Comprehensive Practice of "Commercial Bank Operation and Management"
1. Multiple-choice questions (Among the alternative answers for each of the following sub-questions, there is only one correct answer that meets the meaning of the question. Multiple choices, wrong choices, and no choices will not be scored. There are 45 sub-questions in this question, each with 1 point)
1. The modern banking industry was born in ().
A. Great Britain
B. United States
C. Italy
D. Germany
【Answer】C
2. In 1694, in order to fight against usury and meet the needs of the nascent bourgeoisie in developing industry and commerce, the British government decided to establish a joint-stock bank ().
A. Bank of England
B. Bank of Manchester
C. HSBC
D. Bank of Liverpool
【Answer】A
3. The initial form of modern commercial banks is ().
A. Joint-stock banks
B. Capitalist commercial banks
C. Usury bank
D. Feudalist Banks
【Answer】B
4. ( ) was established in Shanghai in 1897, marking the emergence of modern Chinese banks.
A. Bank of Communications
B. Zhejiang Industrial Bank
C. China Commercial Bank
D. Beiyang Bank
【Answer】C
5. ( ) is the most basic function of a commercial bank and can best reflect the characteristics of its business activities.
A. Credit intermediary
B. Payment Intermediary
C. Clearing Intermediary
D. Regulatory functions of the economy
【Answer】A
6. The single banking system mainly exists in ( ).
A. Great Britain
B. United States
C. France
D. China
【Answer】B
7. The business object of commercial banks is ().
A. Financial assets and liabilities
B. General Merchandise
C. Business Capital
D. Monetary funds
【Answer】D
8. For the issue of common stock, which of the following statements is wrong ().
A. The issuance cost is relatively high
B. Dilution to the shareholders' equity of the commercial bank
C. The cost of capital is always higher than preferred stock and bonds
D. Leverage occurs when total return on capital falls
【Answer】D
9. Subsidiary capital does not include ().
A. Undisclosed reserves
B. Share capital
C. Revaluation reserve
D. Ordinary reserves
【Answer】B
10. The ratio of total capital to risk-weighted capital must not be lower than ().
A .7%
B .8%
C .9%
D .10%
【Answer】B
11. Capital/assets at the beginning of the year = 8%, various assets are 1 billion yuan, the ratio at the end of the year is still 8%, the undistributed income at the end of the year is 20 million yuan, and the appropriate capital of the bank is ().
A .12.5
B .10
C .10.2
D .12.7
【Answer】A
12. The most important liability of a commercial bank is ().
A. Borrowing
B. Issuing bonds
C. Various deposits
D. capital
【Answer】C
13. The () of commercial banks is the basis for the entire banking system to create deposit money.
A. Assets
B. Liabilities
C. Owner's Equity
D. capital
【Answer】B
14. A bank absorbs 1 million new deposits at an interest rate of 5%. The bank estimates that if the interest rate is 5.5%, it can raise 1.5 million deposits. If the interest rate is 6%, it can raise 2 million deposits. If it provides 6.5 100% interest rate can raise 2.5 million deposits, if 7% interest rate can raise 3 million deposits, while the bank's loan yield is 8.5%, the loan interest rate does not increase with the increase in loan volume, and the loan interest rate is the marginal rate of return on loans. When the deposit interest rate is ( ), the bank can obtain the maximum profit.
A .5%
B .6%
C .6.5%
D .7%
【Answer】C
15. A commercial bank has raised a total of 500 million yuan of funds, of which 100 million yuan can be raised for check deposits at a capital cost rate of 8%, 300 million yuan for time deposits and savings deposits at a capital cost rate of 12%, and 100 million yuan for capital bonds. billion, with a cost rate of 16%. If the proportion of deposits used in non-profit assets is: 15% for checking deposits, 5% for time deposits and savings deposits. Capital bonds are all used for profitable assets. The pre-tax average cost rate for this line is ( ).
A .10%
B .12%
C .15%
D .12.66%
【Answer】D
16. The bonds issued by commercial banks to supplement capital shortage are ().
A. General bonds
B. Capital bonds
C. International bonds
D. Government bonds
【Answer】B
17. The bonds issued by commercial banks for long-term loans and long-term investment are ().
A. General bonds
B. Capital bonds
C. International bonds
D. Government bonds
【Answer】A
18. According to ( ), classify loans as normal, special mention, substandard, doubtful, and loss.
A. Deadline
B. Degree of protection
C. Quality status
D. Repayment method
【Answer】C
19. A customer asked the bank for a credit line of 5 million yuan, but according to the loan contract, only 4 million yuan was used, and the interest rate was 10%. The bank charged a 1% commitment fee for the unused line, and also asked the customer to keep the actual loan Compensation balance of 10% of the loan amount and 5% of the unused loan amount. Calculate the pre-tax yield ( ) for this row.
A .11.5%
B .12%
C .11%
D .9%
【Answer】A
20. The bank grants a loan of 1 million yuan at an interest rate of 8%, and requires the borrower to deposit 10% of it in the bank. The actual interest rate of the borrower is ().
A .7.56 ％
B .8％
C .9％
D .8.89%
【Answer】D
21. ( ) does not need to pay a large amount of cash, so it will not affect the cash position of the acquiring bank.
A. Stock Exchange Mergers and Acquisitions
B. Cash purchase M&A
C. Hybrid Securities M&A
D. Leveraged M&A
【Answer】A
22. ( ) means that the merging bank directly purchases all or part of the assets of the target bank according to the market price to realize the merger.
A. Cash M&A
B. Stock for M&A
C. Zero-cost M&A
D. Cross-regional mergers and acquisitions
【Answer】A
23. Assuming that a bank has an after-tax profit of 100 million yuan this year, total assets of 5 million yuan, and total shareholders' equity of 3 million yuan, the return on equity is ().
A .0.02
B .0.03
C .0.04
D .0.05
【Answer】B
24. Suppose a bank has the following data: profitable assets of 100 million yuan, total assets of 500 million yuan, interest income of 12 million yuan, and interest expenses of 10 million yuan, then the bank's net interest rate margin is ().
