JUC包 (二) CountDownLatch、CyclicBarrier、Semaphore 工具类

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前言

在Java 多线程(三) 线程通信内我们介绍了可以使用join()方法来控制某个线程在一众线程后执行. 正这一节中,我们将介绍三种工具类,同样实现这一目标. 三种工具使用场景各部相同.

本章主要分为如下几个部分:

• CountDownLatch类
• CyclicBarrier类
• Semaphore类

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正文

join()方法实现

在前文中,我们提及.使用join()方法可以非常容易的实现这部分的需求.

• await() / await(long time, TimeUnit unit) : 指定时间的await()方法;
• countDown() : 计数器减少1;

实例代码如下所示:

/**
 * 使用Join方法完成 运行在几个线程之后的这种情况.
 * 
 * */
class JoinThread extends Thread{
	public void run(){
		try {
			Thread.sleep(2000);
			System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" : "+System.currentTimeMillis());
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		
	}
}
public class JoinDemo {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Thread threadA = new JoinThread();
		Thread threadB = new JoinThread();
		Thread threadC = new JoinThread();
		Thread threadD = new JoinThread();

		threadA.start();
		threadB.start();
		threadC.start();
		threadD.start();
		
		try {
			threadA.join();
			threadB.join();
			threadC.join();
			threadD.join();
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}

		
		System.out.println("Main Thread"+Thread.currentThread().getName()+" : "+System.currentTimeMillis());

	}

}
//Thread-0 : 1553018593261
//Thread-2 : 1553018593261
//Thread-1 : 1553018593262
//Thread-3 : 1553018593261
//Main Threadmain : 1553018593263

CountDownLatch类

我们同样可以使用CountDownLatch类来完成我们的需求.其中最主要的两个方法为:

• countDown()减去1;
• await()进行等待;

import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;

/**
 * CountDownLatch来完成需求.
 * 
 * */
class CountDownLatchThread extends Thread{
	public void run(){
		try {
				Thread.sleep(2000);
				System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" : "+System.currentTimeMillis());
				CountDownLatchDemo.countDownLatch.countDown();
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		
	}
}
public class CountDownLatchDemo {
	public static CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(4);
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Thread threadA = new CountDownLatchThread();
		Thread threadB = new CountDownLatchThread();
		Thread threadC = new CountDownLatchThread();
		Thread threadD = new CountDownLatchThread();

		threadA.start();
		threadB.start();
		threadC.start();
		threadD.start();
		
		try {
			countDownLatch.await();
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		
		System.out.println("Main Thread"+Thread.currentThread().getName()+" : "+System.currentTimeMillis());

	}

}
//Thread-2 : 1553019240096
//Thread-3 : 1553019240096
//Thread-0 : 1553019240096
//Thread-1 : 1553019240096
//Main Threadmain : 1553019240097

CyclicBarrier类

使用CyclicBarrier类也可以完成如上的要求.其主要方法为:

• await(): 设置屏障点;
• reset(): 可以重新计数;
• getNumberWaiting(): 获取阻塞的线程数量;
• isBroken(): 阻塞的线程是否被中断;

import java.util.concurrent.BrokenBarrierException;
import java.util.concurrent.CyclicBarrier;

/**
 * 使用CycleBarrier来实现需求.
 * 
 * */
class CycleBarrierThread extends Thread{
	public void run(){
		try {
				Thread.sleep(2000);
				System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" : "+System.currentTimeMillis());
				try {
					CycleBarrierDemo.cycleBarrier.await();
				} catch (BrokenBarrierException e) {
					e.printStackTrace();
				}
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		
	}
}
public class CycleBarrierDemo {
	public static CyclicBarrier cycleBarrier = new CyclicBarrier(5);
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Thread threadA = new CycleBarrierThread();
		Thread threadB = new CycleBarrierThread();
		Thread threadC = new CycleBarrierThread();
		Thread threadD = new CycleBarrierThread();

		threadA.start();
		threadB.start();
		threadC.start();
		threadD.start();
		
		try {
			cycleBarrier.await();
		} catch (BrokenBarrierException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		
		System.out.println("Main Thread"+Thread.currentThread().getName()+" : "+System.currentTimeMillis());
	}
}
// Thread-0 : 1553019850995
// Thread-1 : 1553019850995
// Thread-3 : 1553019850995
// Thread-2 : 1553019850995
// Main Threadmain : 1553019850996

CyclicBarrier有时还可以用于统计某几个线程运算的结果.(与fork/join有些类似?)

import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.CyclicBarrier;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

