在JDBC编程的时候，获取到一个数据库连接资源是很宝贵的，倘若数据库访问量超大，而数据库连接资源又没能得到及时的释放，就会导致系统的崩溃甚至宕机。造成的损失将会是巨大的。再看有了数据库连接池的JDBC，就会较好的解决资源的创建与连接问题，其主要还是针对于连接资源使用层面的改进。下面我就谈一谈我对数据库连接池的理解。
数据库连接池理论基础
对于创建一个数据库连接池，需要做好准备工作。原理就是先实现DataSource接口，覆盖里面的getConnection()方法，这个方法是我们最为关注的。既然是池，就不会是一个连接对象，因此需要使用集合来保存这些个连接对象。
但是，最为关键的是，开发人员在使用完连接对象后通常会调用conn.close(),方法来释放数据库连接资源，这将会把数据库连接返还给数据库，而不是数据库连接池，因此，数据库连接池的存在就没了意义了。所以我们要增强close方法，来保证数据库连接资源返还给数据库连接池。
创建数据库连接池
public class JDCBCPool implements DataSource { /* * 既然是一个数据库连接池，就必须有许多的连接，所以需要使用一个集合类保存这些连接 (non-Javadoc) * * @see javax.sql.CommonDataSource#getLogWriter() */ private static LinkedList<Connection> list = new LinkedList<Connection>(); // 创建一个配置文件，用于读取相应配置文件中保存的数据信息 private static Properties config = new Properties(); /* * 在这里向数据库申请一批数据库连接 为了只加载一次驱动程序，因此在静态代码块中进行声明，这样驱动就只会加载一次 */ static { try { config.load(JDBCUtils.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("db.properties")); // Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); Class.forName(config.getProperty("DRIVER")); try { //申请十个数据库连接对象，也就是数据库连接池的容量是10 for(int i=0 ;i<10;i++){ Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(config.getProperty("URL"), config.getProperty("USER"),config.getProperty("PASSWORD")); list.add(conn); } } catch (SQLException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace(); } } catch (ClassNotFoundException | IOException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(); } } @Override public Connection getConnection() throws SQLException { if(list.size()<=0){ throw new RuntimeException("数据库忙，请待会再试试吧！"); } //需要注意的是，不能使用get方式（这个方法知识返回一个引用而已）, //应该在获取的同时，删除掉这个链接，之后再还回来.现在注意是返还给数据库连接池！！！ Connection conn = list.removeFirst(); MyConnection myconn = new MyConnection(conn); //从这里开始返回的就是一个数据库连接池对象的conn return myconn; }/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////datasource接口的实现方法开始 @Override public PrintWriter getLogWriter() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return null; } @Override public void setLogWriter(PrintWriter out) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub } @Override public void setLoginTimeout(int seconds) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub } @Override public int getLoginTimeout() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return 0; } @Override public Logger getParentLogger() throws SQLFeatureNotSupportedException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return null; } @Override public <T> T unwrap(Class<T> iface) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return null; } @Override public boolean isWrapperFor(Class<?> iface) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return false; } @Override public Connection getConnection(String username, String password) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return null; }}
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不难看出，数据库连接池相对于普通的数据库连接的创建，并没有什么特别难写的部分。
增强close方法，保证数据库连接资源用完后返还给连接池
要想增强close方法的功能，一般来说我们有如下几种方式。
- 创建子类，覆盖close方法，但是创建子类的时候要实现的部分可能会特别多，因此并不常用
- 使用包装设计模式
- 使用动态代理方式
今天我就来实现一下怎么使用包装设计模式来实现close方法的增强。
包装设计模式实现close方法的增强
要实现包装设计模式，思路很简单。
- 创建一个类，实现与被增强对象相同的接口
- 将被增强对象作为一个成员变量加到这个类中
- 定义一个构造方法，并把被增强对象作为参数传进来
- 覆盖要增强的方法，这里是close方法
- 对于不想进行增强的方法，借助于被增强对象实现即可。
下面是基于包装设计模式实现的增强的MyConnection类：
class MyConnection implements Connection { private Connection conn ; public MyConnection(Connection conn ){ this.conn = conn; } /** * 自定义的包装设计模式类，增强close方法， * 将数据库链接资源返还给数据库连接池，而不是数据库 */ public void close(){ list.add(conn); } @Override public <T> T unwrap(Class<T> iface) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.unwrap(iface); } @Override public boolean isWrapperFor(Class<?> iface) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.isWrapperFor(iface); } @Override public Statement createStatement() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createStatement(); } @Override public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareStatement(sql); } @Override public CallableStatement prepareCall(String sql) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareCall(sql); } @Override public String nativeSQL(String sql) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.nativeSQL(sql); } @Override public void setAutoCommit(boolean autoCommit) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setAutoCommit(autoCommit); } @Override public boolean getAutoCommit() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getAutoCommit(); } @Override public void commit() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.commit(); } @Override public void rollback() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.rollback(); } @Override public boolean isClosed() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.isClosed(); } @Override public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getMetaData(); } @Override public void setReadOnly(boolean readOnly) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setReadOnly(readOnly); } @Override public boolean isReadOnly() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.isReadOnly(); } @Override public void setCatalog(String catalog) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setCatalog(catalog); } @Override public String getCatalog() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getCatalog(); } @Override public void setTransactionIsolation(int level) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setTransactionIsolation(level); } @Override public int getTransactionIsolation() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getTransactionIsolation(); } @Override public SQLWarning getWarnings() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getWarnings(); } @Override public void clearWarnings() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.clearWarnings(); } @Override public Statement createStatement(int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createStatement(resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency); } @Override public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareStatement(sql, resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency); } @Override public CallableStatement prepareCall(String sql, int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareCall(sql, resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency); } @Override public Map<String, Class<?