A .0.02
B .0.03
C .0.04
D .0.05
【Answer】A
25. The largest proportion of bank assets in my country is ( ).
A. cash
B. Loans
C. Securities investment
D. Fixed assets
【Answer】B
26. The most important of commercial bank liabilities in my country is ( ).
A. Deposit
B. Borrowing
C. Capital
D. Issuing bonds
【Answer】A
27. The duration gap is equal to ().
A. Duration of Total Assets - Duration of Total Liabilities
B. Duration of Total Liabilities - Duration of Total Assets
C. Duration of Total Assets - Total Assets / Total Liabilities × Duration of Total Liabilities
D. Duration of total assets - total liabilities / total assets × duration of total liabilities
【Answer】D
28. The concept of duration was first proposed by American economists in 1936.
A. Lucas
B. Malkovich
C. Macaulay
D. Keynes
【Answer】C
29. A bank has interest rate sensitive assets of 600 million yuan and interest rate sensitive liabilities of 500 million yuan in the next 6 months, then the interest rate sensitive gap is ( ).
A .11
B .1
C .1.2
D .30
【Answer】B
30. When short-term liabilities of commercial banks support long-term assets, if interest rates rise in the future, it will lead to ( ) of net interest income.
A. increase
B. to reduce
C. unchanged
D. not sure
【Answer】B
31. The asset liquidity ratio is the ratio of ( ).
A. Deposits and Loans
B. Loans and deposits
C. Liquid assets and current liabilities
D. Current liabilities and current assets
【Answer】C
32. If a commercial bank is in a positive liquidity gap, indicate liquidity ().
A. Shortage
B. Excess
C. balance
D. not sure
【Answer】A
33. The index that reflects the profitability of each unit of assets of the enterprise is ().
A. Return on common stock
B. Return on Assets
C. Profit margin on sales
D. Return on Equity
【Answer】B
34. The lessor leases the equipment to the lessee for a short period of time. During the lease period, the lessor is responsible for the installation, maintenance, repair, tax payment and insurance premium of the equipment, and the lease method for providing special services is ( )
A. Finance Lease
B. Operating Leases
C. Leveraged Leases
D. Single Lease
【Answer】B
35. Intermediary business whose main content is the transfer, sale of information and provision of intellectual services belongs to ( ) intermediary business.
A. Settlement
B. Consulting
C. Proxy class
D. Credit card category
【Answer】B
36. Foreign exchange swap transactions mainly include currency swap and ()
A. Interest rate swaps
B. Term Swaps
C. Amount swap
D. Product interchange
【Answer】A
37. After the transaction between the buyer and the seller, according to the forward contract signed by both parties, the transaction method of foreign exchange delivery on the agreed date in the future is ( )
A. Forward transactions
B. Futures Trading
C. Spot transaction
D. Options Trading
【Answer】A
38. The remitting bank is entrusted by the remitter to issue a bank sight draft with the remittance as the payer, and the remitter sends it to the payee by itself, and the settlement method to withdraw the money from the remitting bank is ()
A. Wire transfer
B. Xinhui
C. bill exchange
D. Letter of credit
【Answer】C
39. In export credit, the amount of loan is usually contract finance ().
A .15%
B .85%
C .50%
D .100%
【Answer】B
40. Syndicated loans are divided into ( ) according to the relationship between the lender and the borrower.
A. Term Loans and Revolving Loans
B. Standby loans and revolving loans
C. Direct syndicated loan and indirect syndicated loan
D. Foreign export credits and international business credits
【Answer】C
41. It is ( ) to provide a large mid-term and long-term loan to the same borrower with the same loan terms as a bank syndicate led by a bank and joined by several banks.
A. Buyer's Credit
B. Hybrid loans
C. Seller Credit
D. Syndicated loan
【Answer】D
42. The interest rate risk of bank securities investment is ().
A. Changes in market interest rates may cause losses to bank bond investments
B. The possibility that the debtor will not be able to repay the principal and interest due to the bank
C. The possibility that the bank is forced to sell the outstanding bonds due to weak demand in the market, and the bank can only sell the bond at a lower price
D. Due to unpredictable price fluctuations, the purchasing power of the principal and interest income obtained from bank securities investment is lower than the purchasing power of the funds paid when investing in securities, which may cause the bank to suffer the possibility of loss of purchasing power
【Answer】A
43. Suppose there is a medium-term treasury bond with a face value of 1,000 yuan, the term is 2 years, the coupon rate is 10%, the interest is paid at the end of each year, the risk-free interest rate is 15%, and the current market price of the bond is ().
A .918.71
B .1000
C .847.22
D .869.56
【Answer】A
44. The bill discount rate (discount rate) is generally higher than other loans of the same term ().
A. high
B. same
C. low
D. Indeterminate
【Answer】C
45. From the perspective of the nature of commercial banks, commercial banks are a kind of ().
A. Industrial and commercial enterprises
B. Universal Bank
C. Financial enterprises
D. Specialized Banks
【Answer】C
2. Multiple-choice questions (among the alternative answers for each of the following sub-questions, there are two or more correct answers in line with the meaning of the question. Multiple choices, fewer choices, wrong choices, and no choices will not be scored. There are 30 questions in total. Small questions, 2 points each)
1. The functions of commercial banks are ( ).
A. Credit intermediary
B. Payment Intermediary
C. Credit creation function
D. Financial Services Function
【Answer】A,B,C,D
2. The principles of commercial bank management are ().
A. Security
B. Liquidity
C. Profitability
D. Reserve Ratio
[Answer] A, B, C
3. The liquidity of commercial bank liabilities is carried out by creating active liabilities, the main means include ( ).
