Python之concurrent.futures模块的使用

concurrent.futures的作用：
       管理并发任务池。concurrent.futures模块提供了使用工作线程或进程池运行任务的接口。线程和进程池API都是一样，所以应用只做最小的修改就可以在线程和进程之间地切换

1、基于线程池使用map()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from concurrent import futures
import threading
import time

def task(n):
    print('{}: 睡眠 {}'.format(threading.current_thread().name,n))
    time.sleep(n / 10)
    print('{}: 执行完成 {}'.format(threading.current_thread().name,n))
    return n / 10

ex = futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2)
print('main: 开始运行')
results = ex.map(task, range(5, 0, -1)) #返回值是generator 生成器
print('main: 未处理的结果 {}'.format(results))
print('main: 等待真实结果')
real_results = list(results)
print('main: 最终结果: {}'.format(real_results))

futures_thread_pool_map.py

运行效果

[root@ mnt]# python3 futures_thread_pool_map.py 
main: 开始运行
ThreadPoolExecutor-0_0: 睡眠 5
ThreadPoolExecutor-0_1: 睡眠 4
main: 未处理的结果 <generator object Executor.map.<locals>.result_iterator at 0x7f1c97484678>
main: 等待真实结果
ThreadPoolExecutor-0_1: 执行完成 4
ThreadPoolExecutor-0_1: 睡眠 3
ThreadPoolExecutor-0_0: 执行完成 5
ThreadPoolExecutor-0_0: 睡眠 2
ThreadPoolExecutor-0_0: 执行完成 2
ThreadPoolExecutor-0_0: 睡眠 1
ThreadPoolExecutor-0_1: 执行完成 3
ThreadPoolExecutor-0_0: 执行完成 1
main: 最终结果: [0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1]

 2、futures执行单个任务

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from concurrent import futures
import threading
import time

def task(n):
    print('{}: 睡眠 {}'.format(threading.current_thread().name, n))
    time.sleep(n / 10)
    print('{}: 执行完成 {}'.format(threading.current_thread().name, n))
    return n / 10

ex = futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2)
print('main :开始')
f = ex.submit(task, 5)
print('main: future: {}'.format(f))
print('等待运行结果')
results = f.result()
print('main: result:{}'.format(results))
print('main: future 之后的结果:{}'.format(f))

futures_thread_pool_submit.py

 运行效果

[root@ mnt]# python3 futures_thread_pool_submit.py 
main :开始
ThreadPoolExecutor-0_0: 睡眠 5
main: future: <Future at 0x7f40c0a6a400 state=running>
等待运行结果
ThreadPoolExecutor-0_0: 执行完成 5
main: result:0.5
main: future 之后的结果:<Future at 0x7f40c0a6a400 state=finished returned float>

3、futures.as_completed()按任意顺序运行结果

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import random
import time
from concurrent import futures

def task(n):
    time.sleep(random.random())
    return (n, n / 10)

ex = futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2)
print('main: 开始')
wait_for = [
    ex.submit(task, i) for i in range(5, 0, -1)
]
for f in futures.as_completed(wait_for):
    print('main: result:{}'.format(f.result()))

futures_as_completed.py

运行效果

[root@ mnt]# python3 futures_as_completed.py 
main: 开始
main: result:(5, 0.5)
main: result:(4, 0.4)
main: result:(3, 0.3)
main: result:(1, 0.1)
main: result:(2, 0.2)

4、Future回调之futures.add_done_callback()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from concurrent import futures
import time

def task(n):
    print('task {} : 睡眠'.format(n))
    time.sleep(0.5)
    print('task {} : 完成'.format(n))
    return n / 10

def done(fn):
    if fn.cancelled():
        print('done {}:取消'.format(fn.arg))
    elif fn.done():
        error = fn.exception()
        if error:
            print('done {} : 错误返回 : {}'.format(fn.arg, error))
        else:
            result = fn.result()
            print('done {} : 正常返回 : {}'.format(fn.arg, result))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    ex = futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2)
    print('main : 开始')
    f = ex.submit(task, 5)
    f.arg = 5
    f.add_done_callback(done)
    result = f.result()

futures_future_callback.py

 运行效果

[root@ mnt]# python3 futures_future_callback.py 
main : 开始
task 5 : 睡眠
task 5 : 完成
done 5 : 正常返回 : 0.5