>> getTypeMap() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getTypeMap(); } @Override public void setTypeMap(Map<String, Class<?>> map) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setTypeMap(map); } @Override public void setHoldability(int holdability) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setHoldability(holdability); } @Override public int getHoldability() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getHoldability(); } @Override public Savepoint setSavepoint() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.setSavepoint(); } @Override public Savepoint setSavepoint(String name) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.setSavepoint(name); } @Override public void rollback(Savepoint savepoint) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.rollback(savepoint); } @Override public void releaseSavepoint(Savepoint savepoint) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.releaseSavepoint(savepoint); } @Override public Statement createStatement(int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency, int resultSetHoldability) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createStatement(resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency, resultSetHoldability); } @Override public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency, int resultSetHoldability) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareStatement(sql, resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency, resultSetHoldability); } @Override public CallableStatement prepareCall(String sql, int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency, int resultSetHoldability) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareCall(sql, resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency, resultSetHoldability); } @Override public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, int autoGeneratedKeys) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareStatement(sql, autoGeneratedKeys); } @Override public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, int[] columnIndexes) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareStatement(sql, columnIndexes); } @Override public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, String[] columnNames) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareStatement(sql, columnNames); } @Override public Clob createClob() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createClob(); } @Override public Blob createBlob() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createBlob(); } @Override public NClob createNClob() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createNClob(); } @Override public SQLXML createSQLXML() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createSQLXML(); } @Override public boolean isValid(int timeout) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.isValid(timeout); } @Override public void setClientInfo(String name, String value) throws SQLClientInfoException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setClientInfo(name, value); } @Override public void setClientInfo(Properties properties) throws SQLClientInfoException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setClientInfo(properties); } @Override public String getClientInfo(String name) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getClientInfo(name); } @Override public Properties getClientInfo() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getClientInfo(); } @Override public Array createArrayOf(String typeName, Object[] elements) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createArrayOf(typeName, elements); } @Override public Struct createStruct(String typeName, Object[] attributes) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createStruct(typeName, attributes); } @Override public void setSchema(String schema) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setSchema(schema); } @Override public String getSchema() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getSchema(); } @Override public void abort(Executor executor) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.abort(executor); } @Override public void setNetworkTimeout(Executor executor, int milliseconds) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setNetworkTimeout(executor, milliseconds); } @Override public int getNetworkTimeout() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getNetworkTimeout(); } }
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一个简单的数据库连接池的实现案例
说是一个案例，其实也可以作为一个工具类作为今后程序开发的使用，这将会大大的提升数据库连接资源的使用。需要注意的是，里面的驱动程序是基于我自己的数据库来书写的，进行使用时记得修改一下配置文件db.properties.文件中的内容即可。
db.properties中内容如下：
#when use this db.properties ,need to change the database nameDRIVER = com.mysql.jdbc.DriverURL = jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/testUSER = rootPASSWORD = mysql
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下面就是JDBCPool工具类的实现：