A. Borrowing from the central bank
B. Issuance of large negotiable certificates of deposit
C. Interbank lending
D. Use of international money markets for financing
【Answer】A,B,C,D
4. The loss reserve is mainly divided into ( ).
A. Deposit loss reserves
B. Loan Loss Provisions
C. Interbank lending loss reserve
D. Securities Loss Reserves
[Answer] B, C
5. Which of the following belongs to subsidiary capital is ()
A. Undisclosed reserves
B. Ordinary reserves
C. Long-term subordinated bonds
D. Revaluation reserve
【Answer】A,B,C,D
6. Among the following comparisons between preferred shares and common shares, the correct statement is ( ).
A. are identical in nature
B. Preferred stockholders enjoy preferential payment of fixed-rate dividends
C. In the event of company mergers, reorganizations, bankruptcy, dissolution, bankruptcy, etc., preferred shareholders have priority over ordinary shareholders in recovering the principal
D. When the dividend income is taxed, preferred stockholders can often receive a partial tax exemption on their dividends
[Answer] A, B, C, D
7. Liabilities of commercial banks are mainly composed of ( ).
A. Deposit liabilities
B. Borrowing Liabilities
C. Liabilities in settlement
D. Loans
[Answer] A, B, C
8. The cost of deposits in commercial banks includes ( ) components.
A. Interest cost
B. Operating costs
C. Bank cost of funds
D. Bank chain reaction costs
【Answer】A,B,C,D
9. Commercial bank loans can be classified into ( ) according to their maturity.
A. Short term
B. Mid-term
C. Discounting
D. Long term
[Answer] A, B, D
10. Which of the following organizations cannot be used as a guarantor ().
A. State agencies
B. Institutions and social groups for the purpose of public welfare
C. Branches and functional departments of corporate legal persons
D. If authorized by a legal person institution, the branch and functional department of the enterprise legal person within the scope of authorization
[Answer] A, B, C
11. Which of the following statements about the warranty period is correct ().
A. The guarantee period is the valid period during which the guarantor assumes the guarantee responsibility
B. Guarantee period has statutory guarantee period and agreed guarantee period
C. The statutory guarantee period is within 6 months after the loan principal is due
D. The agreed guarantee period is superior to the statutory guarantee period
【Answer】A,B,C,D
12. The role of bank mergers and acquisitions includes ().
A. Expand the scale and occupy the market
B. Reduce costs and achieve economies of scale
C. Pursue diversity
D. Complementary advantages to achieve synergistic benefits
【Answer】A,B,C,D
13. The indicators for evaluating bank safety include ().
A. Fund self-sufficiency rate
B. Capital Adequacy Ratio
C. Return on Assets
D. Return on Capital
[Answer] A, B
14. Using the sensitivity gap analysis report is one of the countermeasures for banks to eliminate interest rate risk. Which of the following methods is correct ().
A. Expect interest rates to rise, creating a positive gap
B. Expect interest rates to rise, creating a negative gap
C. Expect interest rates to fall, creating a positive gap
D. Expect interest rates to fall, creating a negative gap
[Answer] A, D
15. If a commercial bank is in a negative interest rate sensitive gap, then yes ( ).
A. Interest rate sensitive assets are greater than interest rate sensitive liabilities
B. Interest rate sensitive assets are smaller than interest rate sensitive liabilities
C. The interest rate sensitive ratio is greater than 1
D. The interest rate sensitive ratio is between 0-1
[Answer] B, D
16. Interest rate sensitive liabilities include ( ).
A. Money market borrowing
B. Short-term deposits
C. Medium and long-term variable interest rate deposits
D. Fixed deposit
[Answer] A, B, C
17. Small and medium-sized banks usually adopt the following strategies when managing liquidity risk.
A. Asset Liquidity Management Strategy
B. Liability Liquidity Management Strategy
C. Balanced liquidity strategy
D. Borrow Liquidity Strategies
[Answer] A, C
18. The following are sources of bank liquidity supply ().
A. Customer Deposits Deposited
B. The customer repays the loan
C. Repaying money market borrowings
D. Operating expenses
[Answer] A, B
19. The liquidity of commercial banks refers to ().
A. Taking deposits
B. Issuing loans
C. To meet the needs of mature depositors to withdraw deposits
D. To meet the loan needs of qualified borrowers
[Answer] C, D
20. The following are the non-performing loan categories classified by the "Guidelines for Loan Risk Classification".
A. Focus on Loans
B. Doubtful Loans
C. Loss loans
D. Subprime loans
[Answer] B, C, D
21. The solvency ratio mainly includes ( ).
A. Asset-liability ratio
B. Liquidity Ratio
C. Debt to Equity Ratio
D. Quick Ratio
【Answer】A,B,C,D
22. The cash in the cash flow statement refers to ( ).
A. cash
B. Shares
C. Bonds due within three months
D. demand deposit
[Answer] A, C, D
23. In the "5C" credit analysis of borrowing, when evaluating the guarantee of the loan, attention should be paid to ( ).
A. Liquidity of Collateral
B. Price Stability of Collateral
C. Guarantee qualifications and economic strength of the loan guarantor
D. Whether the guarantee capacity of the guarantor matches the guaranteed loan amount
【Answer】A,B,C,D
24. The possible risks of intermediary business include ().
A. Liquidity risk
B. Market risk
C. Country risk
D. Credit risk
【Answer】A,B,C,D
25. Which of the following is a characteristic of off-balance sheet business ().
A. Charge a handling fee
B. The business is not reflected in the balance sheet
C. Does not involve potential asset liability risk
D. Involves potential asset-liability risks
[Answer] A, B, D
26. When the market is favorable to the buyer, the buyer will buy () the option, which can obtain the right to purchase a certain amount of foreign exchange at a specific performance price within the validity period of the option contract.
A. Bearish
B. Bullish
C. buy
D. sell
[Answer] B, C
27. Export credits are divided into ( ) by object.
A. Buyer's Credit
B. Hybrid loans
C. Seller Credit
D. Syndicated loan
[Answer] A, C
28. The organization of international business of commercial banks includes ().
A. Overseas branch
B. Overseas Representative Office
C. Foreign subsidiary banks
D. Foreign correspondent bank
【Answer】A,B,C,D
29. The risks faced by banks in securities investment are ().
A. Credit risk
B. Inflation risk
C. Interest Rate Risk
D. Liquidity risk
【Answer】A,B,C,D
30. The following are properties that cannot be mortgaged ().
A. Land ownership, including state-owned land ownership and collective land ownership
B. The right to use collective land such as cultivated land, homesteads, private plots, and private plots
C. Schools, kindergartens, hospitals and other institutions for the purpose of public welfare, educational facilities of social groups, medical facilities and other social public welfare facilities