 5、Future任务取消之futures.cancel()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from concurrent import futures
import time

def task(n):
    print('task {} : 睡眠'.format(n))
    time.sleep(0.5)
    print('task {} : 完成'.format(n))
    return n / 10

def done(fn):
    if fn.cancelled():
        print('done {}:取消'.format(fn.arg))
    elif fn.done():
        error = fn.exception()
        if error:
            print('done {} : 错误返回 : {}'.format(fn.arg, error))
        else:
            result = fn.result()
            print('done {} : 正常返回 : {}'.format(fn.arg, result))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    ex = futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2)
    print('main : 开始')
    tasks = []

    for i in range(10, 0, -1):
        print('main: submitting {}'.format(i))
        f = ex.submit(task, i)
        f.arg = i
        f.add_done_callback(done)
        tasks.append((i, f))

    for i, task_obj in reversed(tasks):
        if not task_obj.cancel():
            print('main: 不能取消{}'.format(i))

    ex.shutdown()

futures_future_callback_cancel.py

 运行效果

[root@mnt]# python3 futures_future_callback_cancel.py 
main : 开始
main: submitting 10
task 10 : 睡眠
main: submitting 9
task 9 : 睡眠
main: submitting 8
main: submitting 7
main: submitting 6
main: submitting 5
main: submitting 4
main: submitting 3
main: submitting 2
main: submitting 1
done 1:取消
done 2:取消
done 3:取消
done 4:取消
done 5:取消
done 6:取消
done 7:取消
done 8:取消
main: 不能取消9
main: 不能取消10
task 10 : 完成
done 10 : 正常返回 : 1.0
task 9 : 完成
done 9 : 正常返回 : 0.9

 6、Future异常的处理

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from concurrent import futures

def task(n):
    print('{} : 开始'.format(n))
    raise ValueError('这个值不太好 {}'.format(n))

ex = futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2)
print('main: 开始...')

f = ex.submit(task, 5)

error = f.exception()
print('main: error:{}'.format(error))

try:
    result = f.result()
except ValueError as e:
    print('访问结果值的异常 {}'.format(e))

futures_future_exception

 运行效果

[root@mnt]# python3 futures_future_exception.py 
main: 开始...
5 : 开始
main: error:这个值不太好 5
访问结果值的异常 这个值不太好 5

  7、Future上下文管理即利用with打开futures.ThreadPoolExecutor()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from concurrent import futures

def task(n):
    print(n)

with futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2) as ex:
    print('main: 开始')
    ex.submit(task, 1)
    ex.submit(task, 2)
    ex.submit(task, 3)
    ex.submit(task, 4)
print('main: 结束')

futures_context_manager.py

运行效果

[root@ mnt]# python3 futures_context_manager.py 
main: 开始
1
2
3
4
main: 结束

 8、基于进程池使用map()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from concurrent import futures
import os

def task(n):
    return (n, os.getpid())

if __name__ == '__main__':
    ex = futures.ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=2)
    results = ex.map(task, range(50, 0, -1))
    for n, pid in results:
        print('task {} in 进程id {}'.format(n, pid))

futures_process_pool_map.py

 运行效果

[root@ mnt]# python3 futures_process_pool_map.py 
task 5 in 进程id 9192
task 4 in 进程id 8668
task 3 in 进程id 9192
task 2 in 进程id 8668
task 1 in 进程id 9192

9、基于进程池异常处理

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from concurrent import futures
import os
import signal

def task(n):
    return (n, os.getpid())

if __name__ == '__main__':
    with futures.ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=2) as ex:
        print('获取工作进程的id')
        f1 = ex.submit(os.getpid)
        pid1 = f1.result()

        print('结束进程 {}'.format(pid1))
        os.kill(pid1, signal.SIGHUP)

        print('提交其它进程')
        f2 = ex.submit(os.getpid)
        try:
            pid2 = f2.result()
        except futures.process.BrokenProcessPool as e:
            print('不能开始新的任务:{}'.format(e))

futures_process_pool_broken.py

运行效果

[root@ mnt]# python3 futures_process_pool_broken.py 
获取工作进程的id
结束进程 104623
提交其它进程
不能开始新的任务:A process in the process pool was terminated abruptly while the future was running or pending.