Problem Description
Eight-puzzle, which is also called "Nine grids", comes from an old game.
In this game, you are given a 3 by 3 board and 8 tiles. The tiles are numbered from 1 to 8 and each covers a grid. As you see, there is a blank grid which can be represented as an 'X'. Tiles in grids having a common edge with the blank grid can be moved into that blank grid. This operation leads to an exchange of 'X' with one tile.
We use the symbol 'r' to represent exchanging 'X' with the tile on its right side, and 'l' for the left side, 'u' for the one above it, 'd' for the one below it.
A state of the board can be represented by a string S using the rule showed below.
The problem is to operate an operation list of 'r', 'u', 'l', 'd' to turn the state of the board from state A to state B. You are required to find the result which meets the following constrains:
1. It is of minimum length among all possible solutions.
2. It is the lexicographically smallest one of all solutions of minimum length.
In this game, you are given a 3 by 3 board and 8 tiles. The tiles are numbered from 1 to 8 and each covers a grid. As you see, there is a blank grid which can be represented as an 'X'. Tiles in grids having a common edge with the blank grid can be moved into that blank grid. This operation leads to an exchange of 'X' with one tile.
We use the symbol 'r' to represent exchanging 'X' with the tile on its right side, and 'l' for the left side, 'u' for the one above it, 'd' for the one below it.
A state of the board can be represented by a string S using the rule showed below.
The problem is to operate an operation list of 'r', 'u', 'l', 'd' to turn the state of the board from state A to state B. You are required to find the result which meets the following constrains:
1. It is of minimum length among all possible solutions.
2. It is the lexicographically smallest one of all solutions of minimum length.
Input
The first line is T (T <= 200), which means the number of test cases of this problem.
The input of each test case consists of two lines with state A occupying the first line and state B on the second line.
It is guaranteed that there is an available solution from state A to B.
The input of each test case consists of two lines with state A occupying the first line and state B on the second line.
It is guaranteed that there is an available solution from state A to B.
Output
For each test case two lines are expected.
The first line is in the format of "Case x: d", in which x is the case number counted from one, d is the minimum length of operation list you need to turn A to B.
S is the operation list meeting the constraints and it should be showed on the second line.
The first line is in the format of "Case x: d", in which x is the case number counted from one, d is the minimum length of operation list you need to turn A to B.
S is the operation list meeting the constraints and it should be showed on the second line.
Sample Input
212X45378612345678X564178X237568X4123
Sample Output
Case 1: 2ddCase 2: 8urrulldr
题意：由字符串1变成字符串2所需要在最小步数的情况下输出其字典序最小的方案
思路：八数码问题，处理这种问题首先想到的方法自然是康拓，我们可以先枚举X不同位置的9中方案，用bfs搜出这种方案到其他所有方案的移动方法，那么在后面我们就可以直接得出答案，使用逆推的方法
#include <iostream>#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>#include <algorithm>#include <queue>#include <stack>#include <string>using namespace std;struct node{ int x,y; char map[5][5]; node() {} node(char *s) { int i,j; int xx = 0,yy = 0; for(i = 0; i<strlen(s); i++) { map[xx][yy] = s[i]; if(s[i] == 'X') { x = xx; y = yy; } yy++; if(yy == 3) { xx++; yy = 0; } } }};node s;char str[20];int num[20],hash[10];bool vis[500000];int pre[10][500000],ans[10][500000];int to[4][2] = {1,0,0,-1,0,1,-1,0};char way[10] = "dlru";int solve(node a)//康拓{ int i,j,k,cnt,ans = 0; int b[20]; for(i = 0; i<3; i++) { for(j = 0; j<3; j++) { b[3*i+j] = a.map[i][j]; cnt = 0; for(k = 3*i+j-1; k>=0; k--) { if(b[k]>b[3*i+j]) cnt++; } ans+=hash[3*i+j]*cnt; } } return ans;}void bfs(int p){ memset(pre[p],-1,sizeof(pre[p])); memset(vis,false,sizeof(vis)); node a,next; queue<node> Q; Q.push(s); vis[solve(s)] = true; while(!Q.empty()) { a = Q.front(); Q.pop(); int sa = solve(a); for(int i = 0; i<4; i++) { next = a; next.x+=to[i][0]; next.y+=to[i][1]; if(next.x<0 || next.x>2 || next.y<0 || next.y>2) continue; next.map[a.x][a.y] = next.map[next.x][next.y]; next.map[next.x][next.y] = 'X'; int sb = solve(next); if(vis[sb]) continue; vis[sb] = true; pre[p][sb] = sa; ans[p][sb] = way[i]; Q.push(next); } }}int main(){ int t,i,j,k,cas = 1; hash[0] = 1; for(i = 1; i<10; i++) hash[i] = hash[i-1]*i; s = node("X12345678"); bfs(0); s = node("1X2345678"); bfs(1); s = node("12X345678"); bfs(2); s = node("123X45678"); bfs(3); s = node("1234X5678"); bfs(4); s = node("12345X678"); bfs(5); s = node("123456X78"); bfs(6); s = node("1234567X8"); bfs(7); s = node("12345678X"); bfs(8); scanf("%d",&t); while(t--) { scanf("%s",str); int p; for(i = 0,j = 0; i<9; i++)//保存位置，因为前面预处理的都是位置 { if(str[i]=='X') p = i; else num[str[i]-'0'] = j++; } scanf("%s",str); for(i = 0; i<9; i++)//求出目标状态每个数在原状态的位置 { if(str[i]=='X') continue; str[i] = num[str[i]-'0']+'1'; } s = node(str);//由目标态逆推到初始态 int sum = solve(s); string ss=""; while(sum!=-1) { ss+=ans[p][sum]; sum = pre[p][sum]; } printf("Case %d: %d\n",cas++,ss.size()-1); for(i = ss.size()-2; i>=0; i--)//由于方案是逆推，输出也要逆推 printf("%c",ss[i]); printf("\n"); } return 0;}再分享一下我老师大神的人工智能教程吧。零基础！通俗易懂！风趣幽默！还带黄段子！希望你也加入到我们人工智能的队伍中来！https://blog.csdn.net/jiangjunshow