D. Property whose ownership, use rights are unclear or disputed
【Answer】A,B,C,D
3. Short answer questions (15 sub-questions in total, 6 points for each sub-question)
1. What are the main components of commercial bank capital and what are its contents?
[Answer] According to the source and nature of capital, capital consists of the following parts: (1) Share capital - common stock and preferred stock. Common stock is the basic form of bank equity capital, and it is a proof of property rights. This right is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, it has the right to make decisions about the operation of the bank. The second is to have the right to share the profits and assets of the bank. The third is to enjoy the right to subscribe for new shares when the bank issues additional common shares. Preferred stock is a stock with priority for dividend distribution, and it has the characteristics of both common stock and bond. Preferential shareholders receive dividends at a fixed rate, and the bank is superior to ordinary shareholders when liquidating assets, but they do not have the company's management rights and voting rights. (2) Surplus - capital surplus and retained earnings. (3) Debt capital: including capital instruments and capital bonds. (3) Risk reserves.
2. Please answer which categories of capital are classified in the Basel I, and what are their specific contents and functions?
[Answer] "Basel I" divides the bank's capital into two categories, namely core capital and subsidiary capital. Core capital or Tier 1 capital (Core capital) is the most important part of bank capital. Its value is stable, the same as that of banks in all countries, published in public accounts, and is the basis for judging the capital adequacy ratio. It consists of the following parts: permanent shareholders' equity, including paid-in common stock capital and permanent non-cumulative preferred stock capital; public reserve, which is a reserve reflected on the balance sheet in a public form through retained earnings or other earnings. Supplementary capital (Supplementary Capital) mainly includes: undisclosed reserves, revaluation reserves (including property revaluation reserves and securities revaluation reserves, and asset revaluation must be assessed by officially recognized special assessment).
3. Briefly describe the characteristics of Basel II.
[Answer] (1) Covers the main risks faced by financial institutions; (2) The supervision of risk and capital reflects the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods; (3) Provides flexibility and diversity for banks to quantify regulatory capital ; (4) It reflects the innovation of the international financial market, the latest developments in risk quantification and management technology, such as asset securitization, credit derivatives and other risk mitigation technologies; (5) The complexity of the agreement and extensive international controversy.
4. What do you think are the ways to increase the capital adequacy ratio of commercial banks, and explain how these ways improve the bank's capital adequacy ratio in conjunction with a commercial bank?
【Answer】According to the calculation formula of the capital adequacy ratio, the measures taken by commercial banks to improve the capital adequacy ratio are nothing more than two ways of increasing capital and reducing risks. (1) Increase capital. To increase capital is to raise new capital to expand the source of capital. The method can be either internal supplementation, external financing, or both at the same time. ①Endogenous capital management. Endogenous capital is a source of capital obtained through internal retained earnings. Bank endogenous capital management has many advantages: First, the cost is lower than public market financing. Through internal financing, commercial banks do not have to pay issuance fees, dividends and interest; impact, to avoid dilution of the existing equity, so it will not be opposed by the original shareholders. ②External capital: issuance of common stock and preferred stock, issuance of capital bonds, sale of assets for leaseback, and conversion of stocks and bonds. (2) Reduce risk. The first is to implement comprehensive risk management, the second is to reduce the size of assets (not commonly used), and the third is to adjust asset risk weights (commonly used).
5. What principles should be followed in bank loan pricing?
[Answer] (1) The principle of profit maximization. Realizing profit is the goal pursued by the enterprise; the loan income must ensure that the cost and expenses of funds are covered to achieve the target profit. (2) The principle of expanding market share. The level of the loan price should take into account the customer's tolerance. If the loan price is too high, some customers will be lost. Therefore, when banks price loans, they must consider the price level of peers and similar loans in order to give full play to their own advantages. (3) The principle of guaranteeing loan safety. Loan pricing should follow the principle of symmetry between risk and return. The price of the loan should not only make up for the various direct costs and expenses of the loan, but also compensate for the risk expenses. The greater the risk of the loan, the higher the cost of the loan may be. The pricing of the loan must ensure the safety of the bank's assets. (4) The principle of maintaining the image of the bank. Loan pricing should abide by laws and regulations, and not engage in vicious competition, which will damage the financial order and the overall interests of the bank.
6. How does the guarantee law stipulate the guarantee period?
[Answer] The guarantee period includes the agreed guarantee period and the statutory guarantee period. The agreed guaranty period refers to the period during which the guarantor and the bank agree to assume the guaranty responsibility. The legal guarantee period is the time limit stipulated by law for the guarantor to assume the guarantee responsibility. The agreed guarantee period is superior to the statutory guarantee period. If the guarantor and the commercial bank have not agreed on the guarantee period, the Guarantee Law stipulates the statutory guarantee period, that is, no matter in the general guarantee or in the joint liability guarantee mode, the statutory guarantee period is limited to the time after the principal creditor's right, that is, the bank's loan principal, expires. within 6 months. If the borrower and the lender do not agree on the guarantee period in the guarantee contract, it shall be deemed as the statutory guarantee period. The loan extension must obtain the written consent of the guarantor, without the written consent of the guarantor, the guarantee period shall be the original contract or statutory period. If the commercial bank does not sue or apply for arbitration against the borrower within this period, the guarantor's guarantee liability is exempted; if the commercial bank has sued or applied for arbitration against the borrower, the guarantee period shall be subject to the provisions of the statute of limitation for litigation.
7. Briefly describe the strategy of interest rate sensitivity management.
[Answer] Different bank operators choose different strategies and methods for interest rate sensitive management. (1) Create a gap-aggressive strategy. That is, banks actively create interest rate sensitive gaps and use interest rate changes to obtain income. When it is predicted that interest rates are on an upward path, banks should increase interest rate-sensitive assets, reduce interest-rate-sensitive liabilities, and create a positive gap in funds, and the gap should increase with the increase in interest rates. In theory, the gap should be largest when interest rates are at their highest point. When it is predicted that the interest rate will fall, try to adjust the interest rate sensitive gap to a negative value. When the interest rate drops to the lowest point, the negative gap should be the largest. (2) Zero Gap - Defensive strategy. For many small and medium-sized banks, due to the large cost of research and forecasting interest rates, they cannot afford it. Therefore, small and medium-sized banks often adopt a relatively conservative defensive strategy, also known as an immune strategy, that is, adopt a zero-gap strategy to make interest-rate-sensitive assets equal to interest-rate-sensitive liabilities in an attempt to minimize risks and increase income.