/**
 * 8-2-2 CyclicBarrier的实际使用场景.
 * 银行的流水系统.(CycleBarrier的实践)
 * 
 * */
public class BankWaterService implements Runnable{
	//创建4个屏障 完成后自动执行当前类的(this)的run方法.
	private CyclicBarrier cycleBarrier = new CyclicBarrier(4,this);
	// 线程池 固定线程池 设置4个线程.
	private Executor executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
	
	// 保存每个Sheet计算出的银行流量结果
	private ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> sheetBankWaterCount = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
	private void count() {
		for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
			executor.execute(new Runnable() {

				@Override
				public void run() {
					// 计算当前sheet的银行流量数据.(具体逻辑代码省略)
					sheetBankWaterCount.put(Thread.currentThread().getName(),1);
					try {
						cycleBarrier.await();
					} catch (Exception e) {
						e.printStackTrace();
					}
				}
			});
		}
	}
	
	public void run(){
		int result = 0;
		// 汇总每个sheet的计算成果.
		for(Map.Entry<String,Integer> sheet: sheetBankWaterCount.entrySet()){
			result += sheet.getValue();
		}
		// 将结果输出
		sheetBankWaterCount.put("result", result);
		System.out.println(result);
	}
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		BankWaterService service = new BankWaterService();
		service.count();
	}

}
// 4

其中值得注意的是我们在构造函数CyclicBarrier(int parties, Runnable barrierAction)使得当阻塞停止时,就运行指定的业务.这点与CountDownLatch类略有写不太一致.

CyclicBarrier类与CountDownLatch类有什么区别?
在提及区别之前,我们先说下共同点: 都可以使某个线程阻塞,并在某个(某几个)线程结束后再进行执行.
区别: 个人感觉CyclicBarrier类比CountDownLatch类封装的更完善.注意部分如下:1 .CyclicBarrier类能够将计数值重置; 2. isBroken()方法能够了解阻塞的线程是否被中断.3. 调用接口的写法不太一致, CountDownLatch(int value)而CyclicBarrier(int value, Runnable runnable).可以直接指定完成后执行某个线程.

Semaphore类

Semaphore类经常是用来控制流量. 比如有4个线程,但是当前每次运行的线程数目为2个,便可以使用Semaphore类来进行控制.我们经常通过tryAcquire()或acquire()方法获取权限,使用release()释放资源.

• acquire() 获取资源
• tryAcquire() 尝试获取资源
• release()释放资源
• int availablePermits() 返回此信号量

import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;

/**
 * 8-3 Semaphore控制线程并发数目.
 * 
 * */
public class SemaphoreDemo {
	private static final int THREAD_COUNT=30;
	
	private static ExecutorService threadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(THREAD_COUNT);
	
	private static Semaphore s = new Semaphore(10);
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		for(int i=0;i<THREAD_COUNT;i++){
			threadPool.execute(new Runnable() {
				
				@Override
				public void run() {
					try {
						s.acquire();
						System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"save data");
						s.release();
					} catch (InterruptedException e) {
						e.printStackTrace();
					}					
				}
			});
		}
		threadPool.shutdown();
	}
}

Exchanger 类

Exchanger类主要用于线程之间的数据交换与数据校对、遗传算法.

• exchang(Object object): 数据跟随管道进行传递.

示例如下所示:

import java.util.concurrent.Exchanger;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

/**
 * 8-4 线程间交换数据的Exchanger.
 * (银行流水的相互校验)
 * */
public class ExchangerDemo {
	private static final Exchanger<String> exchanger = new Exchanger<>();
	private static ExecutorService threadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		// 载入第一个线程
		threadPool.execute(new Runnable() {
			
			@Override
			public void run() {
				String A = "银行流水A";
				try {
					exchanger.exchange(A);
				} catch (InterruptedException e) {
					e.printStackTrace();
				}
			}
		});
		
		// 载入第二个线程
		
		threadPool.execute(new Runnable() {
			
			@Override
			public void run() {
				String B = "银行流水B";
				try {
					String A = exchanger.exchange(B);
					System.out.println("A和B数据是否一致:"+A.equals(B)+". A录入的数据为:"+A+". B录入的数据为:"+B);
				} catch (InterruptedException e) {
					e.printStackTrace();
				}
			}
		});
		
		threadPool.shutdown();
	}

}

// A和B数据是否一致:false. A录入的数据为:银行流水A. B录入的数据为:银行流水B

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Reference

[1]. Java 多线程编程核心技术
[2]. Java并发编程的艺术
[3]. 什么时候使用CountDownLatch