B 55．C 56．B 57．C 58．D 59．D 60．B 61．C．General Biology P232. 62．C 63．A 64．C 65．C 66．C 67．B 68．B 69．D 70．B 71．A 72．A 73．A 74．D 75．C 76．B．The sarcoplasmic reticulum in slow muscle is underdeveloped, which is caused by the slow supply of Ca2+. 77．C．General Biology P283. 78．D 79．D．General Biology P191. 80．A．General Biology P. 293. 81．C．In lower vertebrates, calcitonin is secreted from a separate gland (postbranchial body), and in mammals, this gland is incorporated into the thyroid gland during the embryonic period. 82．D 83．B 84．B 85．C 86．A．General Biology P298. 87．B 88．B 89．C 90．C 91．A．General Biology p336. 92．B 93．D 94．C 95．C 96．C．Hfr strain is a strain with F factor and has strong conjugative ability, but when it conjugates with F factor, it can only transfer a piece of DNA (gene) to F-, but it transports F factor, so after conjugation, F- Still F-. For general F+ strains, when conjugating with F-, the surface of the F+ bacteria protrudes from the surface of the conjugative tube to communicate with the F-bacteria, and the two strands of the F factor DNA in the F+ bacteria separate, and a DNA single strand enters the F- bacteria from the conjugating tube , and replicated in F- bacteria into a double-stranded F-factor. The single-chain F+ factor retained in the original F+ bacteria is also copied and coupled with a new single-chain, becoming a complete F+ factor. Therefore, the result of conjugation is that the F- bacteria get the F+ factor, thus also get the gene on the F+ factor, and become F+ bacteria. But not all bacteria with F factor can turn F- bacteria into F+ bacteria, if so, F_ cells would have disappeared. 97．A 98．C 99．C 100．C 101．B 102．C 103．C 104．D 105．A 106．C 107．D 108．D 109．D 110．B 111．C 112．C 113．B 114．C 115．A 116．B．Stromatolite is a multi-layer structure formed by the accumulation of carbonaceous and siliceous sediments produced by the metabolic growth of primitive life such as cyanobacteria and photosynthetic bacteria. 117．B 118．C 119．A 120．B 121．C．General Biology P522.
two. True or False
1. √ 2．×. Tubulin is generally non-specific, and human tubulin can participate in the assembly of flagella when transplanted into Chlamydomonas cells. 3. √ 4．×. Electricity produced by electric eels is powered by ATP. 5. ×. It should be the hyperphosphorylation of the nuclear lamina that leads to the destruction of the nuclear lamina. 7. √ 8．×. The retina is essentially an epithelial tissue and is a specialized sensory epithelium. Both the nasal epidermis and the taste buds on the tongue are specialized sensory epithelium. 9. ×. It should be axonal efferent stimulation and dendrite afferent stimulation. 10. ×. The vast majority of plants are autotrophic, but there are exceptions, such as the parasitic plant mistletoe is completely heterotrophic, insecticide plants also exist in a heterotrophic way. Some protozoans in animals, such as green eye worm, can be self-supporting.
11. ×. The most economical form of energy storage in animals and plants is fat storage.
12. ×. There are many kinds of dipeptidases, and some dipeptidases are specific and can only hydrolyze the peptide bond formed between two specific amino acids.
13. √ 14．√ 15．× 16．√. General Biology p168.
17. √. The metabolic rate is high, the oxygen consumption of cells is large, and the affinity between hemoglobin and O2 is low, so O2 is easily released. 18. √ 19．√. There are receptors on the surface of lymphocytes, and there are many types of receptors. In the embryonic period, when lymphocytes mature, those receptor lymphocytes with the structure of MHC capable of interacting with their own cells are all eliminated, and the rest are Inability to combine with its own MHC, thus establishing immune self-tolerance. 20. × 21．× 22．×. The node of Ranvier refers to the adjacent part between the myelin sheath composed of two adjacent Schwann cells on the nerve fiber, which is exposed. Glial cells are not involved in the composition of the nodes of Ranvier. twenty three. ×. There are two types of neurotransmitters: excitatory neurotransmitters and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Excitatory transmitters can depolarize the postsynaptic membrane, but inhibitory transmitters can further strengthen the polarity of the postsynaptic membrane. twenty three. × 24．× 25．√. General Biology p262. 26．×. A sarcomere consists of a complete A-band and half I-bands on either side of the A-band. 27．√ 28．√ 29．×. General Biology P293. 30．×. In lampreys, the pineal gland retains the shape of the eye (the third eye). In higher vertebrates, the pineal gland has no photosensitive function and only has the function of secreting melatonin. According to the determination of scientists, melatonin The secretion of melatonin is greater at night than during the day. If it is exposed to light at night, the secretion of melatonin will stop. Light does not directly act on the pineal gland, but is transmitted to the pineal gland cells through the animal's retina, central nervous system, and sympathetic nerve. Melatonin responds to light much like plant phytochromes, and it's natural to imagine that the pineal gland might be where the animal's timekeeper, the circadian clock, resides. 31．×. During the first few divisions of a fertilized egg, nutrients come from the yolk in the egg. 32．× 33．√ 34．√