8. What are the methods of measuring liquidity?
[Answer] (1) Fund supply and demand gap forecasting method: by estimating the difference between the expected liquidity demand and liquidity supply within a certain period of time in the future, the liquidity gap is determined, and the liquidity that the bank will face in a certain period of time in the future is predicted. situation, and arrange liquidity management countermeasures. (2) Capital Structure Law. The approach begins by dividing bank deposits and other funding sources into three categories based on their estimated probability of being withdrawn:
① "Hot money" liabilities, that is, deposits or inter-bank lending that are extremely sensitive to interest rates or that may be withdrawn in the near future; ② Unstable funds, that is, customer deposits that will be withdrawn in the near future at a rate of 25%-30%; ③ Stable Sexual funds, also known as core deposits or core liabilities, are deposits that cannot be withdrawn. Second, determine the liquidity reserve according to certain rules. For example, set a 95% liquidity reserve (minus the corresponding statutory reserve) for "hot money", and generally hold a 30% liquidity reserve for unstable deposits and non-deposit liabilities. For stable funds, a liquidity reserve of less than 15% is held. In terms of loans, according to the currently prevailing principle of maintaining customer relationships, banks need to try their best to meet all loan needs in order to establish long-term relationships with customers. Because the loan relationship with customers can drive the sales of other banking products, bringing fee income and customers' long-term dependence on the bank. Banks must therefore estimate the maximum possible new loans. (3) Liquidity ratio index method.
9. Briefly describe the various warning signs for borrowers.
[Answer] (1) The financial early warning signal of the borrower can be obtained from two aspects. One is that through a comprehensive, systematic and continuous analysis of the borrower's financial statements, problems in the borrower's profitability, solvency, cash flow, etc. can be found. The second is to monitor the borrower's financial activities, such as the borrower's deposits in the bank, loans obtained from the bank and repayment, accounts receivable and other information, to understand the problems in the borrower's financial activities. (2) Borrower's non-financial early warning signs. For example, changes in the borrower's business strategy, business scope, management problems, changes in the nature of the company, loss of good customers, changes in the industry's development prospects, etc.
10. What are the specific contents of the "Five C's" analysis of commercial bank loan risk management?
[Answer] Five Cs analysis includes: (1) Character: The borrower's repayment willingness and sincerity. For an enterprise, the character of the borrower includes the borrower's background, age, experience, and record of bad behavior; the borrower's style, business philosophy, and superior-subordinate relationship. (2) Capacity: The ability of the borrower to repay the loan on time in the future. Contains two meanings: legal capacity and the ability to repay the loan. (3) Capital: the state of the borrower's own funds, that is, net assets. Capital is a representative of the borrower's economic strength, reflecting the ability to bear risks; reflecting the risk orientation of the borrower. The stronger the capital, the greater the tolerance for risk, and the less likely it is that you will not be able to repay the loan due to severe financial distress or bankruptcy. (4) Collateral: Third-party credit guarantees and guarantees of pledged collateral are the second source of repayment. Guarantees are used to enhance the repayment willingness of borrowers and ensure that banks can be compensated in case of default. It is a means of reducing bank risks. (5) Operating environment (condition): The borrower's own operating environment and external environment. The operating environment includes the company's own business scope, operating mode, technical characteristics, market share, production, supply and marketing characteristics, competitiveness, personnel quality, economic benefits, development prospects, etc.; the external environment includes macroeconomic conditions, industry development prospects, political, economic and cultural wait.
11. Compared with forward foreign exchange transactions, what are the characteristics of future foreign exchange transactions?
[Answer] (1) Fixed foreign exchange trading venues; (2) Standardized contracts; (3) The actual delivery rate is low; (4) There is no direct contractual relationship between the buyer and the seller in the margin system, and all contractual responsibilities are related to the liquidation.
12. What factors affect the repayment ability of consumer loan borrowers?
[Answer] Analyze the borrower's repayment ability from the following aspects: the purpose and use of the loan; the employment and income of the borrower and family members; the real estate and financial assets owned by the borrower; the debt status of the borrower; The guarantee status of the borrower; the credit history of the borrower, whether there is any breach of contract; the population and health status of the borrower who undertakes the maintenance obligation.
13. Describe the difference between a pledge and a mortgage.
[Answer] First, the subject matter of the guarantee is different: the subject matter of the mortgage loan is mainly real estate, and it can also be a specific movable property; the subject matter of the pledge loan can only be movable property or property rights. Second, the possession and management of the subject matter is different: the subject matter of the mortgage loan is in the possession of the borrower, and the borrower or the mortgagor must keep the collateral intact; while the pledge of the pledge loan is in the possession of the bank, and the bank has the obligation to properly Keep the pledged property, but charge the pledger the corresponding fee. Third, the effectiveness of the contract is different: after the collateral is registered, the mortgage loan contract becomes legally effective; in most cases, when the pledge or its certificate is handed over to the bank, the contract becomes effective, but transferable stocks and some proprietary Entitlement requires registration. Fourth, the procedures for the bank to realize the creditor's rights are different: the bank can realize the mortgage right by the bank and the borrower through an agreement between the bank and the borrower to obtain compensation from the proceeds of the auction, sale or discount of the mortgaged property. If the agreement fails, the bank will file a lawsuit in the court; The realization of the pledge right can be directly auctioned by the bank according to the law if the agreement fails.
14. When a commercial bank grants a mortgage loan, what conditions must the property that can be mortgaged meet?
[Answer] The mortgage must be property that is allowed to be mortgaged by the law and can be transferred. The property that is prohibited by law from being transferred cannot be mortgaged; it must be the property that the mortgagor has the right to dispose of; Value; the collateral must be easy to manage; the quality and price of the collateral should be easy to measure and relatively stable.