package utils;import java.io.IOException;import java.io.PrintWriter;import java.sql.Array;import java.sql.Blob;import java.sql.CallableStatement;import java.sql.Clob;import java.sql.Connection;import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;import java.sql.DriverManager;import java.sql.NClob;import java.sql.PreparedStatement;import java.sql.SQLClientInfoException;import java.sql.SQLException;import java.sql.SQLFeatureNotSupportedException;import java.sql.SQLWarning;import java.sql.SQLXML;import java.sql.Savepoint;import java.sql.Statement;import java.sql.Struct;import java.util.LinkedList;import java.util.List;import java.util.Map;import java.util.Properties;import java.util.concurrent.Executor;import java.util.logging.Logger;import javax.sql.DataSource;/** * 数据库连接池工具类 * * @author Summer * */public class JDCBCPool implements DataSource { /* * 既然是一个数据库连接池，就必须有许多的连接，所以需要使用一个集合类保存这些连接 (non-Javadoc) * * @see javax.sql.CommonDataSource#getLogWriter() */ private static LinkedList<Connection> list = new LinkedList<Connection>(); // 创建一个配置文件，用于读取相应配置文件中保存的数据信息 private static Properties config = new Properties(); /* * 在这里向数据库申请一批数据库连接 为了只加载一次驱动程序，因此在静态代码块中进行声明，这样驱动就只会加载一次 */ static { try { config.load(JDBCUtils.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("db.properties")); // Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); Class.forName(config.getProperty("DRIVER")); try { //申请十个数据库连接对象，也就是数据库连接池的容量是10 for(int i=0 ;i<10;i++){ Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(config.getProperty("URL"), config.getProperty("USER"),config.getProperty("PASSWORD")); list.add(conn); } } catch (SQLException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace(); } } catch (ClassNotFoundException | IOException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(); } } @Override public Connection getConnection() throws SQLException { if(list.size()<=0){ throw new RuntimeException("数据库忙，请待会再试试吧！"); } //需要注意的是，不能使用get方式（这个方法知识返回一个引用而已）, //应该在获取的同时，删除掉这个链接，之后再还回来.现在注意是返还给数据库连接池！！！ Connection conn = list.removeFirst(); MyConnection myconn = new MyConnection(conn); //从这里开始返回的就是一个数据库连接池对象的conn return myconn; }/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////datasource接口的实现方法开始 @Override public PrintWriter getLogWriter() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return null; } @Override public void setLogWriter(PrintWriter out) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub } @Override public void setLoginTimeout(int seconds) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub } @Override public int getLoginTimeout() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return 0; } @Override public Logger getParentLogger() throws SQLFeatureNotSupportedException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return null; } @Override public <T> T unwrap(Class<T> iface) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return null; } @Override public boolean isWrapperFor(Class<?> iface) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return false; } @Override public Connection getConnection(String username, String password) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return null; }/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////datasource接口的实现方法结束 /** * 包装设计模式实现流程： * 1.创建一个类，实现与被增强对象相同的接口 * 2.将被增强对象当做自定义类的一个成员变量 * 3.定义一个构造方法，将被增强对象传递进去 * 4.增强想要增强的方法，进行覆盖即可 * 5.对于不像被增强的方法，调用被增强对象的方法进行处理即可 * @author Summer * *////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////使用包装设计模式，增强close方法的自定义类开始 class MyConnection implements Connection { private Connection conn ; public MyConnection(Connection conn ){ this.conn = conn; } /** * 自定义的包装设计模式类，增强close方法， * 将数据库链接资源返还给数据库连接池，而不是数据库 */ public void close(){ list.add(conn); } @Override public <T> T unwrap(Class<T> iface) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.unwrap(iface); } @Override public boolean isWrapperFor(Class<?> iface) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.isWrapperFor(iface); } @Override public Statement createStatement() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createStatement(); } @Override public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareStatement(sql); } @Override public CallableStatement prepareCall(String sql) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareCall(sql); } @Override public String nativeSQL(String sql) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.nativeSQL(sql); } @Override public void setAutoCommit(boolean autoCommit) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setAutoCommit(autoCommit); } @Override public boolean getAutoCommit() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getAutoCommit(); } @Override public void commit() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.commit(); } @Override public void rollback() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.rollback(); } @Override public boolean isClosed() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.isClosed(); } @Override public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getMetaData(); } @Override public void setReadOnly(boolean readOnly) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setReadOnly(readOnly); } @Override public boolean isReadOnly() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.isReadOnly(); } @Override public void setCatalog(String catalog) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setCatalog(catalog); } @Override public String getCatalog() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getCatalog(); } @Override public void setTransactionIsolation(int level) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setTransactionIsolation(level); } @Override public int getTransactionIsolation() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getTransactionIsolation(); } @Override public SQLWarning getWarnings() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getWarnings(); } @Override public void clearWarnings() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.clearWarnings(); } @Override public Statement createStatement(int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createStatement(resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency); } @Override public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareStatement(sql, resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency); } @Override public CallableStatement prepareCall(String sql, int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareCall(sql, resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency); } @Override public Map<String, Class<?>> getTypeMap() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getTypeMap(); } @Override public void setTypeMap(Map<String, Class<?>> map) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setTypeMap(map); } @Override public void setHoldability(int holdability) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setHoldability(holdability); } @Override public int getHoldability() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getHoldability(); } @Override public Savepoint setSavepoint() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.setSavepoint(); } @Override public Savepoint setSavepoint(String name) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.setSavepoint(name); } @Override public void rollback(Savepoint savepoint) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.rollback(savepoint); } @Override public void releaseSavepoint(Savepoint savepoint) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.releaseSavepoint(savepoint); } @Override public Statement createStatement(int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency, int resultSetHoldability) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createStatement(resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency, resultSetHoldability); } @Override public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency, int resultSetHoldability) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareStatement(sql, resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency, resultSetHoldability); } @Override public CallableStatement prepareCall(String sql, int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency, int resultSetHoldability) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareCall(sql, resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency, resultSetHoldability); } @Override public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, int autoGeneratedKeys) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareStatement(sql, autoGeneratedKeys); } @Override public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, int[] columnIndexes) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareStatement(sql, columnIndexes); } @Override public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, String[] columnNames) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.prepareStatement(sql, columnNames); } @Override public Clob createClob() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createClob(); } @Override public Blob createBlob() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createBlob(); } @Override public NClob createNClob() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createNClob(); } @Override public SQLXML createSQLXML() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createSQLXML(); } @Override public boolean isValid(int timeout) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.isValid(timeout); } @Override public void setClientInfo(String name, String value) throws SQLClientInfoException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setClientInfo(name, value); } @Override public void setClientInfo(Properties properties) throws SQLClientInfoException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setClientInfo(properties); } @Override public String getClientInfo(String name) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getClientInfo(name); } @Override public Properties getClientInfo() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getClientInfo(); } @Override public Array createArrayOf(String typeName, Object[] elements) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createArrayOf(typeName, elements); } @Override public Struct createStruct(String typeName, Object[] attributes) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.createStruct(typeName, attributes); } @Override public void setSchema(String schema) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setSchema(schema); } @Override public String getSchema() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getSchema(); } @Override public void abort(Executor executor) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.abort(executor); } @Override public void setNetworkTimeout(Executor executor, int milliseconds) throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.conn.setNetworkTimeout(executor, milliseconds); } @Override public int getNetworkTimeout() throws SQLException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return this.conn.getNetworkTimeout(); } }/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////包装设计模式结束}
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