15. How to understand the goals of commercial bank management?
[Answer] The management goal of commercial banks is to maximize the value of the bank, that is, to maximize the interests of shareholders. Shareholders have residual claims on bank earnings, which requires shareholders to have greater rights, obligations, risks, and benefits to banks than creditors, managers, and other employees of banks. Therefore, when determining the goal of bank management, we should proceed from the interests of shareholders and choose to maximize shareholders' wealth.
4. Calculation questions (the calculation items are required to list the calculation process; the calculation results should list the units of measurement; if there are decimals in the calculation results, keep the integer in yuan, and keep the other two decimal places after the decimal point. There are 6 small questions in this question , 10 points per question)
1. A bank has assets of 20 billion yuan, a dividend distribution ratio of 40%, paid-in capital of 800 million yuan, and retained earnings of 800 million yuan. If the bank's asset growth averages 8%, what is the minimum return on assets?
[Answer] ROA=(EC1/TC1)SG1/(1+SG1)(1-DR)=0.08*0.08/(1+0.08)(1-0.4)=0.99%, with other conditions unchanged, If the asset growth rate is 12% and the asset return rate is 0.99%, the dividend payment ratio is: DR=1-(EC1/TA1)SG1/ROA(1+SG1)=1-0.08*0.12/0.0099*(1+ 0.12)=13.42%
2. Assuming that a bank is a newly opened bank, its balance sheet is shown in the table below, and its capital liability value is equal to the market value at this time. The bank has two earning assets. One is a 3-year commercial loan with an annual interest rate of 14%, and the other is a 9-year Treasury bill with an annual interest rate of 12%. The bank's liability component includes 1-year time deposits with an annual interest rate of 9% and 4-year negotiable certificates of deposit with an annual interest rate of 10%. Capital accounted for 8% of total assets.
A bank's balance sheet
| assets |
Market value (100 million yuan) |
interest rate(%) |
liabilities and capital |
Market value (100 million yuan) |
interest rate(%) |
| cash |
100 |
time deposit |
520 |
9 |
|
| Commercial loans |
700 |
14 |
Large negotiable certificate of deposit |
400 |
10 |
| treasury bill |
700 |
12 |
Total Liabilities |
920 |
|
| share capital |
80 |
||||
| total |
1000 |
total |
1000 |
Try to answer the following questions:
(1) Calculate the duration of each asset and liability separately, and then calculate the weighted average duration of assets and liabilities and the duration gap.
(2) Assume that after the bank signed all asset project contracts in the above example, the market interest rate increased by 1 percentage point, calculate the market value and duration of each asset and liability, and then calculate the weighted average asset-liability duration and duration period gap.
2. Assuming that after the bank signed all asset project contracts in the above example, the market interest rate increased by 1 percentage point, calculate the market value of each asset and liability, the duration, and then calculate the weighted average asset-liability duration and duration gap.
【Answer】1. Commercial loan duration = 2.65 (years) Treasury bill duration = 5.79 (years). The duration of total assets = 3.05 (years), the duration of large negotiable time deposit certificates = 3.49 years, the duration of total liabilities = 2.08 (years), the total duration gap = 1.14 (years), the duration gap is not 0, and the interest rate When changes occur, the market value of the bank's total assets and total liabilities changes in different ranges, which makes the bank face the risk of changes in market value due to changes in interest rates. 2. When the market interest rate rises by 1 percentage point, the market value of commercial loans = 684 (100 million yuan)
Market value of treasury bills = 189 (100 million yuan)
Time deposit market value = 515 (100 million yuan)
Market value of large negotiable time deposit certificates = 387 (100 million yuan)
Asset market value = 973 (100 million yuan)
Market value of liabilities = 902 (100 million yuan)
Equity = 71 (100 million yuan)
Business loan duration = 2.67 (years)
Treasury bond duration = 5.89 (years)
Fixed deposit duration = 1 (year)
Duration of large negotiable certificate of deposit = 3.48 (years)
Duration of total assets = 3 (years)
Duration of total liabilities = 2.06 (years)
Duration gap = 1.06 (years)
3. The impact of interest rate changes on the bank's net profit income
Suppose a bank has the following balance sheet:
Assets (10,000 yuan) Average rate of return (%) Liabilities (10,000 yuan) Average cost rate (%)
Rate Sensitive 1500 12 1700 9
Fixed rate 1200 15900 8
No interest bearing 800 700
200 (shareholders' equity)
total
Try to answer the following questions:
1. Please calculate the bank's interest rate sensitive gap, net interest income, and interest rate sensitive ratio.
2. If all short-term interest rates have risen by 2 percentage points, please calculate the bank's net interest income and compare it with 1. to illustrate the impact of interest rate changes on the bank's net interest income.
3. If the total scale of assets and liabilities of the bank remains unchanged, the rate of return on assets and the cost of liabilities remain unchanged, and only the structure of assets is adjusted, the interest rate-sensitive assets increase by 3 million yuan, and the assets with fixed interest rates decrease by 3 million yuan. Please calculate The bank's interest rate sensitive gap, net interest income, interest rate sensitive ratio. Under this asset-liability structure, if the interest rate rises by 2 percentage points, what will happen to the net interest income?
【Answer】Analysis and answer:
1. GAP=IRSA-IRSL=1500-1700=-2 million yuan; net interest income=1500*12%+1200*15%-1700*9%-900*8%=1.35 million yuan; SR=IRSA/IRAL=1500 /1700=0.88; 2. △NII=△r*GAP=2%(-200)=-4; when the interest rate sensitivity gap is negative and the interest rate rises, the bank's net interest income will decrease. 3. The answer is slightly.
4. The following table lists a bank's deposits, its statutory reserve ratio, and the proportion of liquidity funds to be withdrawn during the forecast period.
Ratio of a bank's liabilities to statutory reserve ratio and liquidity withdrawal unit: million yuan
The statutory reserve ratio of the balance of various liabilities The ratio of liquidity funds withdrawn from the statutory reserve
Interest rate sensitive funds 3008% 2495%
Unstable funds 2505% 12.5 30%
Stability Fund 4003% 1215%
New loan 12 100%
Calculate the bank's liquidity needs.
【Answer】The bank's liquidity needs
=0.95*(300-24)+0.3*(250-12.5)+0.15*(400-12)+1*12=403.65 (million yuan)
5. The bank has two types of bonds to choose from: one is a taxable bond with a nominal rate of return of 10%, and the other is a tax-exempt bond with a nominal rate of return of 8%. The bank’s income tax rate is 34%. Which one should the bank choose? Bond investment?
[Answer] The actual rate of return on taxable bonds = 10%* (1-34%) = 6.6%
Tax-exempt bond effective yield = 8% * (1-0%) = 8%
Tax-exempt bonds should be chosen.
6. The bank raised a total of 400 million yuan of funds, including 100 million yuan of corporate deposits, 200 million yuan of savings deposits, 50 million yuan of money market deposits and 50 million yuan of equity capital. If the interest and non-interest cost rates are: 10%, 11%, 11%, and 22%, respectively, the proportions of non-profitable assets are: 15%, 5%, 2%, and 0%. What is the pre-tax cost?
[Answer] Pre-tax cost rate = [10000/40000×10%/(100%-15%)]
+[20000/40000×11%/（100%-5%）]
+[5000/40000×11%/（100%-2%）]
+[5000/40000×22%/100%]
=12.88%
5. Case analysis questions (this question has 3 sub-questions, each with 15 points)
1. On May 15, 2003, Company A signed a loan contract with Bank B, and Bank B lent Company A 800,000 yuan for a one-year loan period from June 10, 2003 to June 10, 2004. At the same time, Company C, the controlling shareholder of Company A, provided guarantee for it, and Company C signed on the pre-drawn guarantee letter: "agree to guarantee until June 10, 2004"; the three parties all stamped their official seals. On June 10, 2004, Company A failed to repay the loan due to poor management. Bank B then asked Company C to fulfill its guaranty responsibility and repay the loan first. Company C said that the guaranty was agreed by the three parties. The negotiation between the three parties failed. On June 20, 2004, Bank B took Company C as the court to be sued.
please answer the following question:
1. What are the provisions of the "Guarantee Law" on the guarantee period?
2. Will the court support Bank B's claim to require Company C to fulfill its guarantee responsibility?
【Answer】Analysis and answer:
The focus of this case is: Judging from the letter of guarantee issued by Company C, the guarantee period is the same as the performance period of the main debt, that is, the date when Company A’s loan is due to be repaid is also the expiration date of the guarantee period of the guarantee contract, so how to treat such a guarantee period , is it to follow the agreement, or is it considered that the agreement is unclear or there is no agreement?
1. The guaranty period is the period during which the guarantor performs the guaranty responsibility, and it is a period of time after the expiration of the performance period of the principal obligatory right. The original intention of the guaranty period is to require the guarantor to perform on behalf of the guarantor when the debtor fails to perform its obligations at the due date. Therefore, the agreed guarantee period must also be a period of time after the performance of the principal obligation expires. However, if the guarantee period agreed by the parties is equal to the performance period of the principal debt, is this agreement valid? How is the warranty period determined at this time? In this regard, Article 32 of the "Interpretation of Several Issues of the Guarantee Law" promulgated by the Supreme People's Court on September 29, 2000 clearly stipulates: "If the guarantee period stipulated in the guarantee contract is earlier than or equal to the performance period of the principal debt, it shall be deemed not It is agreed that the guarantee period shall be six months from the date when the principal debt performance period expires. The system of guaranteeing the realization of the creditor's rights by means of property is aimed at strengthening the debtor's ability to pay off specific debts, so that specific creditors can receive repayment prior to other creditors or from a third party. Second, whether it is a statutory guarantee or a contractual guarantee, the guarantee period should be specified. However, the agreed guarantee period must be at a certain time after the expiration of the principal obligatory right. If the agreed guarantee period falls within the principal debt repayment period, even if it is the last day, the principal debt shall still be repaid by the debtor. The guarantor's guaranty responsibility is in name only, and it is also contrary to the original intention of the parties to establish the guaranty. It can be seen that the guarantee period is meaningless, and it should be deemed that the parties have not agreed on the guarantee period. Although the guarantee contract in this case was not standardized, when the creditor Bank B requested the debtor C Company to provide a guarantee in order to ensure the realization of the creditor's rights, Company C agreed to provide the guarantee at the request of Company A and signed and stamped the guarantee letter. Moreover, there is no other illegal situation, so it can be seen that the guarantee independently set by the three parties within the scope stipulated by law is valid. It's just that Company C stated on the guarantee letter: "Agreed to guarantee until June 10, 2004" should be regarded as no agreed guarantee period. day. Company C cannot claim to be exempted from the guarantee liability on the grounds that the date exceeded June 10, 2004.
2. According to the provisions of Article 19 of the "Guarantee Law", if the parties have not agreed on the guarantee method or the agreement is not clear, the guarantee liability shall be assumed according to the joint liability guarantee. In this case, the parties did not agree on the form of guarantee. Company C should bear joint and several liabilities according to the law, and Bank B can take Company A or Company C as the defendant to bring a lawsuit to the court. Since Company A is unable to repay the loan, Company C should repay the principal, interest and other expenses of the loan on its behalf.
2. On August 24, 1999, a bank issued a loan of 9 million to Kaifeng Company with a term of 1 year; Haoyunlai Company provided a joint liability guarantee with a term of 2 years. During the loan period, Kaifeng Company was split into Huafeng Company and Warner Company. According to the division agreement, the total loan and interest of 9 million yuan will be borne by each of the divided enterprises. Although the lending bank was aware of the entire process of the company's division, it did not issue a written opinion on the above-mentioned debt disposal plan. After the loan expired, Huafeng Company returned the loan principal and interest of RMB 4.5 million, but Warner Company did not repay any money. Because Warner Company has been refusing to sign the bank's collection notice, on November 27, 2002, the loan company notarized the collection of Warner. On November 27, 2002, Haoyunlai Company signed and received the guarantor's performance notice. Because there was no hope of recovering the loan through negotiation, on February 2, 2003, the lending bank listed Huafeng Company, Warner Company and Haoyunlai Company as co-defendants and sued the court, requesting the court to order the three companies to repay the loan. Huafeng Company and Warner Company believed that the loan bank's lawsuit had exceeded the statute of limitations, and Haoyunlai Company also believed that the loan bank did not claim its rights within the guarantee period and the statute of limitations of the guarantee contract. Therefore, the three companies argued that they would not be liable for repayment.
Huafeng Company believes that its company has repaid the principal and interest of the loan in full and timely as agreed, and should not assume the repayment responsibility on behalf of Warner Company. The lending bank has no reason and no legal basis to require Huafeng Company to repay the principal and interest on behalf of Warner Company.
Warner Company believes that the lending bank has serious oversight problems in loan management, and the lending bank's lawsuit has exceeded the statute of limitations, and the court should not accept it.
Haoyunlai Company believed that the lending bank failed to claim its rights within the guarantee period and the statute of limitations of the guarantee contract. Therefore, Haoyunlai Company defended that it was not liable for repayment. Try to answer the following questions:
1. In this case, should Zhonghuafeng Company, Warner Company, and Haoyunlai Company be liable for the repayment of the original debt?
2. What enlightenment does this case give us?
【Answer】Analysis and answer:
1. When Kaifeng Company was split up, although Huafeng Company and Warner Company had an agreement on the original enterprise’s debts, the creditors did not expressly approve it. Article 12 stipulates that Huafeng Company and Warner Company shall bear joint and several liabilities for the debts in this case. However, the loan in this case expired on August 23, 2000, but the loan bank did not collect Warner Company until November 23, 2002, which has exceeded the statute of limitations; during this period, the loan bank has never claimed against Huafeng Company right. Therefore, the loan bank's lawsuit against Huafeng Company and Warner Company has exceeded the statute of limitations and lost the right to win the lawsuit.
Regarding the issue of guarantee, the lending bank should claim the rights to the guarantor within the period of guarantee responsibility within two years from the date of loan maturity (that is, before August 22, 2002). However, within the above validity period, the lending bank did not claim rights against the guarantor, nor did it take measures to interrupt the statute of limitations of the guaranty contract, thus losing the physical security right. The guarantor's subsequent receipt of the guarantor's performance notice did not change the fact that the plaintiff lost the security right. Therefore, the guarantor Haoyunlai Company shall be exempted from guarantee liability. The court should dismiss all the claims of the lending bank.
2. Enlightenment: It should have been a bank loan case without any suspense, but the lending bank lost the case due to its own work mistakes. This is enough to reflect the problems existing in the post-loan management of lending banks: first, the concept of statute of limitations is indifferent, ignoring the prevention of legal risks of statute of limitations; The guarantor is released.
We believe that at present, commercial banks should especially improve their awareness and ability to prevent and control risks, improve the post-loan management responsibility system, standardize credit operating procedures, formulate reward and punishment measures, log in and check non-performing loan ledgers in a timely manner, and collect Transformation measures and responsible persons are seriously implemented. According to the different circumstances of each borrower, legal litigation, bank-enterprise negotiation, corporate asset and debt restructuring, loan transfer, auction, etc. should be adopted to recover and transform non-performing loans step by step according to the plan.
3. In September 2007, Sanlu Dairy Group in Hebei Province was still at its peak of glory. At this time, Sanlu Dairy Group was going to purchase an advanced imported production equipment and needed 5.5 million yuan in cash. After the resolution of the board of directors, a factory under the Sanlu Dairy Group was used as collateral to obtain a loan from the bank. Therefore, on November 10, Mr. Li, manager of the finance department of Sanlu Dairy Group, submitted a loan application to Bank X in Shijiazhuang, Hebei.
Manager Wang of Bank X is in charge of this business. Manager Wang has already carried out a number of businesses with Mr. Li, the financial manager of Sanlu Dairy Group, and has maintained a good relationship. When Manager Wang looked at Sanlu Dairy Group's mortgage loan application again, he basically agreed to the loan, but he was a little worried about the collateral of the mortgage loan. The factory building used by Sanlu Dairy as collateral has a history of 8 years, and its book value is 5 million. The actual value of the factory building is less than its book value. However, through several business meetings with Sanlu Dairy Group, Manager Wang believes that Sanlu Dairy Group has always been a company with good credit and good performance, so he agrees to use the factory building with a book value of 5 million yuan as a Collateral 1 year mortgage.
In September 2008, Sanlu Dairy Group faced bankruptcy due to the "poisonous milk powder" incident, and was unable to repay the principal and interest of X Bank's mortgage loan of 5.5 million yuan. Therefore, Bank X obtained the factory building under the Sanlu Dairy Group with a book value of 5 million yuan according to the contract, and planned to sell the factory building to make up for the loss. However, after revaluing the plant, Bank X found that the market value of the plant was only 3.3 million yuan, and Bank X suffered losses.
Try to answer the following questions:
1. What conditions should the collateral in the commercial bank mortgage loan meet?
2. According to the case, what key points were involved in the operation of Bank X's mortgage loan business to Sanlu Dairy Group, and what problems did it have?
【Answer】Analysis and answer:
1. The conditions that the mortgage should meet: first, the mortgage must be property that is allowed to be mortgaged by law and can be transferred, and the property that is prohibited by law from being transferred cannot be mortgaged; second, it must be the property that the mortgagor has the right to dispose of. The collateral should be owned by the mortgagor, or the state-owned property must be the property that the mortgagor has the right to dispose of; third, the creditor’s rights guaranteed by the collateral shall not exceed the value of the collateral; the collateral must be easy to manage; fourth, the quality of the collateral and the Prices should be easily measurable and relatively stable.
2. According to the case, the operation points involved in the mortgage loan business of Sanlu Dairy Group by X Bank include: review of collateral and valuation of collateral. Bank X did not conduct a detailed review of the collateral of Sanlu Dairy Group, nor did it re-evaluate the collateral when granting loans, and the mortgage loan should determine the corresponding mortgage rate, while the bank used the borrower The book value of the assets of X was used as the guarantee value of the mortgage loan, so that Bank X could not repay the loan through the proceeds from the disposal of the mortgage, thus suffering a loss. What's more, the borrower also had a "poisonous milk powder" incident.